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Man hat behauptet, die Welt werde durch Zahlen regien: das aber weiss ich, dass die Zahlen uns belehren, ob sie gut oder schlecht regien werde. GOETHE
Frederick Manin Sir John Scott-Keltie Mortimer Epstein S. H. Steinberg John Paxton Brian Hunter
Editors 1864-1883 1883-1926
1911127-1946 1946-1969
1963/69-1990 1990-
THE
STATESMAN'S
YEAR-BOOK
STATISTICAL AND HISTORICAL ANNUAL
OF THE STATES OF THE WORLD
FOR THE YEAR
1993-1994
EDITED BY
BRIAN HUNTER
150th YEAR
M MACMILLAN
© The Macmtllan Press Ltd, 1993
All rights reserved. No reproduction, copy or transmission of this publication may be made without written permission.
No paragraph of this publication may be reproduced, copied, or transmitted save with written permission or in accordance with the provisions of the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988, or under the terms of any licence permitting limited copying issued by the Copyright Licencing Agency, 90 Tottenham Court Road, London WIP 9HE (as amended).
Any person who does any unauthorised act in relation to this publication may be liable to criminal prosecution and civil claims for damages.
Published annually since 1864 l30th edition first published 1993 by THE MACMILLAN PRESS LTD London and Basingstoke
Associated companies in Auckland, Delhi, Dublin, Gaborone, Hamburg, Harare, Hong Kong, Johannesburg, Kuala Lumpur, Lagos, Manzini, Melbourne, Mexico City, Nairobi, New York, Singapore, Tokyo
British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data Statesman's year-book.-1993-1994
1. Social conditions-Serials 909.82'8'05 HNI
ISSN 0081-4601 ISBN 978-0-333-57654-0 ISBN 978-0-230-27122-7 (eBook) DOI 10.1057/9780230271227
Typeset in Great Britain by A. J. LATHAM LIMITED Dunstable, Bedfordshire
PREFACE
In this edition of the YEAR-BoOK a number of new governments make their appearance. The election of a Democrat as President of the United States is recorded, with voting figures state by state. The socialist President of France now 'cohabits' with a conservative government, there have been elections in Australia, Ireland, Israel and South Korea, and renewals of government in Cuba, Indonesia and China, the latter giving constitutional sanction to market forces in the economy. And as we go to press, referendums in Russia, Italy and Brazil suggest the possibility of fundamental political changes there.
Following the break-up of Czechoslovakia by mutual agreement, the Czech Republic and Slovakia now have their own places in the alphabetical sequence. The twelve members or associates of the Commonwealth of Independent States are still grouped together in the text, mainly to accommodate the corpus of data which is still common to them all, although some integrationist tendencies are discernible. Macedonia, which has only just gained admission to the United Nations under the name of 'Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia', and Bosnia-Hercegovina, where inter-ethnic fighting and atrocities are continuing despite the peacekeeping efforts of the international community, follow the entry for Yugoslavia.
The editor is very grateful to his colleagues for their work in the preparation of this edition, and to the many expert correspondents throughout the world whose contributions establish its authenticity and reliability.
THE STATESMAN'S YEAR-BoOK WORLD GAZETTEER, thoroughly revised for its fourth edition by the former editor, Dr John Paxton, is available for those seeking further details about towns and regions.
THE STATESMAN'S YEAR-BoOK OFFICE, B.H. THE MACMILLAN PRESS LTD, LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON WC2R 3LF
v
WEIGHTS AND MEASURES
On l Jan. !960 following an agreement between the standards laboratories of Great Britain, Canada, Australia, New Zealand, South Africa and the USA, an international yard and an international pound (avoirdupois) came into existence. I yard = 91·44 centimetres; I lb.= 453·59237 grammes.
The abbreviation 'm.' signifies 'million(s)' and tonnes implies metric tons.
LENGTH
Centimetre Metre Kilometre
0·394inch 1·094 yards 0·621 mile
LIQUID MEASURE Litre I· 7 5 pints Hectolitre 22 gallons
SURFACE MEASURE
Square metre Hectare Square kilometre
10·76 sq. feet 2-47 acres 0·386 sq. mile
DRY MEASURE
Litre Hectolitre
0·91 quart 2·75 bushels
WEIGHT-AVOIRDUPOIS
Gramme Kilo gramme Quintal ( =
IOOkg) Tonne(=
1,000 kg)
15·42 grains 2·205 pounds
220·46 pounds 0·984 long ton 1·1 02 short tons
WEIGHT-TROY Gramme
Kilo gramme
15-43 grains 32·15 ounces
2·68 pounds
BRITISH WEIGHTS AND MEASURES
LENGTH
I foot 0·305 metre I yard 0·914 metre I mile(=
I ,760 yds) 1·609 kilometres
SURFACE MEASURE
I sq. foot I sq. yard I acre I sq. mile
9·290 sq. decimetres 0·836 sq. metre 0-405 hectare 2·590 sq. kilometres
vi
WEIGHT
I ounce(= 437·2 grains) 28·350 grammes
lib.(= 7,000 grains) 453·6 grammes
1 cwt. (= 112 lb.) 50·802 kilo-
I long ton(= 2,240 lb.)
1 short ton ( = 2,000 lb.)
grammes
1·0 16 tonnes
0·907 tonne
LIQUID MEASURE
1 pint 1 gallon 1 quarter
0·568 litre 4· 546 litres 2·909 hectolitres
vii
CONVERSION OF UNITS
To convert from To Multiply by acre hectare 0-4047 barrel (oil) cu. metre 0·159 bushel (imperial) litre 36·37 bushel (US) litre 35·24 carat gramme 0·2 cu. foot cu. metre 0·028317 cu. metre cu. foot 35·315 foot metre 0·3048 gigawatt-hour kilowatt-hour 1,000,000 hectare acre 2·471 hundredweight (long) kilogramme 50·802 hundredweight (short) kilogram me 45-359 inch millimetre 25·4 kilogramme pound 2·2046 kilometre mile (statute) 0·62137 megawatt kilowatt 1,000 metre foot 3·2808 mile (nautical) kilometre 1·852 mile (statute) kilometre 1·6093 millimetre inch 0·03937 ounce (troy) gramme 31·103 pound kilogramme 0·45359 register ton cu. metre 2·832 sq. kilometre sq. mile 0·3861 sq. mile sq. kilometre 2·590 per sq. mile per sq. kilometre 0·3861 ton (long) tonne (metric) 1·016 ton (short) tonne (metric) 0·9072 tonne barrel (oi I) 7·33
viii
ABBREVIATIONS
Abbreviations of the names of organizations also appear in the index.
The three-letter groups in parentheses after the names of currencies are the codes of the International Standardization Organization (ISO).
ACP Adm.
b. bbls. bd Brig. bu.
Cdr CFA CFP c.i.f. C.-in-C. CIS cu. CUP cwt
D. DWT
ECOWAS EEA EEZ EMS ERM
r.o.b. ft
G7 Group GDP Gen. GNP GRT
ha
ind
K kg kl km kw kwh
Ib(s) Lieut.
African Caribbean Pacific Admiral
born barrels board Brigadier bushel
Commander Communaute Financiere Africaine Communaute Financiere Pacifique cost, insurance, freight Commander-in-Chief Commonwealth of Independent States cubic Cambridge University Press hundredweight
Democratic Party dead weight tonnes
Economic Community of West African States European Economic Area Exclusive Economic Zone European Monetary System Exchange Rate Mechanism
free on board foot/feet
Canada, France, Germany, Italy, Japan, UK, USA gross domestic product General gross national product gross registered lonnes
hectare(s)
independent(s)
ki ndergarten kilogramme(s) kilolitre(s) kilometre(s) kilowatt kilowatt hours
pound(s) (weight) Lieutenant
ix
ABBREVIA TIONS-contd.
m. million Maj. Major mw megawatt
NRT net registered tonnes
OUP Oxford University Press oz. ounce(s)
PAYE Pay-As-You-Earn
R. Republican Party
SADC Southern African Development Community SDR Special Drawing Rights sq. square SSI Supplemental Security Income
TAFE technical and further education TBVC Transkei, Bophuthatswana, Venda, Ciskei TV television
Univ. University
VAT Value-added tax vfd value for duty
CONTENTS
Comparative Statistical Tables
WHEAT
RYE
BARLEY
OATS
MAIZE
XIX RICE
XX MILLET
xxi SORGHUM
xxii SUGAR
XXlll PETROLEUM
MARITIME LIMITS xxx
CHRONOLOGY xxxiv
ADDENDA xlvi
Part I: International Organizations
The United Nations
GENERAL ASSEMBLY
SECURITY COUNCIL
ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL COUNCIL
TRUSTEESHIP COUNCIL
INTERNATIONAL COURT OF JUSTICE
SECRET ARIAT
MEMBER STATES OF THE UN
UNITE D NATIONS SYSTEM
Intergovernmental Agencies Related to the UN
International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA)
International Labour Organisation (ILO)
Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO)
UN Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO)
World Health Organization (WHO)
International Monetary Fund (IMF)
International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (IBRD)
International Development Association (IDA)
International Finance Corporation (IFC)
International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO)
Universal Postal Union (uPu) International Telecommunication Union (lTU)
World Meteorological Organization (WMO)
International Maritime Organization (IMO)
General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT)
World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO)
International Fund for Agricultural Development (IFAD)
UN Industrial Development Organization (UNIDO)
XI
xxiv
xxv
xxvi
xxvii
XXVlll
3
4
5
5
6
7
7
9
12
12 13 14 IS 16 21 23 24 24 24 25 25 26 27 28 30 31 32
xii
Other International Organizations
THE COMMONW EA LTH
WORLD CO UNCIL OF CH URC HES
CO NTENTS
BANK FOR INTERNATIONAL SETTLEMENTS
INTERNATIONAL TRADE UNIONISM
ORGANISATION FO R ECONOMIC CO-O PERATION AND DEVELOPMENT
32 35 37 37
(OECD) 39 NORTH ATLANTIC TREATY ORGANIZATION ( NATO) 40 EUROPEAN ORGANIZATIONS
Western European Union (WEU) 43 Council of Europe 44 European Communities 46 European Free Trade Association (EFT A) 51 Conference on Security and Co-operation in Europe (CSCE) 53 European Bank for Reconstruction and Development (EBRD) 53
COLOMBO PLAN 54 ASSOCIATION OF SOUTH EAST ASIAN NATIONS (ASEAN) 55 ORGANIZATION OF AMERICAN STATES (OAS) 56 LATIN AMERICAN ECON OMIC GROUPINGS 58 CARIBBEAN COMMUNITY (CARICOM) 59 SOUTH PACIFIC FORUM 61 LEAGUE OF ARAB STATES 61 GULF CO-OPERATION COUNCIL 62 ORGANIZATION O F TH E PET ROLEUM EXPO RTING CO UNTRIES (OPEC) 63 ORGANIZATION OF AFRI CAN UNITY (OAU ) 63 DANUB E COMMISSION 64 ANTARCTIC TREATY 64
Part II: Countries o/the WorldA-Z AFGHANISTAN 69 Tasmania 151 ALBANIA 74 Victoria 155
ALGERIA 80 Western Australia 161
ANDORRA 86 AUSTRIA 169
A NGOLA 88 BAHAMAS 175
ANGUILLA 92 BAHRAIN 180
ANTIGUA AND BARBUDA 94 BANGLADESH 185
ARGENTINA 97 BARBADOS 191
AUSTRALIA \04 BELGIUM 195
Territories BELIZE 204
Australian Capital Territory 124 BENIN 208 Northern Territory 126 BERMUDA 212 Australian External Territories 129
215 States
BHUTAN
New South Wales 133 BOLIVIA 219
Queensland 141 BOTSWANA 224 South Australia 146 BRAZIL 229
CONTENTS
BRITISH ANTARCTIC TERRITORY 238
BRITISH INDIAN OCEAN TERRITORY 238
BRUNEI 239 BULGARIA 243 BURKINA FASO 250 BURMA 254 BURUNDI 259 CAMBODIA 263 CAMEROON 267 CANADA 272
Provinces 297 Alberta 298 British Columbia 302 Manitoba 305 New Brunswick 308 Newfoundland and Labrador 31 I Nova Scotia 315 Ontario 319 Prince Edward Island 322 Quebec 324 Saskatchewan 327 Territories Northwest Territories 329 Yukon Territory 332
CAPE VERDE 336 CAYMAN ISLA NDS 340 CENTRAL AFRICAN REPUBLIC 342 CHAD 346 CHILE 349 CHINA , PEOPLE ' S REPUBLIC OF 355
Tibet 356
TAIWAN 367 COLOMBIA 373 COMMON WEALTH OF
INDEPENDENT STATES 379 Former USSR/CIS 390 Russia 400 Ukraine 414 Belorussia 418 Armenia 421 Azerbaijan 423 Moldavia 426 Central Asia 428 Kazakhstan 429 Kirghizia 431 Tajikistan 434 Turkmenistan 436 Uzbekistan 439
GEORGIA 442 COMOROS 447
CONGO
COSTA RICA
COTE D'\VOIRE
CROATIA
CUBA
CYPRUS
'Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus'
CZECH REPUBLIC
Former Czechoslovakia DENMARK
Faroe Islands Greenland
DJIBOUTI
DOMINICA
DOMINICAN REPUBLIC
ECUADOR
EGYPT
EL SALVADOR
EQUATORIAL GUIN EA
ESTONIA
ETHIOPIA
FALKLAND ISLANDS
FIJI
FI NLAND
FRANCE
Overseas Departments Guadeloupe French Guiana Martinique Reunion Territorial Collectivities Mayotte St Pierre and Miquelon Overseas Territories Antarctic Territories New Caledonia French Polynesia Wallis and Futuna
GABON
THE GAMBIA
GERMANY
Liinder Baden-W lirttemberg Bavaria Berlin Brandenburg Bremen Hamburg
xiii
450 454 458 463 467 473
479 481 485 489 499 501 504 507 509 513 518 525 530 533 537 542 545 550 560 576 576 579 581 583
585 586 588 588 589 592 594 596 600 604
618 620 621 623 624 625
xiv CONTENTS
Hessen 626 Daman and Diu 767 Lower Saxony 628 Delhi 767 Meclclenburg-West Pomerania 629 Lalcshadweep 769 North Rhine-Westphalia 630 Pondicherry 769 Rhineland-Palatinate 632 INDONESIA 771 Saarland 633 Saxony 635 IRAN 778 Saxony-Anhalt 636 IRAQ 784 Schleswig-Holstein 637 IRELAND 790 Thuringia 638
805 ISRAEL GHANA 639
813 644
ITALY GIBRALTAR
823 647
JAMAICA GREECE
828 654
JAPAN GRENADA
837 658
JORDAN GUATEMALA
842 663
KENYA GUINEA 847
666 KIRIBATI
GUINEA-BISSAU 850
669 SOUTH KOREA
GUYANA 856
673 NORTH KOREA
HAITI 861
678 KUWAIT
HONDURAS 866
683 LAOS
HONG KONG 870
690 LATVIA
HUNGARY 874
698 LEBANON
ICELAND 879
704 LESOTHO
INDIA 883
States and Territories 723 LIBERIA
Andhra Pradesh 723 LIBYA 887
Arunachal Pradesh 725 LIECHTENSTEIN 892 Assam 726 LITHUANIA 895 Bihar 728 LUXEMBOURG 899 Goa 729
MADAGASCAR 903 Gujarat 730 Haryana 732 MALAWI 908 Himachal Pradesh 734 MALAYSIA 912 Jammu and Kashmir 735 Peninsular Malaysia 918 Kamataka 737 Kerala 739 Sabah 920
Madhya Pradesh 741 Sarawak 922
Maharashtra 743 MALDIVES 926 Manipur 745 MALI 928 Megha1aya 747
MALTA 932 Mizoram 748 Nagaland 749 MARSHALL ISLANDS 938 Orissa 750 MAURITANIA 940 Punjab 752 MAURITIUS 944 Rajasthan 754
MEXICO 948 Sikkim 756 Tamil Nadu 757 MICRONESIA 956 Tripura 759 MONACO 958 Uttar Pradesh 761 MONGOLIA 961 West Bengal 762 Territories
MONTS ERRAT 966
Andaman and Nicobar Islands 765 MORO CCO 968
Chandigarh 766 MOZAMBIQUE 974 Dadra and Nagar Haveli 766 NAMIBIA 978
NAURU
NEPAL
NETHERLANDS
Aruba Netherlands Antilles
NEW ZEALAND
Territories Overseas Cook Islands Niue
NICARAGUA
NIGER
NIGERIA
NORWAY
Dependencies
OMAN
PAKISTAN
PANAMA
PAPUA NEW GUINEA
PARAGUAY
PERU
PHILIPPINES
PITCAIRN ISLAND
POLA'ID
PORTUGAL
Macao
QATAR
ROMANIA
RWANDA
ST HELENA
ST KITTS AND NEVIS
ST LCCIA
ST VINCENT
SAN MARINO
SAO TOM E
SAUDI ARABIA
SENEGAL
SEYCHELLES
SIERRA LEO NE
SINGAPORE
SLOVAKIA
SLOVENIA
SOLOMON ISLANDS
SOMALIA
SOUTH AFRICA
Cape of Good Hope Natal Transvaal
CONTENTS
984 986 989
1000 1002
Orange Free State Bophuthatswana Transkei Venda Ciskei
SOUTH GEORGIA AND THE
xv
1199 1201 1203 1204 1206
1006
1018 1019 1021
SOUTH SANDWICH ISLANDS 1209
1023 1028 1031 1037 1049 1051 1056 1065 1071 1077 1083 1089 1095 1096 1105 1112 1115 1119 1127 1130 1132 1135 1138 1141 1143 1145 1151 1155 1158 1162 1169 1174 1177 1181 1184 1196 1197 1198
SPAIN
Western Sahara SRI LANKA
SUDAN
SURINAME
SWAZILAND
SWEDEN
SWITZERLAND
SYRIA
TANZANIA
THAILAND
TOGO
TONGA
TRINIDAD AND TOBAGO
TUNISIA
TURKEY
TURKS AND CAICOS ISLANDS
TUVALU
UGANDA
UNITED ARAB EMIRATES
UNITED KINGDOM
Great Britain Area and Population Climate Royal Family Constitution and Government Defence International Relations Economy Energy and Natural Resources Industry Foreign Economic Relations Communications Justice Religion Education Welfare Northern Ireland Isle of Man Channel Islands
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA
Area and Population Climate Constitution and Government
1210 1222 1224 1231 1235 1239 1243 1255 1264 1269 1274 1280 1284 1287 1291 1296 1304 1306 1308 1313 1317 1317 1317 1324 1324 1325 1332 1337 1337 1342 1346 1347 1352 1355 1361 1363 1371 1379 1388 1390 1395 1395 1402 1403
xvi CONTENTS
Defence 1412 Ohio 1526 International Relations 1421 Oklahoma 1529 Economy 1421 Oregon 1532 Energy and Natural Resources 1426 Pennsylvania 1536 Industry 1430 Rhode Island 1538 Foreign Economic Relations 1433 South Carolina 1541 Communications 1435 South Dakota 1543 Justice 1437 Tennessee 1545 Religion 1438 Texas 1547 Education 1439 Utah 1550 Welfare 1441 Vermont 1552 States 1445 Virginia 1554 Alabama 1445 Washington 1556 Alaska 1448 West Virginia 1558 Arizona 1451 Wisconsin 1561 Arkansas 1453 Wyoming 1564 California 1455 Outlying Territories Colorado 1458 Guam 1566 Connecticut 1461 Be1au 1568 Delaware 1463 Northern Marianas 1569 District of Columbia 1465 American Samoa 1571 Florida 1466 Other Pacific Territories 1573 Georgia 1469 Puerto Rico 1573 Hawaii 1471 Virgin Islands 1576 Idaho 1473 Illinois 1475 URUGUAY 1579
Indiana 1478 VANUATU 1584 Iowa 1480 VATICAN CITY STATE 1587 Kansas 1482
VENEZUELA 1590 Kentucky 1484 Louisiana 1487 VIETNAM 1596 Maine 1489 BRITISH VIRGIN ISLANDS 1602 Maryland 1491
WESTERN SAMOA 1604 Massachusetts 1493 Michigan 1496 YEMEN 1607 Minnesota 1498 YUGOSLAVIA 1611 Mississippi 1500
Montenegro 1618 Missouri 1503 Montana 1505 Serbia 1619
Nebraska 1507 Kosovo 1620
Nevada 1510 Vojvodina 1621
New Hampshire 1512 BOSNIA-HERCEGOVINA 1621 New Jersey 1514 MACEDONIA 1623 New Mexico 1517 ZAIRE 1625 New York 1519 North Carolina 1522 ZAMB IA 1630 North Dakota 1525 ZI MBABW E 1634
PLACE AND INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATIONS IND EX 1643
PRODUCT IN DEX 1681
PERSON IND EX 1693
ADDENDA xlvi
WH
EA
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Are
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ha
) P
rodu
ctio
n (1
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tonn
es)
Ave
rage
A
vera
ge
Ran
k C
ount
ries
19
79-8
1 19
89
1990
19
91
1979
-81
1989
19
90
1991
in
199
1 A
rgen
tina
24
5 5,
348
5,65
4*
4,30
0 I
8,06
0 10
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11
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* 9,
000
14
Aus
tral
ia
11,4
40
9,00
4 9,
236
7,91
6 14
,468
14
,214
14
,210
9,
633*
II
B
ulga
ria
986
1,13
8 1,
163
1,20
0 3,
881
5,42
5 5,
292
4,50
3 21
C
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a 11
,386
13
,627
14
,393
14
,515
20
,430
24
,578
32
,709
32
,822
6
Chi
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28,9
30
29,8
42
30,7
50
30,1
51
59,1
96
90,8
10
98,2
30
95,0
03 I
I
Cze
chos
lova
kia
1,12
1 1,
239
1,23
7 1,
204
4,48
2 6,
356
6,70
7 6,
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15
Egy
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577
644
821
931
1,84
4 3,
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4,26
8 4,
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22
Fra
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22,3
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31,8
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33,3
12
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5 G
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2,34
0 2,
554
2,43
0 2,
408
11,2
29
14,5
09
15,2
42
16,6
10
8 H
unga
ry
1,18
7 1,
242
1,22
1 1,
152
4,80
0 6,
540
6,19
8 5,
954
16
Indi
a 22
,364
24
,109
23
,502
23
,977
34
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54
,110
49
,850
54
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3
Iran
5,
831
6,25
7 6,
500
I 6,
650
I 5,
874
6,01
0 8,
218
5,87
7 17
It
aly
3,37
3 2,
994
2,77
3 2,
679
8,98
9 7,
413
8,04
8 9,
539
12
Mex
ico
723
1,14
5 93
3 96
5 2,
754
4,37
4 3,
931
4,11
5 23
M
oroc
co
1,67
3 2,
630
2,71
9 2,
641
1,50
0 3,
927
3,61
4 4,
939
20
Pak
ista
n 6,
865
7,73
0 7,
845
7,87
1 10
,760
14
,419
14
,316
14
,505
9
Pol
and
1,52
5 2,
195
2,28
1 2,
437
4,18
9 8,
500
9,00
0 9
,269
13
R
oman
ia
2,15
4 2,
319
2,25
8 2,
191
5,37
1 7,
840
7,29
0 5,
442
18
Sau
di A
rabi
a 71
72
0 71
0*
740*
16
0 3,
192
3,60
0*
4,00
0*
25
Spa
in
2,62
8 2,
295
2,00
5 2,
257
4,51
0 5,
456
4,7
59
5,39
2 19
T
urke
y 9,
208
9,22
7 9,
415
9,43
0 I
17,0
58
16,2
00
20, 0
00
20,4
00
7 U
SS
R/C
IS 3
59
,463
47
,676
48
,214
45
,976
89
,859
92
,307
10
9,60
0 80
,000
I 2
UK
1,
434
2,08
3 2,
013
1,98
0 8,
116
14,0
30
14,0
33
14,3
63
10
US
A
20,8
98
25,1
67
28,0
37
23,3
47
66,2
29
55,4
28
74,4
75
53,9
15
4 Y
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a 1,
475
1,47
9 1,
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1,54
7 4
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5,
599
6,35
9 4
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24
Wor
ld to
tal
234,
834
226,
58
9
232,
250
223,
806
442,
768
542.
722
601,
723
550,
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* Uno
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I F
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1979
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19
90
1991
19
79-8
1 19
89
1990
19
91
in 1
991
Arg
enti
na
199
75
101
100
1 16
9 71
96
* 90
1 15
A
ustr
ia
105
91
93
85
327
381
396
350
8 B
ulga
ria
21
25
24
25
29
52
49
45
20
Can
ada
362
501
419
192
638
873
713
354
7 C
hina
73
3 65
01
650
1 65
01
1,38
5 1,
187
900
1 90
01
4 C
zech
oslo
vaki
a 17
1 17
5 17
1 12
7 53
4 70
8 73
6 48
4 5
Den
mar
k 59
10
0 10
9 80
22
1 48
7 54
5 39
5 6
Fra
nce
121
73
65
58
368
261
236
217
13
Fin
land
44
69
81
10
88
19
6 24
4 28
23
G
erm
any
1,20
3 1,
006
1,05
6 71
1 3,
822
3,90
0 3,
988
3,32
4 3
Gre
ece
4 19
19
17
7
42
35
32
22
Hun
gary
72
97
92
92
11
7 26
7 23
2 22
1 12
It
aly
15
8 8
8 35
21
21
19
25
N
ethe
rlan
ds
10
7 9
7 39
33
36
34
21
P
olan
d 2,
970
2,27
5 2,
314
2,28
9 6,
166
6,20
0 6,
100
5,89
9 2
Port
ugal
16
6 12
7 11
1 99
12
8 10
6 86
70
18
R
oman
ia
33
40*
401
26
65
95
89
75
16
Spa
in
219
227
207
198
239
337
274
242
II
Sw
itze
rlan
d 8
4 3
4 35
21
17
22
24
S
wed
en
58
71
74
43
197
319
335
165
14
Tur
key
439
180
158
190*
55
8 19
1 24
0 25
6 9
US
SR
/CIS
1
7,55
7 10
,745
10
,371
8,
528
9,30
9 20
,057
24
,300
13
,000
1 I
UK
6
7 8
9 25
36
40
49
19
U
SA
29
5 19
6 15
2 16
0 47
4 34
7 25
9 24
8 10
Y
ugos
lavi
a 56
37
38
38
1 78
75
72
72
* 27
W
orld
tota
l 15
,042
16
,909
16
,470
13
,846
24
,951
36
,055
40
,042
26
,663
*
Uno
ffici
al fi
gur
es.
1 F
AO
est
imat
es.
BA
RL
EY
A
rea
( 1,0
00 h
ay
Pro
duct
ion
(1,0
00 to
nnes
) A
vera
ge
Ave
rage
R
ank
Cou
ntri
es
1979
-81
1989
19
90
1991
19
79-8
1 19
89
1990
19
91
in 1
991
Alg
eria
87
5 1,
000
1,20
0*
1,40
0*
592
790
833
1,75
1 19
A
ustr
alia
2,
539
2,36
8 2,
510
2,82
1 3,
278
4,04
4 4,
040
4,02
5 11
A
ustr
ia
370
292
292
297
1 ,2
88
1,42
2 1,
521
1,42
7 24
B
ulga
ria
425
360
360
383
1,43
9 1,
572
1,38
7 1,
495
23
Can
ada
4,6
31
4,66
0 4,
702
4,48
0 11
,199
11
,673
13
,925
12
,463
3
Chi
na
1,29
5 96
0 I
960
I 1,
000
I 3,
133
3,00
0 I
3,00
0 I
3,00
0*
14
Cze
chos
lova
kia
972
751
745
792
3,52
4 3,
550
4,07
1 3,
793
12
Den
mar
k 1,
580
988
901
936
6,25
0 4,
959
4,98
7 5,
041
9 F
inla
nd
579
517
486
541
1,42
1 1,
630
1,72
0 1,
749
20
Fra
nce
2,67
0 1,
834
1,75
6 1,
749
10,9
97
9,84
0 10
,020
10
,651
4
Gen
nany
2,
970
2,64
1 2,
613
2,53
5 12
,158
14
,399
13
,992
14
,494
2
Hun
gary
26
5 28
3 29
7 35
4 84
8 1,
340
1,36
9 1 ,
552
22
Indi
a 1,
802
1,08
1 99
1 97
7 2,
020
1,72
2 1,
486
1,64
2 21
Ir
an
1,65
2 2,
651
2,65
0 I
2,65
0 I
1,54
8 2,
847
3,36
0 2,
636
16
Irel
and
349
263
237
193
1,64
3 1,
474
1,38
0 1,
281
25
Ital
y 32
4 47
1 46
7 46
7 91
4 1,
644
1,70
3 1,
815
18
Mor
occo
2,
190
2,39
9 2,
415
2,35
7 1,
712
2,99
9 2,
138
3,25
2 13
P
olan
d 1,
362
1,17
5 1,
174
1,23
7 3,
563
3,90
0 4,
200
4,25
7 10
R
oman
ia
833
768
749
1,01
8 2,
321
3,43
6 2,
680
2,95
1 15
S
pain
3,
520
4,25
7 4
,359
4
,372
6,
571
9,30
8 9,
410
9,14
1 6
Sw
eden
67
8 50
1 49
2 49
1 2,
323
1,87
0 2,
123
1,93
5 17
T
urke
y 2,
846
3,33
2 3,
321
3,40
0*
5,48
0 4,
500
7,30
0 7,
800
7 U
SS
R/C
IS I
33
,456
27
,611
26
,116
28
,761
42
,505
48
,509
56
,600
I 42
,000
I I
UK
2,
333
1,65
2 1,
515
1,39
3 10
,058
8,
Q70
7,
911
7,62
7 8
US
A
3,21
4 3,
364
3,04
7 3,
405
8,83
8 8,
800
9,19
2 10
,113
5
Wor
ld to
tal
81,2
05
74,9
28
72,8
25
76,1
74
156,
649
167,
5 41
181,
946
169,
385
* U
noff
icia
l fi
gure
s.
1 F
AO
est
imat
es.
)(
~.
OA
TS
><
~:
Are
a (/
,00
0 h
a)
Pro
duct
ion
(1,0
00 to
nnes
) A
vera
ge
Ave
rage
R
ank
Cou
ntri
es
1979
-81
1989
19
90
1991
19
79-8
1 19
89
1990
19
91
in 1
991
Alg
eria
14
8 11
3 75
14
0 I
92
60
41
127
24
Arg
enti
na
35
445
324*
35
0*
431
668
434*
45
0*
13
Aus
tral
ia
1,20
1 1,
136
1,06
3 1,
339
I ,3
86
1,64
0 1,
568
1,615
* 6
Aus
tria
93
67
62
61
29
8 24
9 24
4 22
6 21
B
razi
l 76
20
4 18
9 24
9 77
23
6 17
30
3 17
C
anad
a 1,
501
1,70
8 1,
217
887
2,99
3 3,
546
2,85
1 1,
894
3 C
hile
84
69
78
77
15
1 16
5 20
5 20
7 22
C
hina
40
0 50
0*
560*
55
0*
600
600
I 60
0 I
600
I 10
C
zech
oslo
vaki
a 13
2 10
3 93
89
41
8 33
0 42
1 34
8 16
D
enm
ark
40
30
24
25
166
125
121
126
25
Fin
land
44
4 44
6 45
3 34
3 1,
183
1,44
4 1,
662
1,15
5 8
Fra
nce
525
266
218
177
1,85
0 1,
034
848
733
9 G
erm
any
854
562
473
380
3,34
8 2,
010
2,10
5 1,
867
5 H
unga
ry
45
45
48
48
125
149
163
136
23
Ital
y 22
3 16
9 15
7 14
8 43
3 29
6 29
8 36
5 15
N
orw
ay
108
132
126
131
424
423
601
530
II
Pola
nd
1,08
2 80
3 74
7 68
6 2,
730
2,20
0 2,
\00
1,87
3 4
Rom
ania
57
10
6 14
4 21
0 57
16
8 23
4 25
8 19
S
pain
45
3 34
5 34
9 32
3 52
7 49
4 51
9 41
0 14
S
wed
en
481
433
388
364
1,63
5 1,
455
1,58
4 1,
426
7 T
urke
y 19
9 14
0 13
7 15
2*
350
216
270
255
20
US
SR
/CIS
12
,160
10
,751
10
,691
10
,751
14
,372
16
,828
I 18
,800
I 14
,000
I I
UK
14
2 11
9 10
7 10
3 58
7 52
5 53
0 52
3 12
U
SA
3,
743
2,78
5 2,
406
1,94
1 7,
234
5,42
3 5,
189
3,52
0 2
Yug
osla
via
199
144
139
137
I 29
6 27
9 28
0 27
3*
18
Wor
ld to
tal
25,6
52
23,0
27
21,4
92
20,8
78
42,5
18
41,6
73
42,7
99
34,1
86
* U
noff
icia
l fi
gure
s. I
FAO
est
imat
es.
MA
IZE
Are
a (1
,00
0 h
al
Pro
duct
ion
(1,0
00
(ann
es)
Ave
rage
A
vera
ge
Ran
k C
ount
ries
19
79-8
1 19
89
1990
19
91
1979
-81
1989
19
90
1991
in
199
1 A
rgen
tina
2,
895
1,52
0 1,
672*
1,
959
9,33
3 4,
260
5,04
9 7,
768*
II
B
razi
l 11
,430
12
,932
11
,389
11
,892
19
,265
26
,573
21
,347
23
,774
3
Bul
gari
a 60
5 56
3 42
4 56
0 2,
626
2,26
5 1,
221
2,71
8 21
C
anad
a 1,
039
1,00
3 1,
036
1,08
4 5,
901
6,37
9 7,
157
7,31
9 13
C
hina
19
,986
20
,435
21
,400
20
,490
60
,720
79
,259
96
,820
93
,350
I 2
Egy
pt
800
842
830
911*
3,
159
4,52
9 4
,799
5,
270*
16
F
ranc
e 1,
774
1,94
1 1,
561
1,76
6 9,
641
13,3
35
9,2
91
12,7
87
5 G
erm
any
122
209
214
283
752
1,57
3 1,
552
1,9'
37
25
Hun
gary
1,
270
1,10
5 1,
082
1,10
6 7,
022
6,99
6 4
,500
7,
509
12
Indi
a 5,
887
5,91
5 5,
954
5,70
0 6,
486
9,65
1 9,
073
9,10
0 7
Indo
nesi
a 2,
761
2,94
4 3,
158
3,00
9 4,
035
6,19
3 6,
734
6,40
9 14
It
aly
956
804
768
857
6,59
0 6,
360
5,86
4 6,
308
15
Ken
ya
1,27
3 1,
554
1,50
0 1
1,50
0 1
1,71
4 2,
836
2,63
0*
2,25
0*
23
Nor
th K
orea
63
3 70
5 I
710
1 71
41
3,83
3 4,
450
I 4
,400
I 4,
500
I 18
M
exic
o 6,
836
6,45
8 7,
339
7,05
1 11
,868
10
,945
14
,635
13
,527
4
Phi
lipp
ines
3,
267
3,68
9 3,
820
3,58
9 3,
174
4,52
2 4,
854
4,65
5 17
R
oman
ia
3,22
6 2,
733
2,46
1 2,
570
10,2
18
6,76
2 6,
810
10,4
93
6 S
outh
Afr
ica
4,90
0 3,
778*
3,
475*
3,
026*
11
,322
12
,061
8,
900*
8,
938
8 S
pain
45
0 51
6 47
7 48
3 2,
227
3,22
4 3,
027
3,15
1 20
T
anza
nia
1,35
0 1,
980
1,63
1 1,
848
1,76
2 3,
125
2,44
5 2,
332
22
Tha
ilan
d 1,
412
1,71
0 1,
545
1,67
7 3,
103
4,39
3 3,
722
4,15
0 19
T
urke
y 58
3 50
9 51
5 51
51
1,26
3 2,
000
2,10
0 2,
180
24
US
SR
/CIS
2
3,06
3 4
,120
4,
414
3,97
0 9,
076
15,3
05
9,9
00
8,50
0 1
9 U
SA
29,6
61
26,1
84
27,0
94
27,8
59
192,
084
191,
156
201,
508
189,
867
1 Y
ugos
lavi
a 2,
250
2,27
8 2,
229
2,30
0*
9,73
6 9,
415
6,72
4 7,
818
10
Wor
ld to
tal
126,
294
129,
514
128,
926
129,
150
422
,083
47
4,09
5 47
9,3
40
478,
775
* U
noff
icia
l fi
gure
s.
I F
AO
esli
mal
es.
2 F
or d
ry g
rain
onl
y.
)<
~.
RIC
E (
Pad
dy)
>< >< :;:-A
rea
(1,0
00 h
ay
Pro
duct
ion
(1,0
00 to
nnes
) A
vera
ge
Ave
rage
R
ank
Cou
ntri
es
1979
-81
1989
19
90
1991
19
79-8
1 19
89
1990
19
91
in 1
991
Ban
glad
esh
10,3
10
9,53
4 10
,435
10
,940
20
,125
27
,324
26
,778
28
,580
4
Bra
zil
5,93
2 5,
250
3,94
5 4,
143
8,55
3 11
,044
7,
420
9,49
5 10
B
urm
a 4,
684
4,73
2 4,
760
4,83
0 12
,637
13
,803
13
,969
13
,197
7
Cam
bodi
a 1,
262
1,80
0 I
1,80
01
1,80
0 I
1,35
2 2,
555*
2,
500*
2,
400
17
Col
ombi
a 42
8 4
32
52
1 43
5 1,
831
1,88
4 2,
117
1,73
9 21
C
hina
34
,323
33
,176
33
,060
33
,100
* 14
5,66
5 18
2,46
1 18
9,33
0 18
7,54
0 I
I E
gypt
4
16
41
3 43
6 43
3*
2,37
6 2,
679
3,16
7 3,
152
16
Indi
a 40
,091
42
,167
42
,596
42
,200
* 74
,557
70
,667
74
,053
74
,600
2
Indo
nesi
a 9,
063
10,5
21
10,5
02
10,1
87
29,5
70
44,7
26
45,1
79
44,3
21
3 Ir
an
43
0
519
605
585
I 1,
448
1,85
4 2,
273
1,22
2 25
It
aly
176
206
214
205
989
1,24
6 1,
291
1,24
4 24
Ja
pan
2,38
4 2,
097
2,07
4 2,
049
13,3
20
10,3
47
10,4
99
9,60
4 9
Nor
th K
orea
63
5 67
01
670
1 68
0 4,
733
5,40
01
5,30
01
5,10
0 12
S
outh
Kor
ea
1,23
0 1,
257
1,24
4 1,
340
6,78
0 8,
100
7,73
2 5,
380
11
Lao
s 72
2 59
6 63
8 64
01
1,02
5 1,
404
1,49
1 1,
400
I 23
M
adag
a sca
r 1,
182
1,14
8 1,
160
I 1,
100
I 2,
055
2,38
0 2,
420
2,20
0 I
20
M
alay
sia
722
647
639
635*
2,
053
1,74
4 1,
655
1,55
0*
22
Nep
al
1,27
5 1,
433
1,45
5 1,
432*
2,
361
3,39
0 3,
502
3,60
0 I
14
Nig
eria
51
7 1,
770
1,28
9 1,
642
* 1,
027
3,30
3 2,
500
3,18
5*
15
Pak
ista
n 1,
981
2,10
7 2,
113
2,06
0 4,
884
4,83
0 4
,897
4,
903
13
Phi
lipp
ines
3,
513
3,49
7 3,
319
3,42
3 7,
893
9,45
9 9,
319
9,67
0 8
Sri
Lan
ka
819
890
828
860*
2,
093
2,06
3 2,
538
2,38
9 18
T
hail
and
8,98
6 9,
983
9,65
0*
10,0
00*
16,9
67
20,1
77
17,3
00*
19,5
00
5 U
SS
R/C
IS
637
656
610
605
I 2,
558
2,56
0 2,
473
2,20
0 I
19
Vie
tnam
5,
579
5,88
4 6,
028
6,29
5*
11,8
12
18,9
96
19,2
25
19,4
28*
6
Wor
ld to
tal
143,
788
148,
102
147,
927
148,
366
396,
370
517,
272
521,
703
519,
869
* U
noff
icia
l fig
ures
. I
FA
O e
stim
ates
.
MIL
LE
T
Are
a (1
,000
hay
P
rodu
ctio
n (1
,000
tonn
es)
Ave
rage
A
vera
ge
Ran
k C
ount
ries
19
79-8
1 19
89
1990
19
91
1979
-81
1989
19
90
1991
in
199
1 A
ngol
a 80
11
0 11
0 11
01
49
63
63
61
24
Arg
enti
na
203
45
55*
50*
245
50
91*
65*
20
Ban
glad
esh
61
90
90
851
40
67
63
601
25
Bur
kina
Fas
o 80
3 1,
278
1,15
01
1,13
5*
390
649
449*
75
7*
7 B
urm
a 17
9 17
5 16
8 17
7 1
80
116
126
138
1 16
C
amer
oon
130
60
61 1
60
1 98
65
* 65
1 63
* 21
C
had
360
525
488
617
182
179
172
302
II
Chi
na
3,98
1 2,
398
2,27
9 2,
230
5,79
0 3,
754
4,57
6 4,
501
1 2
Gha
na
182
244
124
209
117
180
75
112
18
Indi
a 17
,845
15
,946
15
,120
15
,000
* 9,
189
10,7
21
10,4
62
9,00
0*
I K
enya
80
96
* 10
01
100
1 84
60
* 62
1 63
22
N
orth
Kor
ea
62
50 I
501
501
66
601
601
62
23
Mal
i 84
3 1,
083
1,21
3 1,
205
1 48
1 84
2 73
7 79
2*
6 N
epal
12
2 19
3 19
9 20
01
121
225
232
220
1 13
N
iger
3,
011
3,
568
3,10
0 1
4,38
4 1,
311
1,33
5 I,
113
1,
853
5 N
iger
ia
2,36
6 4
,000
1
4,3
501
3,90
0 1
2,49
6 4,
700
5,13
6 4,
200
1 3
Pak
ista
n 12
2 19
3 19
9 20
0 1
121
225
232
220
1 14
S
eneg
al
932
953
865
872*
55
5 63
9 51
4 56
0*
9 S
udan
1,
098
1,56
0 66
2 1,
118
436
161
85
308
10
Tan
zani
a 45
0 30
01
178
1 28
61
360
300
200
1 27
01
12
Tog
o 12
1 12
6 14
3 12
01
44
97
58
70*
19
Uga
nda
297
381
376
381
473
610
564
600
1 8
US
A
89
158
1 11
7 1
125
1 10
7 19
01
140
J 15
01
15
US
SR
/CIS
2,
794
2,98
3 3,
093
3,04
4 1,
759
4,10
8 3,
647
3,60
0 1
4 Z
imba
bwe
2 35
3 29
6 23
3 28
3 15
3 14
2 14
3 12
2 17
Wor
ld to
tal
37,6
64
37,9
10
35,7
23
37,1
17
25,6
10
30,3
72
29,8
96
28,9
70
* U
noff
icia
l fig
ures
. 1
FAO
est
imat
es
2 O
n fa
rms
and
esta
tes.
>< >< <
SO
RG
HU
M
x >< S.
Are
a (/
,000
ha)
P
rodu
ctio
n (/
,00
0 to
nnes
) A
vera
ge
Ave
rage
R
ank
Cou
ntri
es
/979
-8/
/989
/9
90
/99
/ /9
79-8
/ /9
89
/9
90
/99
/ in
/9
9/
Arg
enti
na
1,86
6 59
7 68
8*
676*
5,
641
1,36
0 2,
016
2,25
1 7
Aus
tral
ia
548
625
380
402
1,08
4 1,
244
946
893
9 B
razi
l 81
16
5 13
3 18
1 17
2 24
1 22
8 27
2 22
B
urki
na F
aso
1,05
1 1,
362
1,25
0 I
1,29
5*
620
991
751*
1,
113
8 C
amer
oon
374
513*
51
3 I
500
I 30
1 34
3*
350
I 40
0*
17
Cha
d 41
4 43
3 43
9 49
6 21
0 23
7 28
0 30
5 20
C
hina
2,
828
1,65
4 1,
570
1,60
0*
7,03
4 4
,577
5,
777
5,61
5 I
3 C
olom
bia
220
239
273
257
488
695
777
738
I II
E
gypt
17
2 12
5 13
4 13
9*
641
585
630
655*
13
E
thio
pia
2 1,
048
880
I 75
0 I
800
I 1,
419
1,04
3 78
7 I
805
I 10
F
ranc
e 75
71
67
69
33
2 30
1 26
4 38
8 18
G
hana
22
3 28
4 21
5 26
3 14
0 21
5 13
6 24
1 24
In
dia
16,3
61
14,8
38
14,4
98
15,0
00*
11,3
80
12,8
98
11,8
78
10,8
00
2 M
ali
434
774
809
750
I 34
1 73
1 53
1 72
9*
12
Mex
ico
1,4 9
1 1,
620
1,82
0 1,
380
4,99
1 5,
004
5,97
8 4,
367
5 N
iger
82
2 1,
470
1,00
0 I
2,06
7 34
7 42
1 28
6 46
8 16
N
iger
ia
2,68
3 4
,954
4,
000
I 4,
600
I 3,
284
4,83
1 4,
185
4,80
0 I
4 P
akis
tan
403
440
417
440*
23
5 26
2 23
9 26
0*
23
Sou
th A
fric
a 37
7 28
1 24
7*
215*
54
0 46
8 27
5*
280
21
Sud
an
3,05
4 3,
801
2,75
9 4,
694
2,27
3 1,
536
1,18
9 2,
941
6 T
anza
nia
713
487
380
I 57
0 I
543
537
368
I 48
0 I
15
Tha
ilan
d 22
0 17
8 18
8 17
0*
237
231
237
233
25
Uga
nda
175
231
240
245
I 31
2 34
7 36
0 38
0 I
19
US
A
5,27
3 4,
493
3,67
8 3,
974
19,1
57
15,6
32
14,5
62
14,7
20
I V
enez
uela
22
7 28
9 17
6*
275*
36
5 59
5 37
6 61
6*
14
Wor
ld to
tal
45,0
7/
44,9
04
40,
5/6
44
,702
65
, 52
/ 5
9,I
I3
56,6
77
57,7
63
• U
noff
icia
l fi
gure
s.
I F
AO
est
imat
es
2 In
clud
es te
ff.
xxvii
CENTRIFUGAL RAW SUGAR (i n 1,000 tonnes)
Average Rank Countries 1979- 81 1989 1990 1991 in 1991
Argentina 1,584 1.018 1.35 1' 1.594' 19 Australi a I 3,243 3.797 3,536 2.800" I I Belgium-Luxembourg 994 1.038* 1,120* 906* 26 Brazi l 7,99 1 7.793' 7.835* 8,675" 3 China 3.809 6. 179* 5.820 7.836* 5 Colombia 1,192 1,492 1.589 1.617 18 Cuba 7.5 10 7.579 8,445* 6,900 6 Czechoslovakia 808 703 686 714 29 Dominican R epubl ic 1.142 693 590 656' 32 Egypt 666 946' 971 ' 1,064* 22 France 4.720 4.198* 4.743' 4.675* 8 Gennany 3,936 3.953 4,671 8,455 4 Guatemala 409 673 839 9 18 25 Hungary 5 11 603 595 736' 28 India 3 5,380 9. 156 11,168 12,528* I Indonesia 2 1.286 2,108 2,2 18 2,334 1 2 Iran 630 602' 625' 760' 27 Italy 1,956 1.879* 1.584' 1.640* 17 Mauritius 6 15 568 624 611 33 Mexico 2,780 3.625 3.278 3.943* 10 Morocco 364 605 638 675* 30 Netherlands 1,000 1,240* 1,337* 1.060* 23 Pakistan 3 738 2.011 * 2,01 7* 2.086' 14 Peru 57 1 628 601 550' 35 Philippines 2.342 1.645* 1,810* 1,780* 16 Poland 1.530 1,865 2, 142 1.587 20 South Africa 2.0 11 2.293 ' 2.289* 2,152* 13 Spain 934 953 1,043* 1.037* 24 Thai land 1.534 4.052' 3,056* 4,006' 9 Turkey 1.178 1,378* 1.946* 1,957" 15 USSR/CIS 7,0 17 9.565 " 9.130* 8,750' 2 UK 1.2 15 1 .377 1.349 1.292 21 USA 5,345 6.004 6.273 6 .531 7 Venezuela 344 524 499 556* 34 Yugoslavia 798 1.015 934" 663* 31
World total 88.706 105.542 110.823 112.224
" Unofficial fig ures. I 94° net titre. 2 Tel que!. 3 Includes sugar (raw value) refined from gur.
xxviii
WORLD ESTIMATED CRUDE OIL PRODUCTION (in 1,000 tonnes)
1970 1990 1991 1992
Africa Algeria* 47,253 56,673 58,454 58,065 Angola 5,066 23,553 24,751 25,569 Congo 8,064 7,596 8,303 Cote d'!voire 315 60 63 Egypt 44,933 45,790 44,991 Gabon* 5,460 13,754 14,982 14,898 Libya* 159,201 65,990 73,968 73,206 Nigeria* 53,420 90,736 96,455 96,987 Tunisia 4,151 4,536 5,222 5,353 ZaIre 1,411 1,380 1,352
Caribbean Area Colombia 11,071 22,151 21 ,503 22,326 Cuba 736 817 771 Trinidad 7,225 7,776 7,235 7,130 Venezuela* 193,209 110,550 122,545 120,819
Far East Australia 8,292 26,840 25,376 24,719 Brunei 6,916 6,554 8,049 8,850 Burma 750 728 694 670 China 20,000 137,599 138,592 141,566 India 6,809 33,309 31 ,287 29,984 Indonesia* 42,102 70,104 78,859 76,456 Japan 750 534 746 863 Malaysia 30,024 30,342 30,374 New Zealand 1,736 1,890 1,794 Pakistan 486 2,925 3,054 3,046 Thailand 1,816 2,065 2,315 Vietnam 2,482 3,900 5,401
Middle East Abu Dhabi* 33,288 79,301 95,117 91,282 Bahrain 3,834 2,084 1,975 1,895 Dubai* 20,901 20,861 19,373 !ran* 191 ,663 157,084 166,731 172,817 !raq* 76,600 100,681 14,876 20,871 Kuwait* 137,397 1 58,729 1 9,567 1 52,973 1 Oman 32,848 34,857 36,991 Qatar* 17,257 19,125 18,823 20,871 Saudi Arabia* 176,851 1 321,928 1 410,0471 420,209 1 Sharjah* 1,802 1,922 1,927 Syria 4,350 22,944 24,644 27,060 Turkey 3,461 2,904 4,562 4,314 Yemen 9,931 9,804 9,959
I Figures for Saudi Arabia and Kuwail include shares of production from the Neutral Zone, all allocated to Saudi Arabia from Aug. 199010 Jan. 1991.
*Member of OPEC.
xxix
WORLD ESTIMATED CRUDE OIL PRODUCTION
(contd.)
(in 1,000 tonnes)
1970 1990 1991 1992
North America Canada 69,954 92,239 93,181 97,262 USA 533,677 414,500 422,079 411,241
Latin America Argentina 19,969 24,959 24,783 28,588 Bolivia 1,128 973 1,034 985 Brazil 8,009 32,144 31,703 32,506 Chile 1,620 962 871 732 Ecuador* 191 14,482 14,843 15,885 Mexico 21,877 147,697 155,270 155,430 Peru 3,450 6,897 6,109 6,023
USSR/CIS and Eastern Europe Albania 1,199 1,067 1,022 985 Bulgaria 334 60 55 50 Czechoslovakia 203 125 140 133 Hungary 1,937 1,974 1,893 1,852 Poland 424 l60 158 158 Romania 13,377 7,930 6,788 6,604 USSR/CIS 352,667 569,309 515,416 450,241 Yugoslavia 2,854 3,568 2,159 1,128 I
Western Europe Austria 2,798 1,151 1,282 1,196 Denmark 5,995 7,092 7,616 France 2,308 3,023 2,950 2,927 Germany 7,536 3,595 3,404 3,224 Italy 1,408 4,753 4,353 4,613 Netherlands 1,919 3,976 3,730 3,343 Norway 49,500 81,782 92,394 106,305 Spain 156 795 1,067 1,094 UK 84 91 ,615 91,112 94,094
World total 2,336,153 3.158. 046 3,150.417 3,169.366
I Serbia and Montenegro only. * Member of OPEC.
xxx
MARITIME LIMITS (IN MILES) Jurisdiction over fisheries
(measured/rom the baseline 0/ State Territorial Sea the territorial sea)
Albania 12 (1976) Algeria 12(1963) Angola 20 (1975) 200 (1975) Antigua and Barbuda 12 (1982) 200 (1982) I
Argentina 12 (1991) 200 (1991) 1 Australia 12 (1990) 200 (1979) Bahamas 12 (1991) 200(1977) Bahrain 3 Bangladesh 12 (1974) 200 (1974) I
Barbados 12 (1977) 200 (1979) 1 Belgium 12 (1987) up to median line (1978) Belize 12 (1992) 200 (1992) 1 Benin 200 (1976) Brazil 12 (1988) 200 (1988) Brunei Darussalam 12 (1983) 200 (1983)
(or median line) Bulgaria 12 (1951) 200 (1987) 1 Burma 12 (1988) 200 (1977) I
Cambodia 12 (1969) 200 (1979) I
Cameroon 50 (1974) Canada 12 (1970) 200 (1977) Cape Verde 12 (1977) 200 (1977) I
Chile 12(1986) 200 (1986) I China 12 (1958) 200 (1992) I
Colombia 12 (1978) 200 (1978) I
Comoros 12(1976) 200 (1982) I
Congo 200 (1977) Costa Rica 12(1982) 200 (1975) 1 Cote d'Ivoire 12 (1977) 200 (1977) I
Cuba 12 (1977) 200 (1977) I
Cyprus 12(1964) Denmark (including Faroe
Islands and Greenland) 3 (1966) 200 (1977) Djibouti 12(1979) 200 (1979) I
Dominica 12 (1981) 200 (1981) 1 Dominican Republic 6 (1967) 200 (1977) I Ecuador 200 (1966) Egypt 12 (1958) 200 (1983) I
EI Salvador 200 (1983) Equatorial Guinea 12 (1984) 200 (1984) I Ethiopia 12(1953) Fiji 12 (1977) 200 (1981) 1 Finland 4 (1956) 12 (1975)
France 12 (1971) (or agreed boundary)
200 (1977) I
Gabon 12 (1986) (except Mediterranean)
200 (1986) I
Gambia 12(1969) 200 (1978) Germany 3 2 200 (1977) Ghana 12 (1986) 200 (1986) I
Greece 6 (1936) 200 (1986) I Grenada 12 (1978)3 200 (1978) I Guatemala 12 (1976) 200 (1976) I
Guinea 12 (1980) 200 (1980) 1 Guinea-Bissau 12 (1978) 200 (1978) I
1 Exclusive Economic Zone. 2 In the Baltic Sea; off the former GDR, 12 miles; in the German Bight, at least 12 miles: area defined by coordinates. 3 10 miles for aviation purposes.
xxxi
MARITIME LIMITS (IN MILES)-contd. Jurisdiction over fisheries
(measuredfrom the baseline of State Territorial Sea the territorial sea)
Guyana 12 (1977) 200 (1977) Haiti 12 (1972) 200 (1977) I
Honduras 12 (1965) 200(1951)1 Iceland 12 (1979) 200 (1979) I
India 12 (1967) 200 (1977) I
Indonesia 12 (1957) 2 200 (1980) 1.7 Iran 12 (1959) 8
Iraq 12(1958) Ireland 12(1988) 200 (1977) Israel 12 (1990) Italy 12(1974) Jamaica 12 (1971) Japan 12 (1977) 200 (1977) Jordan 3 (1943) Kenya 12 (1971) 200 (1979) I
Kiribati 12(1983) 200 (1983) I Korea (North) 12 (1967) 200 (1977) I
Korea (South) 12(1978) 12 Kuwait 12 (1967) Lebanon 12 (1983) Liberia 200 (1976) Libya 12 (1959) Madagascar 12(1985) 200 (1985) I
Malaysia 12 (1969) 200 (1984) I Maldive, Republic of 12(1975) (1976) 1. 3 Malta 12 (1978) 25 (1978) Mauritania 12(1988) 200 (1988) I Mauritius 12 (1977) 200 (1977) I
Mexico 12 (1972) 200 (1976) I
Monaco 12 (1973) (1985) 9 Morocco 12(1973)4 200 (1981) 1,4 Mozambique 12 (1976) 200 (1976) I Namibia 12 (1990) 200 (1990) Nauru 12 (1971) 200 (1978) Netherlands 12(1985) 200 (1977) New Zealand 12 (1977) 200 (1978) I
Nicaragua (1979) 5 200 (1979) 5 Nigeria 30 (1971) 200 (1978) I
Norway 4 (1812) 200 ( 1977) I
Oman 12 (1977) 200 (1981) I
Pakistan 12 (1976) 200 (1976) I
Panama 200 (1967) Papua New Guinea 12 (1977) 200 (1978)
(offshore waters) Peru (1947) 5 200 (1947) 5 Philippines 6 200 (1978) 1
1 Exclusive Economic Zone. 2 The territorial sea of Indonesia is measured by straight lines surrounding the archipelago. 3 Territorial limits and economic zone defined by geographical co-ordinates. 4 Limits with opposite or adjacent states to be fixed by agreement, failing which median line
principle to apply. 5 Sovereignty and jurisdiction over the sea, its soil and subsoil up to 200 miles. 6 The territorial sea of the Philippines is determined by straight base-lines joining appropriate
points of the outermost islands forming the Philippine archipelago in accordance with Treaties of 1898. 1900 and 1930 (1961).
7 200 mile exclusive fisheries zone established 1985. 8 Outer limits of the superjacent waters of the continental shelf. 50-mile fishing zone in the
Sea of Oman (J 973). 9 Half way to Corsica.
xxxii
MARITIME LIMITS (IN MILES)-contd. Jurisdiction over fisheries
(measuredfrom the baseline of Slale Territorial Sea the territorial sea)
Poland 12 (1978) to be determined by inter-national agreement (1978)
Portugal 12 (1977) 200 (1977) 2 Qatar 12 I
Romania 12 (1956) 200 (1986) 2 Russia 9 12(1982) 200 (1982) 2 St Kitts and Nevis 12 (1984) 200 (1984) 2 StLucia 12(1984) 200 (1984) 2 St Vincent and the Grenadines 12 (1983) 200 (1983) 2 Sao Tome and Principe 12 (1978) 200 (1978) 2 Saudi Arabia 12 (1958) 6
Senegal 12 (1985) 200 (1985) 2 Seychelles 12 (1977) 200 (1977) 2 Sierra Leone 200 (1971) Singapore 3 (1878) Solomon Islands 12 (1978) 200 (1986) Somalia 200 (1972) South Africa 12 (1977) 200 (1977) Spain 12 (1977) 200 (1978) 2
(except Mediterranean) Sri Lanka 12 (1977) 200 (1977) 2 Sudan 12 (1987) Suriname 12 (1978) 200 (1978) 2 Sweden 12 (1980) up to equidistance line
with neighbouring states Syria 35 (1981) Tanzania 12 (1989) 200 (1989) 1
Thailand 12(1966) 200 (1980) 2 Togo 30 (1977) 200 (1977) 2 Tonga 12(1978)3 200 (1978) Trinidad and Tobago 12 (1969) 200 (1986) 2 Tunisia 12 (1973) Turkey 7 200 (1986) I Tuvalu 12 (1984) 200 (1984) 2 Ukraine 9 1~~1982) 200 (1984) 2 United Arab Emirates 5
UK 12 (1987) 200 (1977) USA 12 (1988) 200 (1983) 2 Uruguay 200 (1969) Vanuatu 12 (1978-82) 200 (1978-82) 2 Venezuela 12 (1956) 200 (1978) 2 Vietnam 12 (1977) 200 (1977) 2 Western Samoa 12 (1971) 200 (1980) 2 Yemen 8 Yugoslavia 12 (1979) Zaire 12(1974) 200 (1992)
1 Limited by agreement by the outer limits of the superjacent waters of the continental shelf or by a median line (1974).
2 Exclusive Economic Zone. 3 1978 legislation not yet in force. 4 Sharjah, 12 miles. 5 Limits to be defined by agreement, failing which median line to apply (1980). 6 Outer limits of the superjacent waters of the continental shelf. 76 Aegean (1964),12 Black Sea and Mediterranean. 8 Situation under review following unification. 9 Limits as determined for the former USSR.
The table above is reproduced from a survey prepared by the FAO.
Further Reading Allard. D. 1.. The Exclusive Economic Zone in International Law. Oxford. 1987 Booth. K .• Law. Force and Diplomacy at Sea. London. 1985 Buzan. 8.. Seabed Politics. New York. 1976 Churchill . R. R. and Lowe. A. V .• The Lawo/theSea. Manchester. 1988 Janis. M. W .• Sea Power and the Lawo/the Sea. Lexington. 1977 Luard. E .• The Control o/the Sea-Bed. London. 1974
xxxiii
Moore. G .• Coastal State Requirements/or Foreign Fishing. FAO Legislative Study No. 21. 3rd revision. Rome. 1988
Sangar. C. Ordering the Oceans: The Makillg 0/ the Law 0/ the Sea. Univ. of Toronto Press. 1987
UN. Law o/tlle Sea: a Select Bibliography. 1991
xxxiv
1992 April 2
CHRONOLOGY
Burundi President Pierre Buyoya announces cabinet reshuffle and gives up defence portfolio.
France Pierre Beregovoy appointed Prime Minister.
3 Albania Sali Berisha, leader of Democratic Party, elected Presi-dent by People's Assembly.
5 Germany Extreme right-wing parties make significant gains in state elections in Baden-Wiirttemberg and Schleswig-Holstein.
Peru President Alberto Fujimoro suspends constitution and dissolves parliament.
5-6 Italy Inconclusive general election leads to resignation of Presi-dent Francesco Cossiga.
6 Yugoslavia EC recognises independent Bosnia-Hercegovina, fol-lowed by USA on 7 April.
Zai"re National conference suspended on 19 Jan. resumed, adopts sovereign status on 17 April.
7 EC European Parliament passes resolution effectively approving Maastricht Treaty.
Thailand Supreme Commander of armed forces General Suchinda Kraprayoon appointed Prime Minister
Yugoslavia UN Security Council recommends full deployment of UN protection force in Yugoslavia.
9 UK Conservative Party led by John Major wins fourth consecutive term of office in general election.
10 Iran First round of voting to elect new parliament.
II Australia Ruling Australian Labor Party humiliatingly defeated in by-election.
13 Brazil Major cabinet reshuffle by President Fernando Collor de Mello in response to corruption scandals.
14 Czechoslovakia President Vaclav Havel announces intention to seek further presidential term.
15 Afghanistan President Najibullah removed from power. Ethiopia Ceasefire signed by Ethiopian People's Revolutionary
Democratic Front and Oromo Liberation Front. Libya Mandatory UN sanctions come into force. Vietnam National Assembly unanimously approves new constitu
tion.
16 Malawi President Hastings Banda dissolves National Assembly and announces legislative elections.
24 Afghanistan Majority of mujahideen groups agree three-stage plan for transfer of power following fall of Najibullah.
26 Mali Alpha Oumar Konare, leader of Alliance for Democracy, elected President in second-round voting.
27 St Lucia United Workers ' Party led by Prime Minister John Compton wins third five-year term in general election.
Yugoslavia Federal Assembly adopts constitution of new Yugoslav state, the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia, comprising the two republics of Serbia and Montenegro only.
28 Yugoslavia UN agrees in principle to extend involvement in Yugoslavia to Bosnia.
1992 April
May
June
30
2
S
7
9
II
17
18
21 23-30
24
2S
26
27
2
xxxv
CHRONOLOG Y-contd.
Sierra Leone President Joseph Momoh displaced in coup.
Sierra Leone Captain Valentine Strasser named chairman of new National Provincial Ruling Counci l.
EFTAIEC Agreement on European Economic Area signed by members of both EFT A and EC.
Pakistan Fundamentalist 1lP party announces withdrawal from ruling Islamic Democratic Alliance.
Suriname Suspension of guerilla hostilities announced.
Russia President Boris Yeltsin announces establishment of Russian Federation armed forces.
Azerbaijan Armenians take control of Shusha, last Azerbaijani stronghold in disputed area of Nagorno-Karabakh.
The Gambia President Dawda Jawara sworn in for fifth term. Philippines Fidel Ramos e lected President.
Haiti OAS agrees to tighten trade sanctions against militarybacked provisional government.
Turkmenistan New constitution adopted unanimously by Supreme Soviet.
EC Radical reform of Common Agricultural Policy (CAP) agreed.
Fiji Fijian P olitical Party led by Major General Sitiveni Rabuka wins general election.
Thailand Prime Minister Suchinda Kraprayoon resigns after violent protests against military clampdown and intervention of King.
Italy Christian Democrat Speaker of Chamber of Deputies Oscar Luigi Scalfaro elected President.
CIS Commander-in-Chief of CIS armed forces announces removal of Black Sea fleet from CIS command.
Brazil Congress approves special commission of enquiry into corruption allegations against President Fernando Coli or de Mello.
ECiDenmark Referendum result opposes by small margin ratification of Maastricht Treaty.
Kazakhstan New constitution adopted by Supreme Soviet. USA Final round of primary elections gives President George
Bush and Governor Bill Clinton Republican and Democrat nominations respectively.
3-14 UN UN Conference on Environment and Development in Rio de Janeiro (,Earth Summit') held.
4- 5 Poland Vote of no confidence in government of Prime Minister Jan Olszewski.
5 Sudan Government and two factions of rebel Sudanese People's Liberation Army agree to peaceful negotiations.
5- 6 Czechoslovakia Elections to Czechoslovak Federal Assembly and Czech and Slovak parliaments.
6 Somalia Eleven factions agree to implement UN-backed ceasefi re.
8 Mali Alpha Oumar Konare sworn in as President.
xxxvi
1992 June
July
9
12
13
15
16
17
18
CHRONOLOG Y-contd.
Indonesia President Suharto's ruling Golkar party retains power in parliamentary elections.
Hong Kong First forcible repatriations of 'boat people' to Vietnam under new UKNietnamese accord.
Canada Inter-provincial talks on constitutional reform collapse without agreement.
Russia Yegor Gaidar named Prime Minister by President Boris Yeltsin.
Burkina Faso President Blaise Compaore appoints Youssouf Ouedraogo Prime Minister.
Lebanon Release of two German relief workers held hostage since May 1989.
Chad Military government pre-empts coup. Czechoslovakia VacIav Klaus of dominant Czech Civil Demo
cratic Party anounces intention to stand as Czech rather than federal Prime Minister.
ECllreland Referendum in favour of ratification of Maastricht Treaty.
Italy Giuliano Amato of Socialist Unity Party appointed Prime Minister.
23 Czechoslovakia Slovak National Council elects Ivan GasparoviC as chairman.
Israel Labour Party under ltzhak Rabin win elections to Knesset (parliament), ending 15 years of Likud domination.
South Africa African National Congress withdraws from constitutional talks after Boipatong massacre.
25 Black Sea states Conference of heads of II Black Sea countries sign economic co-operation pact.
26--27 EC Lisbon summit of heads of state and government aims to maintain momentum towards integration.
Malawi Single-party elections to National Assembly. Mercosur Meeting of Presidents of Argentina, Brazil, Paraguay
and Uruguay, members of planned Latin American common market, due to begin operations on 31 Dec. 1994.
28 EC Resignation of Carlo Ripa de Meana, EC Commissioner for the Environment, to serve in Italian government.
Estonia Referendum endorses draft constitution providing for parliamentary system with strong presidency.
29 Algeria Assassination of Mohammed Boudiaf, president of High Committee of State.
Thailand House of Representatives dissolved by royal decree.
30 Philippines General Fidel Ramos sworn in as President.
3
5
6
Poland Hanna Suchocka approved as Prime Minister.
Ecuador Sixto Duran Ballen, leader of right-wing United Republican Party, wins run-off presidential elections.
CIS Meeting of heads of state in Moscow agrees to establish joint peace-keeping force.
Northern Ireland First meeting of all main parties and Irish government ministers since 1922.
1992 July
Aug.
6-8
7
9
9- 10
14
16
17
18
20
23-26
2
3
7
10
12
xxxvii
CHRONOLOGY-contd.
G7 18th annual summit of group of seven industrialised countries.
Canada Compromise agreement on constitutional reform announced.
Bolivia Eight political parties agree package of constitutional, judicial and educational changes.
CSCE Leaders of 52 member countries agree to transform the CSCE into an effective body capable of preventing wars and promoting political stabi lity.
Yugoslavia Milan Panic elected Prime Minister.
Macedonia Government falls after failing to gain international recognition for an independent Macedonia following Greek objections to its using the name 'Macedonia' .
Czechoslovakia Slovak National Council approves declaration of sovereignty; resignation of federal President Vaclav Havel.
UK John Smith elected leader of Labour Pany to replace Neil Kinnock.
Yugoslavia EC states that new Yugoslav federation of Serbia and Montenegro is unacceptable as successor state to the former Yugoslavia.
Seychelles President France-Albert Rene's ruling Seychelles People's Progressive Party wins majority in multi-party elections.
Suriname Peace accord signed by government and two largest guerilla groups.
Croatia President Franco Tudjman and ruling Croatian Democratic Union win overwhelming victory in first Croatian presidential and legislative elections.
CIS Russian and Ukrainian Presidents sign agreement on division of Black Sea fleet.
Mozambique President Joachim Chissano and Alfonso Dhlakama, leader of rebel Mozambique National Resistance, sign peace accord to end civil war by Oct. 1992.
Northern Ireland Ulster Defence Association banned.
North America USA, Canada and Mexico agree terms of North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFf A).
Somalia UN representative Mohammed Sahnoun signs agreement with rebel leader Gen. Farah Aidid for deployment of 500 Un guards to protect food supplies.
12-14 Cyprus Inconclusive direct talks between George Vassiliou, Presi-dent of Cyprus, and Rauf Denktash, president of the selfproclaimed Turkish Republic of North Cyprus.
13-14 Bosnia Extraordinary session of UN Human Rights Commission unanimously condemns Serbs' policy of forced expUlsions ('ethnic cleansing').
16 Congo Pascal Lissouba, leader of Pan-African Union for Social Democracy, wins second and final round of presidential elections.
xxxviii
1992 Aug.
Sept.
18
19
20
22-26
26
26-27
27
28
31
3
4
CHRONOLOG Y-contd.
Canada Constitutional conference opens to discuss Pearson accord, draft agreement negotiated by nine English-speaking provinces in July.
Bahamas Opposition Free National Movement under Hubert Ingraham wins general election after 25 years of rule by Prime Minister Sir Lynden Pindling's Progressive Liberal Party.
Madagascar New constitution approved in referendum.
Central America Costa Rica, El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, Nicaragua and Mexico agree to create joint regional free trade market by 1996.
Germany Demonstrations and acts of violence against foreign workers and immigrants bring calls to restrict asylum provisions.
Iraq Air exclusion zone announced by France, Russia, UK and USA to protect Shia and Marsh Arabs of southern Iraq.
Yugoslavia Resignation at London Conference of Lord Carrington as chairman of EC-sponsored peace process; succeeded by Lord Owen.
Angola Constitutional changes agreed by National People's Assembly, including new official name of Republic of Angola.
Czechoslovakia Formal split into two independent states agreed for 1st Jan. 1993.
Japan Economic rescue package announced.
ECIGreece Greek parliament votes to ratify Maastricht Treaty.
Canada Referendum announced on issue of constitutional reform.
Djibouti New draft constitution overwhelmingly approved in referendum.
Morocco Referendum overwhelmingly approves constitutional changes.
Macedonia National Assembly elects new government.
6 Lebanon Final round of voting in first general election since 1972.
8 Lithuania Agreement signed with Russia for withdrawal of former Soviet troops.
10-11 Council of Europe Extraordinary meeting agrees to extend mem-bership to states of eastern Europe as soon as possible.
II Honduras Border dispute with EI Salvador ended by ruling of International Court of Justice.
13 EC Devaluation of Italian lira within Exchange Rate Mechanism (ERM) starts European currency crisis.
Thailand General election to House of Representatives; Democrat-led coalition formed on 20 Sept.
15 UN Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (Serbia and Montenegro) excluded from 47th session of UN General Assembly.
16 EC Sterling and lira temporarily withdrawn from ERM and peseta devalued by 5%.
16-17 North/South Korea Eighth round of Prime Ministers' talks.
17 Sweden Co-operation pact between opposition and government in face of economic crisis.
1992 Sept.
Oct.
19
20
xxxix
CHRONOLOG Y--contd.
New Zealand Referendum vote in favour of some form of proportional representation.
Estonia Right-wing parties gain strong position in first postindependence elections.
21 Malawi Formation of Alliance for Democracy represents first organized internal opposition for 30 years.
23 France Referendum shows 51·04% in favour of ratification of Maastricht Treaty.
Croatia/Bosnia Establishment of CroatianIBosnian Joint Defence Committee.
24 Middle East End of sixth round of bilateral peace negotiations in Washington.
26 South Africa African National Congress leader Nelson Mandela and President F. W. de Klerk agree to resume constitutional negotiations.
29 Belgium Constitutional changes agreed to devolve more power to regions.
Brazil President Fernando Collor de Mello stripped of power when Chamber of Deputies votes to impeach him for abuse of authority.
29-30 Angola At presidential and parliamentary elections President Dos
2
Santos (MPLA) was re-elected, but his opponent Jonas Savimbi (UNITA) refused to accept the result and renewed military action .
Iraq UN Security Council votes to impound oil-related Iraqi assets frozen since Aug. 1991 to fund humanitarian relief and Gulf War compensation.
4 Mozambique Formal signature of peace treaty ending civil war.
5 Estonia Former Foreign Minister Lennart Meri elected President by parliament.
Guyana Narrow victory for People's Progressive Party in general election.
Kuwait Election to reconstituted National Assembly.
7 Hong Kong New Governor Chris Patten announces constitutional, social and economic reform package.
9 Swaziland King Mswati III dissolves parliament.
10 China Comprehensive trade agreement signed with USA.
II Cameroon President Paul Biya wins first multi-party presidential elections.
Georgia Chairman of State Council Eduard Shevardnadze elected parliamentary Speaker and de/acto head of state.
Romania President I1iescu wins further four-year term.
12-18 China 14th congress of Chinese Communist Party held.
13 Cambodia UN Security Council establishes 15 Nov. 1992 as dead-line for Khmer Rouge to co-operate under the terms of the 1991 UN peace plan.
16 EC Heads of states and governments meeting in Birmingham con-firm support for early ratification of Maastricht Treaty.
xl
1992 OCI.
Nov.
CHRONOLOG Y-contd.
22 Togo Troops occupy National Assembly building.
26 Canada Referendum rejects Charlouetown agreement constitu-tional reform package by 54·4% to 46·6%.
28 Central African Republic Multi-party presidential and legislative elections begun on 25 Oct. cancelled.
31 Rwanda Partial prolocol signed by transitional government and
3
rebel Rwandan Patriotic Front to end two-year civil war.
ECIGATT Impasse in GATT talks in Chicago between US and Europe on agricultural trade.
USA Bill Clinton (Democrat) elected President against former President George Bush and Ross Perot (ind).
Ghana Re-election of President Jerry Rawlings.
4 UK John Major's Conservative government wins 3-vote majority in Commons vote on legislation to ratify Maastricht Treaty.
8 Angola Ceasefire agreed after hostilities in capital Luanda be-tween government and rebel UNIT A forces.
Colombia State of emergency against guerilla activities declared by President Cesar Gaviria.
Germany Massive rally in Berlin against racism disrupted by agitators.
9 UK/Russia Co-operation agreement signed by Boris Yeltsin and Prime Minister John Major.
10 ECiGATTEC Agriculture Commissioner Ray McSharry agrees to resume EC negotiating role in stalled GATT talks.
12-13 Peru Unsuccessful coup attempt against absolute power wielded by President Alberto Fujimori since dissolution of Congress in April 1992.
13 ECINetheriands Dutch parliament votes to ratify Maastricht Treaty.
15 Russia Kremlin cathedrals returned to Orthodox Church by state. Russia and Chechen Republic agree to withdraw troops from dis
puted frontier.
16 Germany Social Democrats (SPD) abandon opposition to any change in asylum laws.
Lithuania Ex-Communist Democratic Labour Party (DLP) defeats President Landsbergis's nationalist Sajudis Party in first postSoviet parliamentary elections.
Seychelles New constitution drawn up by Socialist President Albert Rene rejected in referendum.
17 Poland Constitutional amendments removing key parts of the Communist constitution and increasing presidential power become law.
19 Bosnia First convoy carrying UN aid reaches besieged town of Tuzla.
Norway Parliament votes to apply for EC membership. South Africa President de Klerk appoints internal enquiry into
allegations of 'dirty tricks' operations by Military Intelligence. Swedell Government abandons attempt to maintain value of krone
against other European currencies.
1992 Nov.
Dec.
20
21
22
23
25
27
30
2
4
6
8
II
xli
CHRONOLOGY-contd.
EC/GA7TUS-EC agricultural trade deal announced.
Liberia UN Security Council resolution imposes arms embargo in civil war.
Peru New Majority Alliance, supporting President Alberto Fujimori, wins congressional election to restore constitutional rule.
Spain and Portugal Joint decision to devalue peseto and escudo by 6% further shakes ERM.
Germany Neo-Nazi fire bombing in Moln kills three Turkish women.
Czechoslovakia Federal parliament approves by three votes formation of independent Czech and Slovak states from I st Jan. 1993.
EC/Spain Spain formally ratifies Maastricht Treaty. Russia Conservati ve opponents of President Boris Y eltsi n force
resignation of Information Minister Mikhail Poltoranin. USA Growth rate for third quarter gives 3·9% annualized rate, a
four-year high.
EFTA Free trade agreement with Romania. Ireland Labour Party makes gains at general election. Venezuela President Carlos Andres Perez declares state of emer
gency in response to attempted coup.
EC New immigration rules adopted to speed repatriation of asylum-seekers.
Russia President Boris Yeltsin demands more power to safeguard free market reforms.
Germany Parliament endorses Maastricht Treaty but reserves veto on final stage of European monetary union.
Somalia USA launches international aid mission under UN auspices to victims of drought and civil war.
South Africa Government and African National Congress renew joint commitment to democratic settlement.
Germany All-party agreement on constitutional change to tighten regulations covering applications for asylum.
India Hindu militants destroy mosque in northern town of Ayodhya.
Slovenia Ex-Communist President Milan Kuean and ruling Liberal Democratic Party win elections.
Bosnia Serb forces close roads to capital Sarajevo. EC Special session of foreign ministers to find legal solution to
Danish rejection of Maastricht. UK Announcement of separation of Prince and Princess of Wales;
it is stated that the succession to the throne is unaffected.
EC Summit in Edinburgh to discuss British proposals on Denmark's status within Maastricht Treaty and EC's future financing arrangements.
Macedonia UN peacekeeping force deployed to prevent hostilities spreading to Macedonia.
Russia Congress blocks President Boris Yeltsin ' s plans for referendum on the attribution of powers.
xlii
1992 Dec.
1993 Jan.
II
CHRONOLOG Y--contd.
Somalia Two of the principal factional leaders agree immediate ceasefire.
14 India Prime Minister Narasimha Rao dismisses state governments of Rajasthan, Madhya Pradesh and Himachel Pradesh and declares direct rule.
Italy Local elections give major gains to Northern League and other parties campaigning for change to political system.
Russia Congress of People's Deputies removes Yegor Gaidar as Prime Minister and replaces him with conservative Viktor Chernomyrdin.
17 Israel Deportation of 417 Palestinians threatens Middle East peace talks.
18 South Korea Kim Young Sam (DLP) elected President.
20 Qatar Settlement of border dispute with Saudi Arabia announced.
21 Gulf Meeting of six states of Gulf Co-operation Council to discuss common defence policy.
Serbia Siobodan Milesovic, standing against Prime Minister Milan PaniC, wins presidential election.
UK British Coal's proposed pit closures, announced in September, ruled illegal in High Court.
29 Brazil Fernando Collor de Mello resigns as president as his
2
impeachment begins in the Senate.
Afghanistan Interim president Burhanuddin Rabbani chosen head of state.
Czech RepubliC/Slovakia Formal division of former Czechoslovak state into independent Czech and Slovak republics.
EC Single market comes into force with abolition of internal customs barriers.
US/Russia Presidents Bush and Yeltsin sign Strategic Arms Reduction Treaty (START-2) to reduce nuclear arsenals by twothirds.
3 Kenya Three opposition parties form alliance to prevent President Daniel arap Moi from taking power after his victory in first multi-party elections for 20 years.
4 Bosnia Geneva peace conference breaks off without agreement.
5 Angola Civil war continues with refusal of UNIT A leader Jonas Savimbi to accept scrutiny of election results.
Poland Government announces intention to seek special powers to by-pass parliament on major reforms.
Russia Prime Minister Viktor Chernomyrdin reimposes price controls on essential goods.
Georgia UN asked to intervene to quell fighting in breakaway Black Sea republic of Abkhazia.
6 Iraq France, Russia, UK and USA issue 48-hour ultimatum to Iraq to withdraw anti-aircraft missiles from no-fly zone in south of country.
7 Ghana Fourth Republic announced, ending II years of military rule.
1993 Jan.
Feb.
8
JO
II
13
xliii
CHRONOLOG Y-contd.
Bosnia Deputy Prime Minister H akija Turajl iC killed b y Serbian gunmen.
Burma National convention meets to begin process of drafting a constitution.
India Fifth day of Hindu-Moslem violence in Bombay.
Angola Rebel UNIT A forces driven out of central town of Huambo.
Italy Three trade union f ederations announce removal of trade union appointees from state and publ ic bodies.
Malawi First legal opposition r ally held. Pakistan Opposition leader Benazir Bhullo nominated chief of
parliamentary fore ign r elations committee by government.
Iraq Allies launch air strike o n t argets in southern Iraq.
14 Denm ark Resignation of Prime Minister Poul SchWter.
15 Somalia Ceasefire agreed by fourteen factions. Zai"re Opposition p arties in interim parliament accuses President
Mobutu of high treason and undermining moves towards democracy.
19 Israel Ban ended on contacts between I sraeli c itizens and Palestinian Liberation Front.
Malaysia Parliament approves constitutional amendment lifting hereditary rulers' immunity f rom prosecution.
20 USA Bill Clinton sworn in as 42nd president. World Health Organization Dr Hiroshi Nakajima re-elected t o
second term as Director-General.
22 CIS At a summit meeting member s tates reached some agreement on economic, legal and military collaboration.
25 Denm ark Social D emocrat coalition government takes office
26
28
29
31
2
4
5
7
under Prime Minister Poul Nyrup Rasmussen. Croatia Croatian offensive into Serb-held Krajina condemned b y
UN Security Council.
Austria Coalition government agrees to seek EC membership as neutral state.
Czech Republic Vaclav Havel elected President by parliament.
Israel Supreme Court upholds deportation o f 41 3 o f the original 4 /7 Palestinians.
Zai"re French troops sent to capital Kinshasa to contain rioting.
ECilreland Devaluation of Irish punt threatens ERM.
Cambodia Phnom P enh government ' s offensive treatment against Khmer R ouge threatens UN peace plan.
Andorra Parliament approves democratic constitution.
EC Bundesbank cuts key interest r ates to ease pressure o n ERM .
Belgium First stage towards federal state introduced in parliament. Iraq UN troops sent to patrol Iraq-Kuwait frontier. Zai're President Mobutu sacks Prime Minister Etienne Tshisekedi .
Liechtenstein At elections for the Diet F atherland Union loses majority to Progressive Citi zens' Party.
xliv
1993 Feb.
March
9
10
14
15
20
23
24
25
28
4
CHRONOLOGY-contd.
Rwanda French troops sent to contain Hutu-Tutsi hostilities.
Italy Resignation of Justice Minister Claudio Martelli in corruption scandal.
South Africa Government and African National Congress announce agreement on proposals for an elected coalition.
Lithuania Former leader of Communist party Algirdas Brazauskas wins first presidential election since independence.
Madagascar Opposition leader Albert Zafy defeats incumbent Didier Ratsiraka in presidential election.
Cyprus Glafcos Clerides defeats incumbent George Vassiliou in presidential election. .
Slovakia Parliament elects Michal Kovac President.
UK Unemployment reaches three million. Italy Prime Minister Giuliano Amato reshuffles cabinet.
Cuba President Castro re-elected at single-candidate presidential and parliamentary elections.
Canada Prime Minister Brian Mulroney announces resignation.
USA Bomb extensively damages World Trade Centre, New York.
Bosnia First US food air drops to besieged communities. Peace talks between Serb, Croat and Moslem leaders resume at
UN.
Angola UN-backed peace talks collapse when UNIT A delegation fails to attend.
GA1TChina and USA resume talks suspended in 1989. Romania Prime Minister Nicolae Vacariou presents tough reform
programme to parliament designed to halve inflation. South Africa Resumption of multi-party talks after nine-month
break. Zambia President Frederick Chiluba declares state of emergency.
5 Italy Cabinet agrees package of measures intended to solve legal problems caused by corruption scandal.
7 Germany Significant far-right gains in local elections in Hessen.
8 Afghanis/an Mujahideen leaders sign peace accord on appoint-ment of ministers.
9 Russia Chairman of Congress of People's Deputies Ruslan Khasbulatov rejects President Boris Yeltsin 's latest proposal for allocation of powers.
IO Indonesia President Suharto re-elected for five-year term.
12 GA1TUS pulls out of trade talks with EC. India Bombs kill more than 200 in Bombay. North Korea Withdraws from Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty.
13 Australia Australian Labor Party led by Prime Minister Paul Keating re-elected to office.
14 Andorra Referendum vote in favour of new democratic constitu-tion.
Germany All-party agreement on package of financial measures.
17 Hong Kong China announces intention of establishing new admin-istration when Hong Kong reverts to Chinese rule in 1997.
1993 March 18
xlv
CHRONOLOGY-contd.
Poland Parliament rejects key bill for privatization of state industry.
19 Bosnia UN aid convoy reaches Moslem-held town of Srebrenica besieged by Bosnian Serbs.
USA Congress approves President Clinton's four-year deficit reduction plan.
20 Russia President Boris Yeltsin demands powers to rule by presi-dential decree until referendum scheduled for 25 April ; this is subsequently judged unconstitutional by the Constitutional Court.
Somalia UN conference on future of Somalia opens in Addis Ababa.
Sudan Government declares ceasefire in ten-year-old civil war ahead of peace talks.
UK Irish Republican Army bombs in Warrington (UK) kill two children.
21 France RPR-UDF coalition wins overwhelming victory in first round of parliamentary elections.
Turkey Kurdish guerrillas announce ceasefire.
23 Belgium Government of Prime Minister Jean-Luc Dehaene fails to agree austerity package and offers to resign.
Kenya Rejects IMF condition and abandons economic reform programme.
24 Israel Ezer Weizman elected President.
25 Bosnia Moslems and Croats sign peace agreement but Bosnian Serbs reject 10-canton partition proposal.
Somalia UN Security Council votes to take over peace-keeping role from US-led force.
28 France Final round of parliamentary elections gives RPR-UDF coalition over 75% of National Assembly seats.
Lesotho Victory for Basutholand Congress Party in first elections for 23 years.
Russia Motion to impeach President Yeltsin fails to be carried in the Congress of People's Deputies.
30 Belgium Government continues in office after agreement on budget.
ADDENDA
All dates are 1993
ALBANIA. 6 ministers (for Agriculture, Economic Reform, Education, the Interior, Local Government and Tourism) were replaced in a cabinet reshuffle on 7 April.
BOSNIA. On 31 March by 14' votes with I abstention (China) the UN Security Council approved a NATO aerial enforcement of the no-fly zone.
CANADA. On 3 Feb. the Ontario Premier Bob Rae formed a new 20-member Cabinet.
CHAD. In April the Sovereign National Conference promulgated a Transitional Charter to regulate the political 'regime for 12 months. A Transitional Superior Council was set up headed by Lol Mahamat Choua (Rally for Democracy and Progress, RDP); the Prime Minister is Dr Fidele Moungar (b. 1948).
CHINA. A new constitution was adopted in March embodying the principles of the 'socialist market economy'. Jiang Zemin was elected President on 27 March: VicePresident, Rong Yiren. A new government formed included Li Peng (Prime Minister), Zhu Rongji (Senior Deputy Prime Minister), Qian Qichen (Deputy Prime Minister and Foreign Minister), Li Lanqing and Zou Jiahua (Deputy Prime Ministers), Wu Yi (Trade), Gen. Chi Haotian (Defence), Li Tieying (Restructure of the Economy), Song Jian (Science and Technology), Li Guixian (Governor of the Bank of China), Ismail Amat (Ethnic Minorities), Peng Peiyun (Family Planning).
CROATIA. In April Nikica Valentic (b. 1952; Croat Democratic Union) became Prime Minister.
CUBA. Roberto Robaina became Minister of Foreign Affairs in March; Ricardo Alarcon de Quesada became Speaker of the National Assembly.
DENMARK. Erling Olsen (SO) became Minister of Justice on 29 March.
JAMAICA. At the elections in March the People' s National Party gained 55 seats and the Jamaica Labour Party 5; Percival Patterson was sworn in for a second term as Prime Minister.
JAPAN. Kabun Muto (LOP) became Minister of Foreign Affairs on 6 April.
NORTH KOREA. Kim Jong II was appointed Chairman of the National Defence Commission on 9 April.
LATVIA. Juris Kaksitis became Minister of Justice on II March.
LESUfHO. At the elections on 28 March the Basutholand Congress Party won all 65 constituencies; Ntsu Mokhele became Prime Minister.
MACEDONIA. On 8 April Macedonia was admitted to the United Nations under the temporary name of 'Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia', a decision acceptable to Greece.
MALI. Abdoulaye Sekou Sow (b. 1931 ; ind) became Prime Minister on 12 April.
NEW ZEALAND. In March Maurice McTigue became Minister for Labour, Immigra
xlvi
ADDENDA-contd. xlvii
tion, State services and Employment. Wyatt Creech, Minister for Revenue, added State-Owned Enterprises, Railways, Works and Development to his portfolio.
NORWA Y. lohan lS'lrgen Holst became Minister of Foreign Affairs and lS'lrgen Kosmo Minister of Defence on 2 April.
RUSSIA. Following a confrontation with the Congress of People's Deputies, on 21 March President Yeltsin announced that he would assume the powers to rule temporarily by decree and hold a national referendum on 25 April. The Constitutional Court found these proposals unconstitutional, but a move to impeach President Yeltsin was defeated in the Congress on 28 March. The Congress voted to hold the referendum with the following 4 questions: I) Do you trust the President of the Russian Federation? 2) Do you approve of the socio-economic policy carried out by the President and Government of the Russian Federation since 1992? 3) Do you consider it is necessary to hold early presidential elections? 4) Do you consider it is necessary to hold early elections for People's Deputies? Andrei Shapovaliants became Minister of the Economy in March, and Boris Fedorov became Minister of Finance.
SLOV AKIA. On 19 April lozef MoravCik became Foreign Minister and laroslav Kubecka Minister for the Economy.
SOMALIA. At the end of March the 15 warring factions agreed to disarm and form a 74-member Transitional National Council.
TURKEY. President Ozal died on 17 April.
UKRAINE. Ihor Yukhnovsky resigned from the position of First Deputy Prime Minister on 17 March.
ZAIRE. President Mobutu announced the appoiontment of Faustin Birindwa as Prime Minister on 17 March, but the incumbent, Etienne Tshisekedi, refused to resign.
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