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NTU Singapore
Energy Efficient Buildings
Full Report on Worldwide State of the Art En-
ergy Efficient Buildings
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Nanyang Technological University Singapore
NTU Energy Framework
> Energy Efficient Buildings
si/2239_08_20426_NTU_Energy_Efficient_Buildings_V1-1
page 2 of 16
Client Nanyang Technological University
Sustainable Earth Office
50 Nanyang Avenue
North Spine N1-B3c-43
Singapore 639798
Contact William Henry Clune
Consultancy Intep Intep
Integrale Planung GmbH Integrated Planning LLC
Innere Wiener Str. 11a 212 2nd Street SE, Suite 222
81667 Munich Minneapolis, MN 55414
Germany USA
T. +49 89 45 99 49 0 T. +1 612 339 55 15
www.intep.com
Author René Sigg
City, date, version Munich/Minneapolis, April 26th, 2012, V1-1
Copyright © Intep – Integrale Planung GmbH, 2012.
This report was prepared with greatest care and is based on information obtained from sources we believe to be
reliable, but not for its accuracy, completeness and correctness, we assume no liability. The opinions contained
herein represent our estimates at the time of writing this report and are subject to change without notice.
Nanyang Technological University Singapore
NTU Energy Framework
> Energy Efficient Buildings
April 26th, 2012/V1-1
page 3 of 16
Introduction
Nanyang Technological University (NTU) will invest nearly $700 million in new building pro-
jects to be completed over the next three to four years. By constructing iconic, cutting-edge
and energy-efficient buildings on their campus, they signal their aspiration to become one of
the World's top engineering and science centers, and a leader in areas such as clean technol-
ogy and environmental sustainability. NTU's Sustainable Earth Peak provides an opportunity
for the University to do more with sustainability, both in research and in practice.
As part of NTU's examination of other energy efficient building projects around the world, the
Sustainable Earth Office (SEO) of NTU commissioned a study by Intep, a leading, international
strategic consultant group with construction work throughout Germany, Switzerland, and the
United States, including the management of complex building projects with a variety of sus-
tainability objectives.
State-of-the-Art Energy-Efficient Buildings
Buildings are one of the heaviest consumers of Energy and use about 40% of the raw materi-
als globally. In the U.S., buildings account for 38% of all CO2 emissions. Energy efficient build-
ings offer a very positive impact on the environment and reduced operations cost compared to
conventional buildings. Case studies and monitoring show that conventional buildings in any
climate zone typically consume a total of more than 200 kilowatt-hours of energy per square
meter and year.
Standards like the ‘Living Building Challenge’ in the U.S., ‘Passivehouse’ in Germany or
MINERGIE-P® in Switzerland produce very efficient buildings that consume 5 to 10 times less
energy than conventional buildings.
The graphic below shows examples of highly energy efficient buildings around the globe. All of
them were designed from the very beginning with clearly defined energy goals in mind.
Primary Energy and Greenhouse Gas Emissions
Two key energy factors effect the built environment; primary energy - or source energy - and
final energy. Primary energy is the raw energy found in nature. It has not been subject to any
conversion or transformation process (oil, gas, uranium, coal, wood, solar radiation etc.). Pri-
CIRS, Vancouver
BioHaus, Bemidji
OSC, Portland
Siemens Tenjo, Bogota
CPW, Orbe
NuOffice, Munich
Eawag, Zurich
SCS, Shanghai
PTM, Kuala Lumpur
ZEB BCA, Singapore
Nanyang Technological University Singapore
NTU Energy Framework
> Energy Efficient Buildings
April 26th, 2012/V1-1
page 4 of 16
mary energy can be non-renewable or renewable. Non-renewable primary energy is extracted
from sources that are finite like oil, gas, uranium, or coal. Renewable primary energy is gen-
erated from virtually endless sources like solar radiation, wind, or biomass.
In terms of environmental impact, greenhouse gas emissions are another key aspect of ener-
gy generation in addition to primary energy. It is important to note that both non-renewable
primary energy as well as greenhouse gas emissions can be reduced dramatically in buildings
today.
The final energy is the energy available in the building. This includes all of the energy deliv-
ered, used and recovered on site. The final energy demand is the total measured consumption
in the building for heating, cooling and electricity. Low final energy consumption is achieved
through insulated and airtight building envelope as well as energy-efficient equipment and
building services. Heating energy includes space heating and hot water. Electricity includes
lighting, ventilation, air conditioning (pumps/fans) and equipment.
The numbers below illustrate the Final Energy (FE), Primary Energy (PE) and Greenhouse Gas
emissions (GHG) measurements for exemplary projects around the world. A detailed descrip-
tion of these buildings can be found on pages 5 to 14 in this report.
Eawag, Zurich
FE 14,0
PE 36,3
GHG 2,3
NuOffice, Munich
FE 58,9
PE 129,2
GHG 14,3
CPW, Orbe
FE 73,2
PE 191,3
GHG 29,0
Biohaus, Bemidji
FE 31,9
PE 83,0
GHG 10,1
CIRS, Vancouver
FE 72,9
PE 76,0
GHG 16,8
OSC, Portland
FE 56,8
PE 94,3
GHG 5,1
Tenjo, Bogotà
FE 15,9
PE 31,8
GHG 5,1
SCS, Shanghai
FE 75,6
PE 173,3
GHG 15,9
PTM, Kuala Lumpur
FE 35,0
PE 58,1
GHG 3,2
BCA, Singapore
FE 59,3
PE 98,5
GHG 5,3
FE Final Energy in kWh/(m2yr)
PE Primary Energy in kWh/(m2yr)
GHG Greenhouse Gas Emissions in kg/(m2yr)
General Principles for Energy Efficiency
The following general principles for heating, cooling and electricity consumption enable ener-
gy efficient buildings in all climate zones:
Well insulated and airtight building envelope
Minimized thermal bridges
Extensive use of daylighting
Selection of simple systems to cover heating requirements
Selection of simple systems to cover cooling requirements
Energy efficient equipment
The profitability of buildings can be significantly improved with the help of timely integration of
sustainable planning approaches. Energy efficient project goals must be formulated in a clear,
project-specific way that considers the individual project phases in all specifications of ser-
vices.
Nanyang Technological University Singapore
NTU Energy Framework
> Energy Efficient Buildings
April 26th, 2012/V1-1
page 5 of 16
Forum Chriesbach Eawag, Zurich, Switzerland
Use Forum Chriesbach is Eawag’s main headquarter. The Aquatic Re-
search Centre is an office and research building, which also hous-
es a library, training rooms and the staff canteen for the research
division Eawag of ETH domain Zurich.
Year of construction 2006
Website www.forumchriesbach.eawag.ch
Useable area 11.170 m2
Climate classification Moderate climate, cold winters,
warm summers with some humidity
Heating degree days 2.550 Kd
Cooling degree days 163 Kd
Photo credit: Eawag, Dubendorf (Zurich) Photo credit: Eawag, Dubendorf (Zurich)
Heating Energy 2,1 kWh/(m2yr) Final Energy 14,0 kWh/(m2yr)
Cooling Energy 1,1 kWh/(m2yr) Primary Energy 36,3 kWh/(m2yr)
Electricity 10,8 kWh/(m2yr) CO2 Emissions 2,3 kg/(m2yr)
Construction costs 2.900 CHF/m2
Certification system -
Construction High insulation at walls, roof and floor slab
Windows with triple glazing and low-e coating
Exterior shading devices
Building services Ventilation system with soil-to-air heat exchanger
Solar collectors for heating and hot water
Solar power system (photovoltaics)
Use of waste heat from commercial cooling system
Building owner Eawag, Dübendorf (Zurich)
Architect Bob Gysin + Partner BGP Architekten, Zurich
Nanyang Technological University Singapore
NTU Energy Framework
> Energy Efficient Buildings
April 26th, 2012/V1-1
page 6 of 16
Office Building ‚NuOffice‘, Munich, Germany
Use The office building ‘NuOffice’ offers flexible office spaces, fitness
center and spa, cafeteria and parking area. It is located at the site
‘Parkstadt Schwabing’ in Munich.
Year of construction 2012
Web www.nuoffice.de
Useable area 11.600 m2
Climate classification Moderate climate, cold winters,
warm summers with some humidity
Heating degree days 2.725 Kd
Cooling degree days 145 Kd
Photo credit: Domagk Gewerbepark GmbH, Munich Photo credit: Domagk Gewerbepark GmbH, Munich
Heating Energy 27,0 kWh/(m2yr) Final Energy 58,9 kWh/(m2yr)
Electricity 31,9 kWh/(m2yr) Primary Energy 129,2 kWh/(m2yr)
CO2 Emissions 14,3 kg/(m2yr)
Construction costs 1.700 EUR/m2
Certification system LEED Platin
EU Green Building
2000-Watt-Society
Construction High insulation at walls, roof and floor slab
Windows with triple glazing and low-e coating
Exterior shading devices
Building services Absorption heat pump for heating
Cooling with ground water
Concrete slab cooling and heating
Solar power system (photovoltaics)
Building owner Domagk Gewerbepark GmbH, Munich
Architect Architectural office Falk von Tettenborn, Munich
Nanyang Technological University Singapore
NTU Energy Framework
> Energy Efficient Buildings
April 26th, 2012/V1-1
page 7 of 16
CPW Innovation Centre, Orbe, Switzerland
Use The technical facility located in Orbe, Switzerland, designs and de-
velops new platforms for Cereal Partners Worldwide (CPW SA), a
joint venture between Nestlé and General Mills. The innovation
center is including product innovation, technology, packaging, and
nutrition research and development.
Year of construction 2011
Web -
Useable area 10.700 m2
Climate classification Moderate climate, cold winters,
warm summers with some humidity
Heating degree days 2.197 Kd
Cooling degree days 205 Kd
Photo credit: Concept Consult Architectes Sàrl, Lausanne Photo credit: Concept Consult Architectes Sàrl, Lausanne
Heating Energy 8,8 kWh/(m2*yr) Final Energy 73,2 kWh/(m2*yr)
Cooling Energy 8,5 kWh/(m2*yr) Primary Energy 191,3 kWh/(m2*yr)
Electricity 55,9 kWh/(m2*yr) CO2 Emissions 29,0 kg/(m2yr)
Construction cost 2.336 CHF/m2
Certification system LEED Platin
MINERGIE-ECO®
Construction Well insulated walls, roof and floor slab
Windows with triple glazing and low-e coating
Exterior shading devices
Building services Intensive daylight use
Heat recovery from chiller and steam condensate
Cooling from available river water
Building owner CPW SA, Lausanne
Architect Concept Consult Architectes Sàrl, Lausanne
Nanyang Technological University Singapore
NTU Energy Framework
> Energy Efficient Buildings
April 26th, 2012/V1-1
page 8 of 16
Concordia College ‘BioHaus’, Bemidji (MN), USA
Use The ‘BioHaus’ at German Language Village serves as a residential
facility for students of the German language, from all over the
world. As an educational facility for environmental studies and a
model for sustainable building construction it provides room for
language study and learning about sustainable activities.
Year of construction 2006
Web www.waldseebiohaus.typepad.com
Useable area 4.000 ft2
Climate classification Very cold winter, warm summer
with some humidity
Heating degree days 4.430 Kd
Cooling degree days 181 Kd
Photo credit: Intep – Integrated Planning LLC Photo credit: John Gregor Coldsnap
Heating Energy 14,2 kWh/(m2yr) Final Energy 31,9 kWh/(m2yr)
Electricity 17,7 kWh/(m2yr) Primary Energy 83,0 kWh/(m2yr)
CO2 Emissions 10,1 kg/(m2yr)
Construction cost 2.410 EUR/m2
Certification system Passive House Standard
Construction High insulation at walls, roof and floor slab (use of Vacuum in-
sulation panels in walls and roof)
Windows with triple glazing and low-e coating
Exterior shading devices
Building services Ventilation system with soil-to-air heat exchanger
Solar collectors for heating and hot water
Heat pump with ground source
Building owner Concordia College, Moorhead, MN
Architect Intep – Integrated Planning LLC, Minneapolis, MN
Nanyang Technological University Singapore
NTU Energy Framework
> Energy Efficient Buildings
April 26th, 2012/V1-1
page 9 of 16
Centre for Interactive Research on Sustainability (CIRS), Vancouver, Canada
Use Centre for Interactive Research on Sustainability (CIRS) is a multi-
use space with facilities designed to encourage human interac-
tion, explore new approaches and advance globally-significant
sustainability research. The Science and Technology commons,
comprised of an entry lobby and a four-story atrium.
Year of construction 2011
Web http://cirs.ubc.ca/building
Useable area 5.700 m2
Climate classification Moderate winter, cool sommer
with high humidity
Heating degree days 2.121 Kd
Cooling degree days 50 Kd
Photo credit: Don Erhardt, University of British Columbia Photo credit: Don Erhardt, University of British Columbia
Heating Energy 26,3 kWh/(m2*yr) Final Energy 72,9 kWh/(m2*yr)
Electricity 46,6 kWh/(m2*yr) Primary Energy 76,0 kWh/(m2*yr)
CO2 Emissions 16,8 kg/(m2yr)
Construction cost 6.491 $CAD/m2
Certification system LEED Platin
Living Building Challenge (LBC)
Construction High insulation at walls, roof and floor slab
Windows with double glazing and low-e coating
Exterior shading devices with photovoltaics
Building services Waste heat recovery from adjacent building
Heat pump with 30 geo-exchange wells
Displacement ventilation and natural cross ventilation
Building owner UBC Properties Trust, Vancouver
Architect Busby Perkins + Will, Vancouver
Nanyang Technological University Singapore
NTU Energy Framework
> Energy Efficient Buildings
April 26th, 2012/V1-1
page 10 of 16
Oregon Sustainability Center, Portland (OR), USA
Use The Oregon Sustainability Center will be home to Oregon's leaders
in sustainable business, government, and education. It will act as
a laboratory for green technology regionally and globally.
Year of construction 2012
Web www.oregonsustainabilitycenter.org
Useable area 222.800 ft2
Climate classification Moderate winter, cool sommer
with high humidity
Heating degree days 1.828 Kd
Cooling degree days 225 Kd
Photo Credit: Portland Development Commission Photo Credit: Portland Development Commission
Heating Energy - Final Energy 56,8 kWh/(m2*yr)
Electricity - Primary Energy 94,3 kWh/(m2*yr)
CO2 Emissions 5,1 kg/(m2yr)
Construction cost -
Certification system Living Building Challenge
Construction High insulation at walls, roof and floor slab
Windows with triple glazing and low-e coating
Intensive use of daylight
Natural ventilation
Building services Solar collectors for heating and hot water
Heat pump with ground source
Building integrated photovoltaics
Building owner Oregon University System, Portland (OR)
Architect GBD Architects, Portland (OR)
Nanyang Technological University Singapore
NTU Energy Framework
> Energy Efficient Buildings
April 26th, 2012/V1-1
page 11 of 16
Siemens plant Tenjo, Bogotà, Colombia
Use The Siemens plant in Tenjo is manufacturing various products.
This includes the assembly of transformers and electronics for
power transmission networks, electric motors and hearing aids.
Year of construction 2010
Web www.siemens.com
Useable area 48.400 m2
Climate classification Equatorial climate with moderate
winters and summers
Heating degree days 1.008 Kd
Cooling degree days 4 Kd
Photo Credit: Rugeles Durán Architectos Ltda Photo Credit: Siemens
Heating Energy 0,0 kWh/(m2*yr) Final Energy 15,9 kWh/(m2*yr)
Electricity 15,9 kWh/(m2*yr) Primary Energy 31,8 kWh/(m2*yr)
CO2 Emissions 5,1 kg/(m2yr)
Construction cost 1.500 EUR/m2
Certification system LEED Gold
Construction Well insulated walls, roof and floor slab
Intensive daylight use
Building services Ventilation system with heat exchanger
Solar collectors for hot water
Intelligent illumination system
Building owner Siemens Real Estate, Munich
Architect Rugeles Durán Architectos Ltda, Bogota
Nanyang Technological University Singapore
NTU Energy Framework
> Energy Efficient Buildings
April 26th, 2012/V1-1
page 12 of 16
Siemens Center Shanghai, China
Use The Siemens Center Shanghai accommodates the various Sie-
mens administrative and sales units for China. The office complex
with four buildings is located on a site in a key central location of
Shanghai.
Year of construction 2010
Web www.realestate.siemens.com
Useable area 49.000 m2
Climate classification Cold winters and warm summers
with high humidity
Heating degree days 1.160 Kd
Cooling degree days 891 Kd
Photo Credit: Siemens Photo Credit: Siemens
Heating Energy 29,6 kWh/(m2*yr) Final Energy 75,6 kWh/(m2*yr)
Electricity 46,0 kWh/(m2*yr) Primary Energy 173,3 kWh/(m2*yr)
CO2 Emissions 15,9 kg/(m2yr)
Construction cost 2.200 EUR/m2
Certification system LEED Gold
Construction Well insulated walls, roof and floor slab
Windows with double glazing and low-e coating
Building services Energy-saving office lighting system
Ice storage cooling system
Dry cooling towers
Building owner Siemens Real Estate, Munich
Architect gmp Architects von Gerkan, Marg und Partner, Hamburg
Nanyang Technological University Singapore
NTU Energy Framework
> Energy Efficient Buildings
April 26th, 2012/V1-1
page 13 of 16
Pusat Tenaga Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
Use The Pusat Tenaga Malaysia (PTM) Zero Energy Building is a pilot
project and a research laboratory for sustainable non-domestic
buildings in the tropics.
Year of construction 2007
Web www.futurarc.com/previous_edition/zeroenergy.cfm
Useable area 4.000 m2
Climate Zone Equatorial climate, with high temper-
atures and very high humidity
Heating degree days 0 Kd
Cooling degree days 2.659 Kd
Photo Credit: Pusat Tenaga Malaysia-PTM Photo Credit: Pusat Tenaga Malaysia-PTM
Heating Energy 0,0 kWh/(m2*yr) Final Energy 35,0 kWh/(m2*yr)
Electricity 35,0 kWh/(m2*yr) Primary Energy 58,1 kWh/(m2*yr)
CO2 Emissions 3,2 kg/(m2yr)
Construction cost -
Certification system Net Zero Energy Building
GBI Certified Buildings
Construction Well insulated walls and roof and floor slab
Windows with double glazing and low-e coating
Intensive daylight use
Building services Solar collectors for heating and hot water
Heat pump with ground source
Photovoltaics
Concrete slab cooling
Building owner Malaysia Energy Centre (Pusat Tenaga Malaysia), Kuala Lumpur
Architect Ruslan Khalid Associates, Kuala Lumpur
Nanyang Technological University Singapore
NTU Energy Framework
> Energy Efficient Buildings
April 26th, 2012/V1-1
page 14 of 16
BCA Zero Energy Building, Singapore
Use The Zero Energy Building (ZEB) retrofitted from an existing build-
ing. Converted from a three-storey former workshop, Zero Energy
Building houses offices, classrooms and a resource centre. The
building is also a test-bedding centre for new innovations in green
building technology.
Year of construction 2009
Web www.bca.gov.sg/zeb
Useable area 4.500 m2
Climate Zone Equatorial climate, with high temper-
atures and very high humidity
Heating degree days 0 Kd
Cooling degree days 2.850 Kd
Photo Credit: Building Construction Authority, Singapore Photo Credit: Building Construction Authority, Singapore
Heating Energy 0,0 kWh/(m2*yr) Final Energy 59,3 kWh/(m2*yr)
Electricity 59,3 kWh/(m2*yr) Primary Energy 98,5 kWh/(m2*yr)
CO2 Emissions 5,3 kg/(m2yr)
Construction cost -
Certification system Net Zero Energy Building
Green Mark Platinum
Construction Well insulated walls and roof
Light Pipes and Light Shelves
Exterior shading devices
Building services Efficient Chiller Plants & Cooling Towers
Photovoltaics
Displacement ventilation
Building owner Building Construction Authority, Singapore
Architects -
Intep
Integrale Planung GmbH
Innere Wiener Str. 11a
D-81667 Munich
T +49 (0)89 459 949 0
F +49 (0)89 459 949 10
Intep
Integrale Planung GmbH
Valentinskamp 24
D-20354 Hamburg
T +49 (0)40 311 12 212
F +49 (0)40 311 12 200
Intep
Integrale Planung GmbH
Dufourstr. 105
CH-8008 Zurich
T +41 (0)43 488 38 90
F +41 (0)43 488 38 99
Intep
Integrale Planung GmbH
Bahnhofstr. 8
CH-9000 St. Gall
T +41 (0)71 540 38 90
F +41 (0)71 540 38 99
Intep
Integrated Planning LLC
212 2nd St. SE, Suite 222
Minneapolis, MN 55414
USA
T +1 612 339 5515
www.intep.com
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