02 petroleum system - · pdf file2 what is a petroleum system ? product reservoir timing trap...
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Diese Powerpoint-Folien wurden für Lehrveranstaltungen am Institut für GeologischeWissenschaften der FU Berlin erstellt.
Das Urheberrecht für Texte und Bildmaterial sowie für die graphische Gestaltung aller Seitenliegt bei C. Heubeck, soweit nicht anders benannt.
Der Download sowie der Ausdruck von Texten, Bildern und graphischen Elementen isterwünscht, aber nur zum persönlichen, privaten und nicht-kommerziellen Gebrauch gestattet.
Vervielfältigung und Verbreitung ist nur für an der FU Berlin eingeschriebene Studierende zumZweck der Kursvor- und –nachbereitung gestattet.
Trotz meiner sorgfältigen Bemühungen übernehme ich keine Gewähr für die Richtigkeit, Vollständigkeit und Aktualität des dargestellten Materials.
Prof. Christoph HeubeckInstitut für Geologische WissenschaftenFreie Universität BerlinMalteserstr. 74-10012249 BerlinGERMANY
ph: ++49-(0)30-83870695 fax: ++49-(0)30-83870734cheubeck@zedat.fu-berlin.de http://userpage.fu-berlin.de/~cheubeck/
The Petroleum System
Today‘s Lecture
• What is a system ?• What are the elements of the petroleum system ?•Why is it important ?
• Elements:•Source rock• Reservoir• Seal• Trap• Maturation and Migration• Timing• Product
•Example: Bolivian Subandean System•Links and Literature
Today‘s Lecture: The Petroleum System
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What is a Petroleum System ?
Product
Reservoir
Timing
TrapMaturationand Migration
Seal
Source Rock
What is a Petroleum System ?
Actually a very interesting, creative and stimulating task
In geology, the most integrative fields of all
Own data (observational / deductive), and data from nearly all other sciences
Source Rock
Seal
Elements of the Petroleum System
TrapTiming: Source rock -Reservoir – Trap/Seal
- Migration
Product: Oil, Gas, CO2
Migration
Maturation Reservoir
Source rock
3
Source rocks
O2
Source rocks
Petroleum,Gas
Organic-richshale
Diatomite
Petroleum,Gas
Phyto- and Zooplankton
Coal Gas
Plants
Properties of source rocks
Fine-grained (usually shale): Low grade of oxidation, low
permeability
Laminated: low oxygen, no bioturbation, no banthos
Sedimentation in deep water: lack of oxygen, no water
mixing
Low-oxygen depositionalenvironment: organic material
(Corg) does not become oxidized
Sapropel – black anoxic shale
4
Low in protein; low in H
TerrestrialMaterial (Cellulose)
Yields gases and solids upon heating – no liquids
Associated with terrestrial depositional environments
http://www.laubag.de/Presse_Dienst/presse.htm
Coal The Late Devonian
ExshawShale
WoodfordShale
DomanikFm.
Los MonosFm.
Los Monos Formation, Subandean Belt, BoliviaLate Devonian
Late Jurassic shale: The Posidonia shale
http://www.naturkunde-bw.de/cgi-bin/stuttgart
Thaumatosaurus, Holzmaden
Steinbruch Dotternhausen
5
Maturation and Migration
Migration
Primary migration: the process of leaving the source rock, mostly across stratification, largely due to compaction.
1
3
2
4
5
6
7
8
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40
80-200°C
Porosity (%)
Dep
th (k
m)
Water, oil, CH4, CO2
Water, oil, CH4, CO2
Migration
Secondary migration: collecting oil and gas in reservoir rocks, largely along stratification, caused by buoyancy differences and
rock properties
SealSandstone reservoirSeal
0.9 g/cm3 1.1 g/cm30.3 g/cm3
petroleum brinegas
Reservoir
6
Fundamental Reservoir Properties
Porosity (φ; to store) Permeability (k; to flow)
high φ; high k
low φ; high k
low φ; low k
high φ; low k
Reservoir
Engineer’s Reservoir
Geologist’s Reservoir
http://www.soton.ac.uk/~imw/coorong.htm
What kind of reservoirs ? Fractured reservoirs
7
1-100µ
0.1-10 mm
1-10 cm
0.1-1m
φmin
φmax
Kmin ?Kmax ?
Levels of Reservoir Heterogeneity
0.1-10 km
1- 100 m
Trap
Trap
Traps form where the ability of migrating hydrocarbons to move is somehow arrested or
slowed down.
Stratigraphictraps
Structural traps
Stuctural Traps
Normal fault
Diapir
Anticline
… above a thrust ramp
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Structural Traps
Chabot Anticline in SE Bighorn Basin, Wyoming, US. Dag Nummedal
Structural Traps
Saudi Aramco Publication
Structural Traps
AAPG Explorer ads, 2004, Gulf of Mexico
Structural Traps
AAPG Explorer ads, 2004
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Structural Traps
Deepwater GOM, Green Canyon; AAPG Explorer ad, 2003
Salz
Structural Traps
Structural Traps
Deepwater GOM, Alaminos Canyon; Fulgro Multiclient Services, AAPG Explorer ad, 2003
Stratigraphic Traps
Angular unconformity
Lateral pinchout
Paleohigh, e.g. reef ormound
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Stratigraphic Traps
Jurassic lagoonal washover fans, Moose Mountain, Front Reage,
Canada; May 2000
Stratigraphic Traps
Saudi Aramco brochure
Seal
• low permeability• high capillary entry pressure
Capillary seals
0.9 g/cm31.1 g/cm3
0.3 g/cm3
Reservoir
Seal
F
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Timing
Source
Reservoir
Seal
Trap Formation
Maturation / Migration
Timing: The Petroleum System Chart
Trap
Source Rock
Seal
Elements of the Petroleum System
Migration
Timing: Source rock -Reservoir – Trap/Seal
- Migration
Product: Oil, Gas, CO2
Maturation Reservoir
Source Rock
Migration
Maturation
Migration before TrapFormation
Reservoir
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Seal
TrapDeformation after Migration:Seal failure, Trap breaching
Source Rock
Migration
Maturation Reservoir
Product
1
3
2
4
5
6
7
8
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40
80-200°C
Porosity (%)
Dep
th (k
m)
Water, oil, CH4, CO2
Oil generation
gas generation
CO2generation
Example
13
Brazilian Shield
IzozogArchBasin
Subandean
Chaco
Belt
Chaco Basin: Geologic setting
Pipeline to Sao Paulo
Pipeline to Arica
4089 MMBOE Ultimate Recovery:
• 8% Oil• 77% Gas• 15% Cond
Hydrocarbon significance
modified after Linquiat (1998)
Source rock: Los Monos Fm., Late Devonian Traps: Thrust-related anticlines
Devonian
Quaternary
TertiaryCretaceous
Triassic
Carboniferous
7 600 000
7 700 000
400 000
14
00
1.01.0
2.02.0
3.03.0
4.04.0Two-
way
trav
el ti
me
(TW
T)
W E8km
Top Guandacay Top Tariquia Top Yecua
UnconformityTop CretaceousTop PetacaFault
Traps: Thrust-related anticlines Reservoir and Seal
Source: -4 km thickmarine shales
Iquiri Fm., shelf, Dev.-Carb.
Reservoir: Fluvial, shoreline, turbiditesandstone
Source
Reservoir
Seal
Trap Formation
Maturation / Migration
C
Los Monosetc.
Andean
Timing: The Chaco System
K T
Los Monosetc.
C
Anticl/ThRift
Rifting
Timing: The Chaco System
Depth(km)
1
2
3
4
5
6
Los MonosFm.
110°C80°C
140°C
15
Timing: The Chaco System
Depth(km)
1
2
3
4
5
6
Los MonosFm.110°C
Erosion
170°C
Summary: What is a Petroleum System ?
Product
Reservoir
Timing
TrapMigration
Seal
Source Rock
Seal
Elements of the Petroleum System
Source Rock
Migration
Trap
Reservoir
• Quantity• Quality• Temperature history
Maturation
• When ?• Where?• How fast?• T history?
• Where from ?• Size of drainage
area ?• Efficiency ?
• Lithology, Mineralogy• Porosity, permeability• Internal heterogeneity• Water saturation• Hydrocarbon characteristics• Thickness, geometry,
facies, extent• Faulting / fracturing
• Geometry• Age
• Quality• Thickness• Composition
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