asia minor studien · 2020. 3. 2. · those which have been illustrated in colour in catalogues all...

ASIA MINOR STUDIEN

herausgegeben von der

Forschungsstelle Asia Minor im Seminar für Alte Geschichte der Westfälischen Wilhelms-Universität Münster

Band S4

Neue Forschungen zu Ionien

DR. RUDOLF HABELT GMBH . BONN

THE ELECTRUM COINAGE OF SAMOS IN THE LIGHT OF A RECENT HOARD'

The erigins ef struck meney (ceinage) and, in particular, the reasens which led to. its creatien are still much debated.' Its primary functien remains equally hypethetical. What we may take fer granted is that this inventien teek place in westemAsia Miner, in the area centrelled by the Lydians, and that it happened, with less certainty, in c. 600 BC. Fer abeut half a century an alley mainly made ef geld and silver called electrum, which occurs naturally in Lydia, was the enly metal used fer these first ceins. Identifying minting autherities, i. e. states and perhaps private individuals, is a difficult task ewing to. the paucity ef inscriptiens en co.ins and provenances. The study o.f ho.ards and the analysis ef the metal ef these co.ins may previde seme answers. Ameng the first civic mints identified with certainty are Sardis, Kyzikes, Phekaia, Epheses, Miletos and Sames.

Like its pewerful Ienian neighbeurs, Sames struck its first ceinage c. 600 BC in electrum.' The attributien ef these cein types to. the mint ef Sames is mainly based en finds made en the island, ef which the mest impertant was a hoard feund in 1894. E. Babelen published 34 ceins frem the heard ef which 18 were acquired by the Cabinet des Medailles in Paris;' A further group ef 25 ceins passed to the British Museum threugh Lawsen ef Smyma' Seme pieces went astray and altegether the heard cemprise.d mere than 60 ceins in seven deneminatiens: three staters (units), feur hemistaters (112), 24 hektai (116), 15 hemihekta (1112), twelve quarter hektai (1/24), ene ferty-eighth and ene sixty-feurth.'

What distinguishes the Samian electrum ceinage is the use ef the Eubeic-Samian standard, wheJeas the Milesian standard prevailed in Lydia and Ienia, with the exceptien ef nerthern Ienia where the Phekaic standard was used. Anether feature is the shape and positien ef the

ｾ＠ I would like 10 thank Dr. Jean-Noel Barrandon of the Centre Ernes! Babelon (CNRS) in Orleans for carrying out [he proton activation (PAA) analysis of twelve coins from the hoard. My thank.s also go \0 Richard Ashton for greatly improving the ｴ･ｸＮｾＮ＠

In addition to those lisled in the Archaologischer Anzeiger 1997.611-628 the following abbreviations have been used:

Nicolet-Pierre. Samos H. NicoJel-Pierre -J.-N. Barrandon. Monnaies d'elecrrum archa'iques,le tresorde Sa-mosde 1894 (IGCH ＱＱＵＸＩ｣ｯｮｳ･ｲｶｾ｡ｐ｡ｲｩｳＮｒｎｵｭ＠ｴＵＲＮＱＹＹＷＮＱＲＱｾＱＳＵＮ＠

Keyser. Electrum P. T. Keyser- D. D. Clack.. Analysing and InterprelilJg the Metallurgy of Early Electrum Coins. in: M. ｾＮ＠ Bal.muth (ed.), Hacksilber 10 Coinage. New )nsights into (he Monerary HiSlory of (he Near Eas( and Greece (200t) 105-126.

Ramage, Croesus' Gold A. Ramage - P. Crad<iock., King Croesus' Gold. Excavations at Sardis and the His[ory of Gold Refining (1000). .

SNG Kayhan K. Konuk, Sylloge Nummorum Graecorum. Turkey 1: The Milharrem Kayhan Collection (2002).

I See most recently L. Kurke, Coins, Bodies. Games and Gold (1999): G. Le Rider. La naissance de la monnaie-(200 I ): D. Schaps. The Invention of Coinage and the Monetiz3rion of Ancient Greece (2003); R. Seaford. Money and (he Early Greek Mind (2004).

2-There is little evidence for the dale of the Samian electrum: the dales proposed are those given to early electrum coinage in general.

, E. Babelon. RNum 3112. t894. 149-163; Inven'ory of Greek Coin Hoards (IGCH) 1158; Nicole'-Pierre. Samos 121-135.

, 1. P. Barron. The Silver Coins of Samos (1966) 6.

ｾ＠ Idem 15 cites )) more than 40 pieces«: IGCH 1158 cites 60+. I follow the latters's li s!.

44 K. Konuk

punches on the reverse of its coins: two rectangular punches on its staters. one rectangle and one square (occasionally triangular) on half staters; an incuse square on the smaller denominations.

A number of previously unrecorded electrum coins of Samos began to surface on the European market in 1998. Rumours of a hoard followed but there was little hard evidence about the circumstances of its. discovery. Some sources indicated that metal detectorists chanced upon the hoard somewhere along the Turkish coaStline opposite Samos. probably on the northern slope of the Mykale mountain range. A. R. Meadows and U. Wartenberg' list it with the heading " Unknown findspot. 1998« and state that it included 18 electrum coins, all Samian except four electrum fractions labelled 'MilesianlLydian '. Certainty is impossible, but, since my infonnants described only Samian coins, and since hoards of electrum with coins of different weight standards are exceptional, I would be inclined to view these 'MilesianlLydian' coins as intrusions occurring after the discovery of the hoard, something which happens very often with detectorists finds. The electrum coins of Samos are very rare and their appearance in numbers from 1998 strongly suggests a common origin.' Moreover. coins which I have been able to examine myself and those which have been illustrated in colour in catalogues all show a distinctive copper-brown earth incrustation, usually quite visible on the reverse. At least five different types and five denominations are represented in the hoard. The following catalogue contains 44 specimens from the hoard which I could trace in auction catalogues and fixed priced lists available to me, but does not purport to be complete. No doubt others have escaped my notice, many were probably sold without appearing in commercial catalogues. as was the case with twelve discussed below.

Type!

Obv. Rough surface with irregular markings. Rev. I. Two parallel oblong incuses with irregular markings (stater).

2. Square incuse set next to oblong incuse. both with irregular markings (hemistater). 3. Square incuse with irregular markings (hektai, hemihekta and quarter hektai).

Stater

01 RI a. 17.22 Triton 6 (Jan. 2003), 391; Leu 77 (May 2000), 310. PI. 2 A.

Hemislater

02 R2 a. 8.64 SNG Kayhan 628; Leu 77 (May 2000), 311. PI. 2 B.

' A. R. Meadows - U. Wanenberg (ed, .), Coin Hoards IX (2002) 341.

'The earliest appearances in cataJog\Jes are September. OClober, November and December 1998 (see list of coins),

Hekte

03 R3 a.

04 R4 a.

b.

05 R5 a.

b.

06 R6 a.

06 R7 a.

07 R8 a.

08 R9 a.

09 RIO a.

Hemihekton

2.87

2.84

2.91

2.90

2.86

2.89

2.87

2.88

2.85

2 .. 77

The Electrum Coinage of Samos

Leu 77 (May 2000), 312. PI. 2 C.

Triton 6 (lan 2003), 392.

45

Kayhan collection, I. PI. I. Same dies as 1894 Samos Hoard L3982.

Kayhan collection, 2. PI. I.


Kayhan collection, 4. PI. I. Same 06 as 1894 Samos Hoard L3979.

Kayhan collection,S. PI. I. Same dies as 1894 Samos Hoard L3979.




010 R 11 a. IA3 Kayhan collection. 9. PI. I.

011 RI2 a.

012 RI3 a.

013 RI4 a.

014 RI5 a.

015 RI6 a.

016 RI7 a.

017 RI8 a.

018 RI9 a.

Quarter hekte

019 R20 a.

020 R21 a.

021 R22 a.

022 R23 a.

1.42

1.39

IAI

IAI

1.40

1.39

1.46

1.39

0.69

0.73

0.71

0.73

Kayhan collection, 10. PI. I. Same 0 I1 as 1894 Samos Hoard L398 J.

Kayhan collection, I I . PI. I.

Leu 77 (May 2000), 313. PI. 2 D.

SNG Kayhan 629; CNG 51 (Sep!. 1999), 437 (lot with multiple coins).

SNG Kayhan 630; CNG 51 (Sep!. 1999),437 (lot with multiple coins).



SNG Kayhan 725; CNG 50 (June 1999).829.



PI. 2 E.


Gomy & Mosch 92 (Nov. 1998), 189 ..

46 K. Konuk

Type 2 Obv. Uncenain type, perhaps an eagle standing right devouring a ｨ｡ｲｾＮ＠Rev. Square incuse with irregular markings.

Hekte

01 RI

01 R2

Type 3

a. 2.87 SNG Kayhan 636; CNG 50 (June 1999),835. PI. 2 F.

b. 2.85 Triton 3 (Dec. 1999), 533.

a. 2.88 SNG Kayhan 635; Triton 2 (Dec. 1998),425.

Obv. Facing head of lioness or panther, background with rough markings. Rev. Square incuse with irregular markings.

Hekte

01 RI a. 2.84 Triton 6 (Jan. 2003), 394.

b. 2.87 Vinchon (Oct. 2000), ＲＰｾＮ＠

02 R2 a. 2.86 SNG Kayhan 638; Triton 3 (Dec. 1999),532; Peus 357 (Oct. 1998),

303.

b. 2.88 SNG Kayhan 639; Triton 2 (Dec. 1998),427. PI. 2 G.

c. 2.87 Gomy & Mosch 95 (March 1999),289.

d. 2.93 Gomy & Mosch 121 (March 2003), 173.

e. 2.86 Gomy & Mosch 125 (Oct. 2003),195.

f. 2.82 Numismatic Circular 107110 (Dec. 1999), 4941.

g. 2.87 Antiqua, FPL n.d., 41 .

h. 2.85 Vinchon (Oct. 2003). 49.

I. 2.88 Tkalec (Feb. 2000), 120.

Hemihekton

02 R3 a. 1.43 Numismatica Ars Classica N (June 2003), 1324 (same dies as those used for the previous hektai). PI. 2 H.


Type 4

Obv. Eagle flying right; background with linear markings. Rev. Square incuse with irregular and roughly linear markings.

Hekte·

01 RI a. 2.88 SNG Kayhan 637; Triton 3 (Dec. 1999). 531. PI. 2 I.

b. 2.87 Triton 6 (Jan. 2003). 393; Triton 2 (Dec. 1998).426.

01 R2 a. 2.85 Tkalec (Feb. 2000). 119.

TypeS

Obv. Duck advancing or swimming to left. Rev. Square incuse with irregular markings.

Quarter hekte

01 RI a. 0.73 SNG Kayhan 722; Triton 3 (Dec. 1999).722. PI. 2 J.

Type 6

47

It is uncertain whether ihe following two coins of Type 6 were part of the 1998 hoard because a second hemihekton from the same dies (0 I RI) was auctioned by Gomy & Mosch in 1995.

Obv. Three sided square with central projection surrounded by radiate lines. Rev. Square incuse with irregular markings.

Hemihekton

01 RI a. 1.47 Triton 8 (Jan. 2005). 454. PI. 2 K.

Quarter hekte

01 R2 a. 0.68 Triton 8 (Jan. 2005). 455. PI. 2 L. From the same obverse die as the hemihekton.

4S K. Konuk,

Now part of the Muharrem Kayhan collection, 12 coins (illustrated on plate I) from the hoard had been in possession of an European private collector who allowed me to study them and subject them to proton activation (PAA) analysis which was conducted in Orleans by J.-N. Barrandon of the Centre Ernest Babelon (CNRS) using the variable energy cyclotron of the CERI (CNRS Orleans). This non-destructive method allows an accurate characterization of the metal composition of each coin, both for major (measured in percentage) and trace elements (measured in ppm'). Barrandon had previously analysed the IS specimens in Paris from the IS94 hoard by the 'Same method' The twelve coins from the 1998 hoard are hereafter designated with the prefix 1995H and the IS coins from the IS94 hoard with the prefix IS94H.

Table t: Weights

Theoretical 1998 Hoard 1894 Samos Hoard Weight

Stater I 17.40 17.31

Hemi state r 112 8.70 8.76: 8.66: 8.60: 7.90

Hekte 1/6 2.90 2.91; 2.90; 2.89; 2.88: 2.87; 2.86: 2.85; 2.77 2.87 (3); 2.86' (2); 2.85 (3)

Hemihekt on 1112 1.45 1.43; 1.42; 1.39 1.43; 1.42

Quarter Hekle 1124 0.73 0.69 0.69: 0.68

The twelve coins that could be studied here are all of the same type, having an obverse with irregular markings and a reverse with a square punch Jilark. Thrl!e denominations are represented; eight hektai (!16th staters), threl! hemihekta (I1I2th) and one quarter hekte (I/24th). Sce table I for the weights of the 30 coins concerned and the theoretical weights for each denomination. It is clear that the weights were adjusted with great accuracy.

ｾ＠ Parts per million; one ppm is equal to 0.0001 %.

9 NicoIet-Pierre. Samos 130-134. A few words of caution should he made about a number-of methods thal have heen used to analyse electrum coins .. Methods IikeXRF only analyse the surface of (he coin which gives.unreliable data for the overall composition of [he coin because of the phe,nomenon known as surface enrichment. The surface of coins which have remained buried for long periods of time lend lO lose element s which are prone 10 oxidation such as copper. tin. lead. iron and ro a certain extend silver. Gold is not affected. so thal coin s [end to have a highe.r percentage of gold on Ihe surface than their interior.

The Electrum Coinage of Sam()s 49

Table 2: 1998 Hoard (12 coins)

N" Au % Ag % Cu % Sn ppm Ph ppm Weighl

7 83.9 14.7 1.18 640 450 2.85

9 65 3 32.6 2.00 220 1250 1.43

8 61.6 36.7 1.31 190 2740 2.77

11 60.8 37.0 2.00 1280 910 1.39

12 59.9 36.8 2.38 2200 6580 0 .69

3 54.1 43.4 1.97 1000 3140 2.86

10 53. i 43.9 2.36 910 4420 1.42

4 51.4 46.1 2.19 1200 1520 2.89

5 50.8 46.7 1.98 860 3360 2.87

2 48.9 47.6 2.70 930 4450 2.90

6 48.5 48.9 2.17 510 2340 2.86

1 48.0 48.6 2.35 690 9400 2.91

Table 3: 1894 Samos Hoard (18 coins)

N° Au % Ag % Cu % So ppm Ph ppm Weighl

L3982 80.6 18.5 0.87 240 350 2.87

1.3989 73.8 25.2 0.97 300 200 0.69

L3984 65.5 33.5 0.98 370 340 0.68

1.3983 62.6 35.2 2.16 910 1940 1.39

1.3990 61.6 36.2 2.23 1200 6500 2.85

1.3988 61.5 37.3 1.23 300 1.200 2.85

L3987 60.3 38.0 1.70 1200 1300 1.42

1.3992 57.8 39.8 2.36 1100 5200 8.66

1.3980 57.65 40.2 2.15 730 1300 2.87

1.3991 57.6 40.0 2.40 1.200 2700 1.43

1.3986 57.5 39.4 3.08 2000 7600 2.86

1.3979 57.4 40.1 2.46 400 1200 2.87

1.3981 56.55 40.8 2.65 920 3900 2.86

1.3985 55.9 41.2 2.88 1100 5200 2.85

1.3976 53.05 44.4 2.55 390 5900 8.60

1.3977 52.6 43.8 3.60 1000 6900 8.76

1.3978 50.9 45.9 3.22 770 5600 7.90

1.3975 46.4 50.3 3.30 1200 8500 17.31

50 K. Konl4k

Table 2 and 3. dealing respectively with the twelve coins from 1998H and 18 from 1 894H. give the percentage results obtained by proton activation analysis for five elements: gold (Au). silver (Ag) and copper (Cu). and ppm readings for tin (Sn) and lead (Pb); table 2 shows the results for 1998H (12 coins) and table 3 those for 1894H (18 coins). The coins are listed in descending order of gold content. the highest level being over 80% and the lowest just under 50%. The results for both hoards are remarkably consistent. Although the weight of the coins are carefully regulated. their fineness varies considerably. For instance, the weights of coins 7 and I are very close (2.85 g and 2.91 g, respectively), but their gold contents (which determine their intrinsic value) are very different (84 and 48%. respectively). In fact, coin 7 is almost 80% more valuable than coin I, even though they both represent the same denomination.

Coins 1998H, I and 1894H, L3982 were struck from the same obverse and revers.e dies, suggesting strongly that they were issued roughly at the same time. We would thus expect them to have similar metal contents. They are, however. completely different. 1998H, I has the lowest level gold content among the twelve coins from its hoard, whereas 1894H, L3982 has the highest level of gold among the 18 coins from its hoard. A completely different electrum alloy was used for striking these two coins. Even if we were to assume that these two coins were not pan of the same batch, they cannot be chronologically far apart given that the dies show similar wear on both coins. This confirms the assumption that coins with high levels of gold (generally regarded as natural electrum - see below) were probably struck and circulated at the same time as coins with lower gold levels (i. e. with artificial electrum)." 1998H, 4 and 5 share the same obverse die and 1998H, 4 shares the obverse and reverse dies of I 894H, L3979; this time the three coins show quite similar metal profiles. 1998H, 10 and 1894H, L3981 share an obverse die, although they are different denominations (hemihekton and hekte), and again are metallurgically very close.

In 1894H, the coins with the lowest content of gold are the larger denominations (ihe unit called the stater has the least gold, followed by three hemistaters). One would have expected the opposite since smaller denominations are pro rata more costly to produce. Nicolet-Pierre and Barrandon observed that in the case of the 1894H coins, the amount of copper increased in parallel with the increase in silver content: the higher the percentage of silver, the higher the copper percentage (see fig. I). In both hoards. the coins with the lowest content of copper are also those with the highest percentage of gold (coins 7 and L3982). Nicolet-Pierre and Barrandon suggested that I 894H, L3982, L3989 and L3984. which are rich in gold and low in copper (respectively, 80.63%, 73.83% and 65.52% gold, and 0.87%, 0.97% and 0.98% copper) were produced with natural electrum." There has been some debate as to the amount of copper that natural electrum contains. According to A. Ramage and P. Craddock, copper is rarely found in quantities greater than 1 %

lO Nicolet-Pierre. Samos 133. The· authors were tempted to. suggest that there might have been a chronological gap between ｧｾｬ､Ｍｲｩ｣ｨ＠ electrum coins and tho.se which are silver-rich. Coin L3982 prevented them from drawing that conclusion. lICependant ('heel!; no. 8 (L3982] cmpeche de condure de ceUe ｦ｡ｾｯｮ＠ relativement si mple . Cene demiere moonaie est meme la plus ri che en or, et elle (et elle seule) entre exactemem dans la fourche observee une fois pour de ror du Pactole. Les autres hectes si semblablcs mais qui som d'argcm allie ne peuvent guere en etre eloignees dans le temps. L'usage d"un ･ｊｾ｣ｴｲｵｭ＠ artificiel semblerait bien alors remonter plus haut, vers la creation meme de I'objet mo.netaire«. 11 Nicolet-Pierre, Samos 131.

The Elecrrum COinage of Samos 51

or 2%. J2 P. T. Keyser and D. D. Clark believe that copper is found in native electrum only in very small amounts, rarely as high as 0.3%; they argue that the presence of even I % copper in an electrum object would be evidence of its deliberate addition." The matter can only be resolved by the analysis, using a reliable method, of several samples of natural electrum from the Tmolos watersheds, the Pactolos and the Hermos analysed with a reliable method. Until recently we had to rely on a single neutron activation analysis of a sample." Now we have a further analysis of »a natural granule of alluvial gold«I'. an elongated piece weighing 2.00 g found during the excavations of the gold refinery at Sardis. According to Ramage, »Area analysis of the cross-section of the large piece shows it to contain Au 69.6%, Ag 29.8%, Cu 0.6%, a typical composition for unrefined native gold. A small lump on the side of the large piece has a different composition, but still well within the range of natural gold: 83.3%, Ag 16.2%, Cu 0.5%. Probably these are two grains of alluvial gold stuck together over time,,". This is evidence to the natural variability Qf alluvial electrum, although the copper amount is consistent at around half a percent.

Examination of the 1998H coins and their metallurgical analysis allows further conclusion to be

drawn. Hitheno, I had been under the impression that observable differences in the colour of electrum coins would be a function of their gold-silver ratio.17 The more gold. the deeper yellow the tone of the coin would be; the less gold (i. e. the more silver), the paler the coin would be. I' However, when I examined the twelve coins using natural light (with and without direct s\lnlight), I was unable to differentiate them by deepness of colour, for all showed a very even, constant medium yellow. I could not even tell apart the two .specimens with the highest and the lowest gold percentages (no. 7 and I). The explanation may be the levels of copper. As I have noted above, the level of copper increases proponionally with the rising level of silver, and decreases as the level of gold drops. This is not a natural phenomenon as it is with lead, whose level increases with that of silver (lead is a native cQmponent of silver ore), see fig. 2. The reason for adding copper cannot have been a need to harden the electrum alloy. for if the metal in any coins required hardening, it would have been that with the highest levels of gold, not that with high levels of silver which is harder than gold.IO A more plausible explanation is that the addition of copper served to standardize the appearance of Samian electrum coins. It was added when an alloy had a low gold content, and gave the coins struck from it the same deeper colour as coins made from an alloy with higher gold content. From pale yellow, copper would turn the colour into a more gold-rich tone, and the silver-rich alloy would look as if it had more gold than its actual ratio. This simple ploy would have been sufficient to deceive the naked eye. Funher testing would have been necessary, such as the use of the touchstone aptly called in antiquity 'Lydian stone', to determine the actual gold content of an electrum coin.

12 Ramage. Croesus' Gold 11. U Keyser. Electrum 106.

"S. M. Goldslein. BASOR 199 .. 1970. 26--28; 1. C. Waldbaum. Me<alworlc from Sardis. Ihe Finds Ihrough 1974 (1983) 186; Keyser, Eleclrum 107.

IS Ramage. Croesus' Gold 148, sample 30A . 16 Ibidem.

17 See O. Le Rider. La naissance de la monnaie (2001) 8.7 n. 1. commenting on the variation s of the gold-silver ratio in electrum coins notes that ｾｾｃ･ｳ＠ variations. dont la rialile n' echappepas a I'reil (cenaines pieces sont neHement plus pales que d'autres) ... (. 18 Modem jewellers detecl a green colour when gold alloys cOfl(ain high levels of silver. 19 Pace Keyser. Electrum 116.

52 K. Konuk

Although the mint of Samos, like other issuing authorities, took great care over the weights of its coins, this was not the case with the alloy used to strike them.20 Even coins struck from the same dies could vary greatly in intrinsic value. But the consistency of their weights implies that they were intended to have a set value (i. e. a facial value), even if their value as bullion varied greatly. The addition of copper 10 ensure that even coins with low gold content looked the same as those with high will have been part of this process, and would have helped to prevent users from creaming off coins with the highest levels of gold.

We have seen that natural electrum varies greatly in composition, and it is at first glance strange such a metal should have been used to strike the first coins when more reliable metals such as pure silver or pure gold were not difficult to obtain; there is ample evidence that uncoined gold and especially silver. which could be exchanged by weight, were used as means of exchange in the ancient world before and after the advent of coinage." Electrum was available locally, but that is hardly a sufficient explanation. A more satisfactory explanation is that advanced by R. Wallace. namely that coinage was invented precisely because of the varying intrinsic value of electrum. which could not circulate without a guarantee. Coinage was meant to solve a local difficulty in Lydia and its subject territories: that of using electrum as bullion in transactions. By pUlling devices on carefully weighed lumps of electrum, the issuing authority would fix the face value of electrum." The addition of copper to create a uniform colour would have been a further device to sustain the face value of the first electrum coins (and maintain the confidence of their users), and consequently prevent the coins with the highest gold content from being melted down or selected for hoarding under the operation of Gresham's Law.

Auction catalogues

Antiqua

CNG

Gomy & Mosch

Leu

Numismatica Ars Classica

Numismatic Circular

Peus

Tkalec

Triton

Vinchon

Antiqua Inc .. Woodland Hills. CA. USA.

Ctassical Numismatic Group Inc .. Lancaster, PA, USA - London, UK.

Gomy & Mosch. Giessener MUnzhandlung GmbH. MUnchen.

Leu Numismatics Ltd., ZuriGh.

Numismatic Ars Classica_A.G .. Zurich.

The Numismatic Circular, Spink & Son Ltd., London.

Dr. Busso Peus Nachf .. Miinzhandlung, Frankfurt a. M.

Tkalec A.G., ZUrich.

Classical Numismatic Group Inc., Lancaster, PA. USA - London. UK.

Jean VinchoJi & Fran<;oise Berthelot-Vinchon. Paris.

!O In contrast with the mint ofSardis which appears to have produced an electrum ｣ｯｩｮｾｧ･＠ with a regular gold-s.ilver ratio. analysed coins averaging 54% of gold. See Ramage, Croesus' Gold 169-174.

21 See e. g. Le Rider 200 I chapter I.

n R. W. Wallace. AJA 91. 1987.385-397: idem in: M. S. Salmuth (ed.), Hacksilber to Coinage. New Insights into the Monelary History ofthe Near East and Greece (200 I) 127-134. I have little doubt that. ever since its inception, coinage was also meant to bring some profit to the issuing authority. In its early stage, electrum coinage developed and was confined to mints which were either subjected to the Lyd-i3n state or had close relationship with it. Electrum coins did not circulate beyond this realm. In M. 1. Price in: C. N. L. Srooke el a!. (ed.). Studies in Numismatic Method Pres.ented (0 Philip Grierson (1983) 4. Price stales thar the face value of electrum coins must have been fixed at the highest point of the range of their inrrinsic values.

List of figures

Fig. I

Fig. 2

List of plates

PI. I, 1-12

PI. 2 A

PI. 2 B

PI. 2 C

PI. 2 D

PI. 2 E

PI. 2 F

PI. 2 G

PI. 2 H

PI. 2 I

PI. 2 J

PI. 2 K

PI.2 L

Bordeaux

The Electrum Coinage. of Samos

Silver and copper (K. Konuk).

Silver and lead (K. Konuk).

Kayhan collection (Photos: K. Konuk).

Type I. Stater (from: Leu 77 [M ay 2OOOJ, 310).

Type I, Hemistater (from: Leu 77 [May 2OOOJ, 311).

Type I, Hekte (from: Leu 77 [May 2000J, 312).

Type I, Hemihekton (from: Leu 77 [M ay 2OOOJ, 313).

Type I, Quater hekte (from: CNG 51 [Sept. 1999], 437).

Type 2, Hekte (from: CNG 50 [June 1999J, BSi.

Type 3, Hekte (from: Triton 2 [Dec. 1998J. 427).

53

Type 3, Hemihekton ( from: Numismatica Ars Classica N [June 2003 J. 1324).

Type 4, Hekte (from: Triton 3 [Dec. 1999J, 531).

Type 5, Quarter hekte (from: Triton 3 [Dec. 1999J. 722).

Type 6, Hemihekton (from: Triton 8 [Jan. 2oo5J. 454).

Type 6, Quarter hekte (from: Triton 8 [Jan. 2005J. 455).

Koray Konuk

5

4.5

4

35

3

Cu (%)

2.5

2

1.5 , • L'98l

• 0.5

o o 10 20

Silver I Copper • 1998 Hoard

• 1894 Samos Hoard

.--•..

I I • ... _ .. - 0 "

f Ll911.f / u;" • L)",

t.1QM •

L) ";c., , ,,) LJ979 l.J9!1 LJ.2.76 •

I uwo .17 U991 10. , .' l3983. • • LJ9'O • •• " J.W9S , ,

L,." u ... 7'::w ...

30 40 50

Ag(%)

Fig. l Silver and copper

•

I

60

v. ...

'" ｾ＠" ".


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INHALT

Vorwort

Hogemann, Peter

Homer und der Vordere Orient. Auf welchen Wegen kam es zum Kulturkontakt? Eine Zw ischenbilanz

l§lk. Fahri

Zu den Anfangen ionischer Architektur

Konuk. Koray

The Electrum Coinage of Samos in the Light of a Recent Hoard

Lohmann, Hans

Melia. das Panionion und der Kult des Poseidon Helikonios

Ehrhardt, Nobert

Die Ionier und ihr Verhaltnis zu den Phrygern und Lydern. Analyse der Iiterarischen. epigraphischen und numismatischen Zeugnisse

Kerschner. Michael

Die Ionier und ihr Verhaltnis zu den Phrygern und Lydern. Beobachtungen zur archiiologischen Evidenz

Raeck, Wulf

Neue Forschungen zum spatklassischen und hellenistischen Priene

Bingol, Orhan

Neue Forschungen in Magnesia am Maander

Tafelverzeichnis

Tafeln

IX

21

43

57

93

113

147

165

171

asia minor studien · 2020. 3. 2. · those which have been illustrated in colour in catalogues all...

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