paket a modul 1 mobil listrik
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ALUR ENERGI: DARI SUMBER
HINGGA PENGGUNAAN
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MilllionTon(OilConversion
)
YearSource: World Energy Congress
Kecenderungan energi dunia
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CADANGAN DAN PRODUKSI ENERGI FOSIL
INDONESIA (2008)
ENERGI
FOSIL
SUMBER
DAYA
CADANGAN PRODUKSI RASIO
CAD/PROD
Minyak Bumi 56,6 milyar
barel
8,2 milyar barel 357 jt barel 23
Gas Bumi 334,5 TSCF 170 TSCF 2,9 TSCF 59
Batubara
104,4 milliarton
18,8 milyar ton
229,2 jt ton
82
Coal Bed
Methane
453 TSCF
Sumber : Kementrian ESDM
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CADANGAN DAN PRODUKSI ENERGI
NON-FOSIL INDONESIA (2008)
ENERGI NON FOSIL
SUMBER DAYA
KAPASITASTERPASANG
Tenaga Air 75.670 MW 4.200 MW
Panas Bumi 27.510 MW 1.052 MW
Mini/Micro Hydro
500 MW
86,1MW
Biomass 49.810 MW 445 MW
Tenaga Surya 4,80 kWh/m2/hari 12,1 MW
Tenaga Angin 9.290 MW 1,1 MW
Uranium
3.000 MW
30 MW
Sumber : Kementrian ESDM
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NERACA ENERGI NASIONAL
Produksi (348)
Konsumsi (392)
Transport: 214
RT : 62
Industri: 50
Listrik: 68Ekspor Crude (135)
Impor Crude (116) Kilang (312)
Impor BBM (150)
BBM (244)
Non-BBM (89)
MINYAK BUMI (2007) [juta Barel per tahun]
GAS BUMI (2004)
KPS7,62 BCFD
Pertamina0,71 BCFD
Produksi8,33 BCFD
Domestik3560 MCFD
Ekspor4193 MCFD
Industri: 1002,3 MCFD
PGN: 406,3 MCFD
Kilang: 84,6 MCFD
Pembangkit: 547,3 MCFD
BBG: 1,7 MCFD
LPG: 73,7 MCFD
Others: 1444,4 MCFD
BATUBARA (2004) [juta TON per tahun)
Produksi131,72
Domestik (32,91)
Ekspor (92,5)
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0
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PRODUKSI(RIBU
BAREL/HARI)
Profile tanpa Upaya Operasi OptimalisasiProyek yang sedang berjalan Lapangan MarginalLapangan Tua Pengembangan Lapangan Baru yang Diharapkan
Block Cepu Pengembangan Potensi Baru
PRODUKSI & KONSUMSI BBM DALAM NEGERI
Sumber: ESDM
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PERKEMBANGAN PRODUKSI DAN
KONSUMSI BBM INDONESIA
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POLA KONSUMSI BBM INDONESIA
Penggunaan BBM sektor transportasi > 50% , mengancam ketahananenergi. Energi BBM di Indonesia akan habis 23 tahun lagi
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POLA KONSUMSI BBM ANGKUTAN JALAN
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Target tahun 2025 :
Energy Mix Nasional Tahun 2025(Skenario BaU)
Energy Mix Nasional Tahun 2025(Skenario Perpres 5/2006)
Tenaga Air,1.90%
Mini/mikrohidro, 0.10%
Panas Bumi,1.10%
Minyak Bumi,41.70%
Batu Bara,34.60%
Gas Bumi,20.60%
Minyak Bumi,20%
Batu Bara,
33%
Gas Bumi,30%
Panas Bumi,5%
Batu Bara Cair,2%
Biofuels, 5%
Nuklir, 2%
EBT Lainnya,3%
Other, 17%
Elastisitas energi < 1
1. Energi Primer mix optimal2. Elastisitas Energi < 1
KEBIJAKAN ENERGI NASIONAL(PERPRES NO. 5/2006)
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POTENSI PASAR OTOMOTIF
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PENJUALAN MOBIL DI INDONESIA
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PERTUMBUHAN PASAR KENDARAAN BERMOTOR DI
INDONESIA
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KONTRIBUSI EMISI KENDARAAN KONVENSIONAL
TERHADAP PEMANASAN GLOBAL
Implikasi Lingkungan:Mobil konvensional menyumbang 70% pencemaran udara
Polusi Udara di Indonesia sudah melebihi standar WHO, biaya kesehatan
mencapai US$ 500 juta/tahun (jakarta) dan US$ 100 juta (Surabaya)
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GrissikPalembang
Semarang
Pacific Ocean
AUSTRALIA
Indian Ocean
Bangkok
Phnom Penh
Ban Mabtapud
Ho Chi Minh
City
CAMBODIA
VIETNAM
THAILAND LAOS
Khanon
Songkhla
Erawan
Bangkot
LawitJerneh
WEST
MALAYSIA
Penang
Kerteh
Kuala Lumpur
Manila
Philipines
South
China
Sea
NatunaAlpha
Kota Kinibalu
BRUNEI
Bandara Seri Begawan
Bintulu
EASTMALAYSIA
Kuching
Banda Aceh
Lhokseumawe
Medan
Duri
Padang
Jambi
BintanSINGAPORE
Samarinda
Balikpapan
Bontang
Attaka
Tunu
BekapaiKALIMANTAN
Banjarmasin
Manado
SULAWESI
Ujung Pandang
BURU SERAM
TernateHALMAHERA
Sorong
IRIAN JAYA
Jakarta
J A V ASurabaya
Bangkalan
BALI SUMBAWA
Pagerungan
LOMBOK
FLORES
SUMBA
TIMOR
I N D O N E S I A
Duyong
West
Natuna
Port Dickson
Port Klang
Mogpu
Dumai
Batam
Guntong
MADURA
TOTALCAPACITY24,000 MW
Total Jawa Bali : 18,500 MW
Total Sumatera : 3,200MW
Total Kalimantan : 800 MW
Total Sulawesi : 650MW
ExistingTransmission
PlannedTransmission
Power Plant
Jayapura
Merauke
PEMB NGKIT D N TR NSMISI UT M LISTRIK
Pertumbuhan KapasitasPembangkit
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DESENTRALISASI INFRASTRUKTUR ENERGI
LISTRIK
Sumber daya energi terbarukan melimpah
Sumber daya energi terbarukan tersebar di berbagai
daerahPotensi yang tersebar bisa menciptakan infrastruktur
energi listrik ke daerah-daerah
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KELEBIHAN & KEKURANGAN KENDARAAN LISTRIK
Keunggulan Kelemahan
Energy efficient.Electric vehiclesconvert about 5962% of theelectrical energy from the grid topower at the wheelsconventionalgasoline vehicles only convert about
1721% of the energy stored ingasoline to power at the wheels.*
Driving range. Most EVs can only goabout 100200 miles beforerecharginggasoline vehicles can goover 300 miles before refueling.
Environmentally friendly.EVs emitno tailpipe pollutants, although thepower plant producing the electricitymay emit them. Electricity from
nuclear-, hydro-, solar-, or wind-powered plants causes no airpollutants.
Recharge time.Fully recharging thebattery pack can take 4 to 8 hours.Even a "quick charge" to 80% capacitycan take 30 min.
Performance benefits.Electricmotors provide quiet, smoothoperation and stronger accelerationand require less maintenance thanICEs.
Battery cost:The large battery packsare expensive and may need to bereplaced one or more times.
http://e/WORK/electric%20Car/Electric%20Vehicles%20USDoE.htmhttp://e/WORK/electric%20Car/Electric%20Vehicles%20USDoE.htm -
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Perbandingan efisiensi konversi energi darisumur minyak hingga roda untuk kendaraanlistrik dan konvensional.
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HARGA
Mobil listrik pada umumnya lebih mahal daripada mobil bermesin pembakaran dalam.Alasan utamanya adalah mahalnya harga baterai.
Perusahaan mobil listrik Tesla Motorsmenggunakan teknologi baterai komputer laptopsebagai baterai yang mereka gunakan di mobil listrik mereka. Baterai ini 3 sampai 4 kalilebih murah bila dibandingkan dengan baterai mobil listrik biasa yang dipakaiperusahaan mobil lainnya. Baterai konvensional menghabiskan 700-800 dolar AS perkilowatt jam, sedangkan baterai yang menggunakan sel dari komputer laptop hanya 200dolar AS saja. Pada akhirnya, hal ini memungkinkan turunnya harga mobil listrik yang
menggunakan teknologi dari Tesla seperti Toyota RAV4 EV, Smart ED, dan Model X.NewYork Timessendiri mengestimasi harga baterai berkisar antara US$400 sampai US$500per kilowatt-jam.
Saat ini, Nissan LEAFadalah mobil listrik paling murah di Amerika Serikat, dengan hargaawal adalah US$32,780 yang kemudian berkurang menjadi US$25,280 setelah dikurangipajak federalsebesar US$7,500. Harga mobil ini kemudian turun lagi di California
menjadi US$20,280 setelah pemerintah negara bagian itu memberikan pemotonganpajak sebesar US$5,000. Pemotongan pajak serupa juga diberikan di beberapa daerahlainnya.
Sedan listrik Renault Fluence Z.E.5 pintu akan dijual dengan harga awal dibawah 20.000dolar AS. Harga ini belum termasuk pemotongan pajak dari pemerintah AS.Mobil iniakan dijual tanpa baterai, maka harganya jauh lebih murah. Para pembeli mobil ini
nantinya akan mengkontrak baterai mobilnya dari perusahaan Better Place
http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bateraihttp://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla_Motorshttp://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bateraihttp://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Toyota_RAV4_EV&action=edit&redlink=1http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Smart_ED&action=edit&redlink=1http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tesla_Model_X&action=edit&redlink=1http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_Timeshttp://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_Timeshttp://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nissan_LEAFhttp://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kendaraan_listrik_plug-in&action=edit&redlink=1http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renault_Fluence_Z.E.http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bateraihttp://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Better_Place&action=edit&redlink=1http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Better_Place&action=edit&redlink=1http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Better_Place&action=edit&redlink=1http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bateraihttp://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renault_Fluence_Z.E.http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kendaraan_listrik_plug-in&action=edit&redlink=1http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nissan_LEAFhttp://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_Timeshttp://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_Timeshttp://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tesla_Model_X&action=edit&redlink=1http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tesla_Model_X&action=edit&redlink=1http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Smart_ED&action=edit&redlink=1http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Toyota_RAV4_EV&action=edit&redlink=1http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bateraihttp://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bateraihttp://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla_Motorshttp://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baterai -
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BIAYA OPERASIONAL
The cost of charging the battery depends on the price paid per kWh ofelectricity - which varies with location.
The EV1 energy use was about 11 kWh/100 km (0.40 MJ/km; 0.18 kWh/mi).
The 2011/12 Nissan Leafuses 21.25 kWh/100 km (0.765 MJ/km;0.3420 kWh/mi).
These differences reflect the different design and utility targets for thevehicles, and the varying testing standards. The energy use greatly
depends on the driving conditions and driving style.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nissan_Leafhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nissan_Leaf -
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PERBANDINGAN SPEC MOBIL LISTRIK
2013 SmartfortwoElectric Drive
Convertible
2013 TeslaModel S
2013 HondaFit EV
Miles perGallon ofGasoline
Equivalent(MPGe)
122 (highway)93 (city)107
(combined)
979495
132105118
kWh/100 mil 28 (highway)36 (city)32 (combined)
353635
263229
Cost to drive25 mil ($)
0,96 1,05 0,87
Jarakpengisianbattery (mil)
68 208 82
Biaya energi /tahun ($)
600 650 500
Motor listrik(kW)
55 kW, DCbrushless
270 kW, ACinduction
92 kW, DCbrushless
Baterai 339 V, Li-ion 60 kWh, 400V, Li-ion 339 V, Li-Ion
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COMPARISON OF FUEL EFFICIENCY AND COSTS FOR ALL THE ELECTRIC CARS FOR THE
U.S. MARKET; APRIL 2013
VehicleModelyear
Combinedfuel economy
Cityfuel economy
Highwayfuel economy
Cost to drive25 miles
Annualfuel cost
Scion iQ EV[72] 2013121 mpg-e(28 kW-hrs/100 mi)
138 mpg-e(24 kW-hrs/100 mi)
105 mpg-e(32 kW-hrs/100 mi) $0.84 $500
Chevrolet SparkEV[73]
2014119 mpg-e(28 kW-hrs/100 mi)
128 mpg-e 109 mpg-e n.a. $500
Honda Fit EV[74] 2013118 mpg-e(29 kW-hrs/100 mi)
132 mpg-e(26 kW-hrs/100 mi)
105 mpg-e(32 kW-hrs/100 mi)
$0.87 $500
Fiat 500e[75] 2013116 mpg-e(29 kW-hrs/100 mi)
122 mpg-e 108 mpg-e $0.87 $500
Nissan Leaf[76] 2013115 mpg-e
(29 kW-hrs/100 mi)
129 mpg-e 102 mpg-e $0.87 $500
Mitsubishi i[77] 2012-13112 mpg-e(30 kW-hrs/100 mi)
126 mpg-e(27 kW-hrs/100 mi)
99 mpg-e(34 kW-hrs/100 mi)
$0.90 $550
Smart electricdrive[78]
2013107 mpg-e(32 kW-hrs/100 mi)
122 mpg-e(28 kW-hrs/100 mi)
93 mpg-e(36 kW-hrs/100 mi)
$0.96 $600
Ford FocusElectric[79]
2012-13105 mpg-e(32 kW-hrs/100 mi)
110 mpg-e(31 kW-hrs/100 mi)
99 mpg-e(34 kW-hrs/100 mi)
$0.96 $600
BMW ActiveE[80] 2011102 mpg-e(33 kW-hrs/100 mi)
107 mpg-e 96 mpg-e $0.99 $600
Nissan Leaf[81] 2011-1299 mpg-e(34 kW-hrs/100 mi)
106 mpg-e(32 kW-hrs/100 mi)
92 mpg-e(37 kW-hrs/100 mi) $1.02 $600
Tesla Model S[82] 201395 mpg-e(35 kW-hrs/100 mi)
94 mpg-e 97 mpg-e $1.05 $650
Tesla Model S[83] 201289 mpg-e(38 kW-hrs/100 mi)
88 mpg-e(38 kW-hrs/100 mi)
90 mpg-e(37 kW-hrs/100 mi)
$1.14 $700
Toyota RAV4 EV[84] 201276 mpg-e(44 kW-hrs/100 mi)
78 mpg-e 74 mpg-e $1.32 $850
Notes: All estimated fuel costs based on 15,000 miles annual driving, 45% highway and 55% city.
(1) Values rounded to the nearest $50. Electricity cost of $0.12/kw-hr (as of November 30, 2012). Conversion 1 gallon of gasoline=33.7 kW-hr.(2) Premium gasoline price of US$3.81 per gallon (used by the Volt), and regular gasoline price of US$3.49 per gallon (as of November 30,
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scion_iQ_EVhttp://e/WORK/electric%20Car/Electric%20car%20-%20Wikipedia,%20the%20free%20encyclopedia.htmhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chevrolet_Spark_EVhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chevrolet_Spark_EVhttp://e/WORK/electric%20Car/Electric%20car%20-%20Wikipedia,%20the%20free%20encyclopedia.htmhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honda_Fit_EVhttp://e/WORK/electric%20Car/Electric%20car%20-%20Wikipedia,%20the%20free%20encyclopedia.htmhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fiat_500ehttp://e/WORK/electric%20Car/Electric%20car%20-%20Wikipedia,%20the%20free%20encyclopedia.htmhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nissan_Leafhttp://e/WORK/electric%20Car/Electric%20car%20-%20Wikipedia,%20the%20free%20encyclopedia.htmhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mitsubishi_i-MiEVhttp://e/WORK/electric%20Car/Electric%20car%20-%20Wikipedia,%20the%20free%20encyclopedia.htmhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smart_electric_drivehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smart_electric_drivehttp://e/WORK/electric%20Car/Electric%20car%20-%20Wikipedia,%20the%20free%20encyclopedia.htmhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ford_Focus_Electrichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ford_Focus_Electrichttp://e/WORK/electric%20Car/Electric%20car%20-%20Wikipedia,%20the%20free%20encyclopedia.htmhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BMW_ActiveEhttp://e/WORK/electric%20Car/Electric%20car%20-%20Wikipedia,%20the%20free%20encyclopedia.htmhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nissan_Leafhttp://e/WORK/electric%20Car/Electric%20car%20-%20Wikipedia,%20the%20free%20encyclopedia.htmhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla_Model_Shttp://e/WORK/electric%20Car/Electric%20car%20-%20Wikipedia,%20the%20free%20encyclopedia.htmhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla_Model_Shttp://e/WORK/electric%20Car/Electric%20car%20-%20Wikipedia,%20the%20free%20encyclopedia.htmhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toyota_RAV4_EV_Concepthttp://e/WORK/electric%20Car/Electric%20car%20-%20Wikipedia,%20the%20free%20encyclopedia.htmhttp://e/WORK/electric%20Car/Electric%20car%20-%20Wikipedia,%20the%20free%20encyclopedia.htmhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toyota_RAV4_EV_Concepthttp://e/WORK/electric%20Car/Electric%20car%20-%20Wikipedia,%20the%20free%20encyclopedia.htmhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla_Model_Shttp://e/WORK/electric%20Car/Electric%20car%20-%20Wikipedia,%20the%20free%20encyclopedia.htmhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla_Model_Shttp://e/WORK/electric%20Car/Electric%20car%20-%20Wikipedia,%20the%20free%20encyclopedia.htmhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nissan_Leafhttp://e/WORK/electric%20Car/Electric%20car%20-%20Wikipedia,%20the%20free%20encyclopedia.htmhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BMW_ActiveEhttp://e/WORK/electric%20Car/Electric%20car%20-%20Wikipedia,%20the%20free%20encyclopedia.htmhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ford_Focus_Electrichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ford_Focus_Electrichttp://e/WORK/electric%20Car/Electric%20car%20-%20Wikipedia,%20the%20free%20encyclopedia.htmhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smart_electric_drivehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smart_electric_drivehttp://e/WORK/electric%20Car/Electric%20car%20-%20Wikipedia,%20the%20free%20encyclopedia.htmhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mitsubishi_i-MiEVhttp://e/WORK/electric%20Car/Electric%20car%20-%20Wikipedia,%20the%20free%20encyclopedia.htmhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nissan_Leafhttp://e/WORK/electric%20Car/Electric%20car%20-%20Wikipedia,%20the%20free%20encyclopedia.htmhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fiat_500ehttp://e/WORK/electric%20Car/Electric%20car%20-%20Wikipedia,%20the%20free%20encyclopedia.htmhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honda_Fit_EVhttp://e/WORK/electric%20Car/Electric%20car%20-%20Wikipedia,%20the%20free%20encyclopedia.htmhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chevrolet_Spark_EVhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chevrolet_Spark_EVhttp://e/WORK/electric%20Car/Electric%20car%20-%20Wikipedia,%20the%20free%20encyclopedia.htmhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scion_iQ_EV -
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CARA PERHITUNGAN EKONOMI
assumption
1gal Gasoline 33,7kWh
annual driving 15000mi 24.140km% highway 0,45% city/ urban 0,55annual highway 6750miannual city 8250mi
electricity cost 0,12$/ kWh 1200Rp/ kWh
Fuel EconomyMpGe highway 122mi 51,87km/lMpGe city 93mi 39,54km/lMpGe combined 107mi 45,49km/l
Vehicle efficiency
kWh/ 100 mi 32kWhenergy/ distance 0,32kWh/mi 0,20kWh/ kmdistance/ energy 3,125mi/ kWh 5,03km/ kWhdistance/ energy 105,3125mi/ gal
Running Cost"Fuel" cost/ mi 0,0384$/ mi 238,61Rp/ kmcost/ 25 mi 0,96$annual fuel cost 600$ 6.000.000Rp/ thn
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BIAYA PENGGUNAAN
Biaya terkait pemakaian hanya berasal dari perawatan
battery pack dan pergantiannya, karena kendaraanlistrik hanya memiliki sedikit komponen berputardibandingkan motor bakar.
The Tesla Roadster's very large battery pack is expected to last seven years withtypical driving and costs US$ 12,000 when pre-purchased today. Driving 40 miles
(64 km) per day for seven years or 102,200 miles (164,500 km) leads to a batteryconsumption cost of US$ 0.1174 per 1 mile (1.6 km) or US$ 4.70 per 40 miles(64 km).
The company Better Placeprovided another cost comparison as they anticipatemeeting contractual obligations to deliver batteries as well as clean electricity torecharge the batteries at a total cost of US$ 0.08 per 1 mile (1.6 km) in 2010,US$ 0.04 per mile by 2015 and US$ 0.02 per mile by 2020. 40 miles (64 km) ofdriving would initially cost US$ 3.20 and fall over time to US $0.80.
In 2010 the U.S. government estimated that a battery with a 100 miles (160 km)range would cost about US$ 33,000. Concerns remain about durability andlongevity of the battery.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Better_Placehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Better_Place -
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URGENSI RISET MOBIL LISTRIK
Ketahanan Energi
Efisiensi konversi yg lebih tinggi
Kemandirian Teknologi
=> peluang: Teknologi Baterai
Penurunan Emisi
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TEKNOLOGI KUNCI MOBIL LISTRIK
Batere
Motor
Platform
Sistim KendaliElektronik
ChargingSystem
DriveHandling
200Wh/kg
400Wh/kg
Level 1 1,9 kWLevel 2 19,2 kW
Level 3 240 kW
Multi MotorSingle Speed
Single MotorSingle Speed
Multi MotorMulti Speed
Level 1
Level 2
Level PLC 500Wh/kg
(sumber : Mario Rivaldi Masyarakat Transportasi Teknologi Listrik 2012)
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MOBIL LISTRIK DI UNIVERSIT S
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MOBIL LISTRIK DI LEMB G LITB NG
LIPI, BPPT
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Sedan HevinaSpesifikasi dan Kelayakan Ekonomis
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