biomeurne s i n a a r s i biofarmer - elkana...fermerta uflebebis dacva protection of farmers rights...
TRANSCRIPT
biomeurneBIOFARMER
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biologiur meurneobaTa asociacia `elkanas~ perioduli gamocema
direqtorisagan
FOREWORD FROM THE DIRECTOR
sazRvargareTis gamocdileba
FOREIGN EXPERIENCE
Sexvedrebi, seminarebi, konferenciebi
MEETINGS, WORKGHOPS, CONFERENCES
Cveni Jurnalis stumrebi
GUESTS OF OUR MAGAZINE
rCevebi biomeurneebs
ADVICES FOR BIO-FARMERS
agrobiomravalferovnebis dacva
PROTECTION OF AGRICULTURAL DIVERSITY
agroturizmi
AGROTOURISM
fermerTa uflebebis dacva
PROTECTION OF FARMERS RIGHTS
Cveni biomeurneebi
OUR BIO-FARMERS
saTemo mobilizeba da soflis ganviTareba
COMMUNITY MOBILISATION & RURAL DEVELOPMENT
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rrrreeeeddddaaaaqqqqttttoooorrrriiii
rrrreeeeddddkkkkoooolllleeeeggggiiiiaaaa
manana gigauri
mariam jorjaZe
Tamaz dundua
daviT doliZe
irakli javaxiSvili
biZina feraZe
lllliiiitttt.... kkkkoooorrrreeeeqqqqttttuuuurrrraaaa
kkkkoooommmmppppiiiiuuuutttteeeerrrruuuulllliiii
uuuuzzzzrrrruuuunnnnvvvveeeellllyyyyooooffffaaaa
nodar ebraliZe
manana gigauri
biomeurne 2 (13) 200644
sazRvargareTis gamocdileba
ekologiuri soflis meurneoba,
rogorc sistema, XX saukunis
20-ian wlebSi Caisaxa. es iyo e.w.
idealizmis periodi da am periodSi
ekologiuri soflis meurneoba ide-
alistebis axirebad miaCndaT. sax-
elmwifo am mimarTulebas yurad-
Rebas ar aqcevda. mxolod 80-ian
wlebSi, `mwvane revoluciis~ da
sxvadasxva faqtorebis, maT Soris,
mdgradi ganviTarebis koncefciis
gavleniT, saxelmwifoebma yurad-
Reba miaqcies ekologiur soflis
meurneobas da Seiqmna am seqtoris
xelSewyobis programebi.
dabolos, 90-ian wlebSi ekolo-
giuri soflis meurneobis seriozu-
li stimulirebis periodi dadga:
ekologiuri standartebi aRiarebul
iqna saxelmwifo doneze; 1991
wels miiRes evrokavSiris dadge-
nileba ekologiuri soflis meur-
neobis regulirebis Taobaze, 2002
wlidan aseTive tipis dadgenileba
miRebul iqna amerikaSic.
gasuli saukunis miwuruls daiwyo
am mimarTulebis bumi - dReisaTvis
ekologiuri soflis meurneobis sferoSi CarTuli fermerebis rao-
denoba, ekomeurneobebis farTobi da ekoproduqciis bazari
yovelwliurad izrdeba.
eqspertebis SefasebiT ekoproduqciis bazari erT-erTi swrafad
mzardi da dinamikuria. specialistebi varaudoben, rom XXI sauku-
nis pirvel naxevarSi msoflioSi warmoebuli produqciisa da
teqnologiebis 40% ekologiuri iqneba. Sesabamisad, kompaniebi
am mcire statiaSi gagacnobT ekomeurneobebis ganviTarebis TvalsazrisiT
erT-erTi wamyvani evropuli qveynis avstriis gamocdilebas. am qveynis
SerCeva ganapiroba im faqtorma, rom avstriis ekomeurneobebis didi nawili
mTian, sasoflo-sameurneo TvalsazrisiT rTul zonaSia da meurneobebis
farTobi SedarebiT mcirea - 5-15 ha. vfiqrobT, mciremiwiani qarTveli
fermerebisTvis saintereso iqneba avstriis magaliTis gacnoba.
msoflioSi ekoproduqciiT vaWrobis moculobis zrda
(mlrd aSS dolari)
ekologiuri
soflis meurneoba
avstriaSi
programis menejeri
Tamaz dundua
1998
50
0
100
150
200
250
300
2003 2005 2008 2020
biomeurne 2 (13) 2006
sazRvargareTis gamocdileba
55
da kerZo mewarmeebi, romlebic sxvebze adre gaiazreben am
mimarTulebis momgebianobas, SeimuSaveben Sesabamis
strategias da Cadeben investicias, udavod momgebian
mdgomareobaSi aRmoCndebian. msoflio bankis kvlevebis
safuZvelze SeiZleba iTqvas, rom qveynebi, romlebic
iTvaliswineben ekologiur moTxovnebs da aqvT mkacri
standarti, msoflio bazarze lideris rolSi aRmoCndebian.
mag., saerTaSoriso aRiarebis mqone saqonlis ekologiuri
patentebis 43% germaniaze modis; dania qaris energiis
gamoyenebis lideria (qveynis eleqtroenergiis 8% qaris
energiaze modis), aq iwarmoeba qaris turbinebis 50% da
igi wliurad 1 mlrd aSS dolar Semosavals aZlevs qveyanas.
dReisaTvis msoflioSi ekologiuri warmoebisa da
eqspertizis sferoSi wamyvani adgili ukavia aSS-s, iapo-
nias da dasavleT evropis qveynebs.
am mcire statiaSi gagacnobT ekomeurneobebis
ganviTarebis TvalsazrisiT erT-erTi wamyvani evropuli
qveynis avstriis gamocdilebas.
ekoproduqciis msoflio da evropul bazarze avstrias
gansakuTrebuli adgili ukavia - XX saukunis miwuruls
evropis ekomeurneobebis 36% swored avstriaze modioda.
aseTi situacia mTeli rigi obieqturi faqtorebiTaa gan-
pirobebuli, romelTagan mTavaria soflis meurneobis
struqtura, saxelmwifos mxridan seriozuli xelSewyoba,
ekoproduqciis gasaRebis meqanizmebis arseboba, momxmare-
blisa da mwarmoeblebis ekologiuri cnobierebis maRali
done da sxv.
avstriis mosaxleobis 4,2% dakavebulia soflis meur-
neobaSi. mcire ekologiuri meurneobebis (ojaxuri ferme-
bis tipis) didi nawili ganlagebulia mTian regionSi da
maTi raodenoba dReisaTvis 19000-s aRwevs da moicavs
daaxloebiT 298 000 ha farTobs, rac Seadgens avstriis
sasoflo-sameurneo savargulebis 11,6%-s da fermebis
saerTo raodenobis 9,2%-s.
aRsaniSnavia, rom ekofermerebis 97% meurneobaSi
daaxloebiT 11-18 sul saqonels inaxavs. avstriis fermerTa
asociaciebis monacemebiT sertificirebuli ekofermebis
2/3 mecxovelebazea orientirebuli (regionebi, sadac
maRalia saZovrebis wili - tiroli, zalcbur-
gi, stiria), 1/3 ki - memcenareobaze.
avstriaSi ekomeurneobebis ganviTarebas
xeli Seuwyo samma ZiriTadma faqtorma: fed-
eralurma subsidiebma, garemosdacviTma pro-
gramam (`avstriis nacionaluri daxmarebis
programa bunebrivi sasicocxlo pirobebis
damcveli eqstensiuri fermerobis gasaviTa-
reblad~ - OePUL) da mecxoveleobis ferme-
bis ganviTarebisTvis erTob xelsayrelma
pirobebma.
1991 wels avstriis soflisa da satyeo
meurneobis saministros iniciativiT daiwyo
im fermerTa subsidireba, romlebic ekomeur-
neobaze gadasvlis survils gamoTqvamdnen,
xolo 1992 wlidan programaSi CarTes gar-
damaval periodSi myofi da sertificirebuli
fermebic.
1995 wlidan avstriaSi amuSavda specialuri
agroekologiuri programa (`avstriis naciona-
biomeurne 2 (13) 200666
sazRvargareTis gamocdileba
luri daxmarebis programa bunebrivi sasicocxlo piro-
bebis damcveli eqstensiuri fermerobis gasaviTareb-
lad~ - OePUL), romelic ekofermerebis subsidirebas
iTvaliswinebda. avstriis ekofermebis 95% am pro-
gramis farglebSi iRebs subsidiebs. programis realiza-
cia xorcieldeba evrogaerTianebis fondidan (50 %),
federaluri (30%) da adgilobrivi (20%) wyaroebidan.
am programis farglebSi subsidirebis odenobaze
gavlenas axdens meurneobis farTobi da warmoebuli
produqciis saxeoba.
avstriaSi ekofermerTa asociaciebis umravle-
soba TavianT wevrebs kvalificiuri samrCevlo
momsaxurebiT uzrunvelyofs. qveynis sxvadasxva
mxareSi muSaoben Enrte-Verband-is mrCevlebi
mevenaxeobis, mexileobis, mebostneobis, meRo-
reobis da sxv. ganxriT. samrCevlo momsaxurebas
awarmoeben ekomeurneobaze orientirebuli sa-
soflo-sameurneo saswavleblebic. fermerTa aso-
ciaciebis umravlesoba gamoscems Jurnalebs, rom-
lebSic ibeWdeba statiebi ekomeurneobis Sesaxeb.
1990-iani wlebidan avstriaSi SeiniSneba mrCev-
lebis deficiti, rac ekomeurneobebis ricxvis
mkveTrma zrdam ganapiroba. fermerTa mcire aso-
ciaciebis umravlesobas ar gaaCnia mrCevlis daqi-
ravebis finansuri SesaZlebloba. amdenad, xSirad
gamocdili fermerebi TviTon swebven samrCevlo
momsaxurebas da xSirad amas ufasod akeTeben.
ekofermebis sertificireba mimdinareobs evro-
gaerTianebis moTxovnebis Sesabamisad. avstriaSi
amJamad funqcionirebs 7 makontrolirebeli orga-
no. maT Soris wa,myvani adgili ukavia ABG
(Austria Bio Garantie). qveynis biofermebis 50%-
is inspeqtirebas swored igi eweva. ekofermis
TiToeuli inspeqtireba jdeba daaxloebiT 110-130
evro.
daxmarebis programis amuSaveba seriozuli stimuli
aRmoCnda avstriis fermerebisaTvis - 10 wlis manZilze
(1990-2000) ekofermebis raodenoba 12-jer gaizarda.
avstriis ekofermerTa ZiriTadi nawili gaerTia-
nebulia asociaciebsa da kavSirebSi. maTgan aRsaniS-
navia fermerTa asociacia `bio ernte~. am asociaciis
standartis zogierTi moTxovna gacilebiT mkacria,
vidre saxelmwifo standartebisa.
saxelmwifos mxridan ekofermebis xelSewyobis
programas Tan axlda ekoproduqciis farTo sarek-
lamo-sainformacio kampania da dReisaTvis avst-
riis momxmarebelTa 95% informirebuli ekopro-
duqciis Taobaze, 70%-s miaCnia, rom aseTi pro-
duqcia sasargebloa janmrTelobisaTvis, xolo
40%-is azriT ekoproduqti gacilebiT gemrielia.
aqve unda aRiniSnos, rom aRniSnulma kampaniam
ekoproduqciis mimarT interesis gazrdasTan er-
Tad, saerTod avstriuli produqciisadmi (araeko-
wliuri subsidireba evroebSi:
ekofermebis raodenobis zrda
avstriaSi
1 ha saZovari
1 ha saxnavi
1 ha baRi
1 ha venaxi,
bostneuli,
sanerge
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biomeurne 2 (13) 2006
sazRvargareTis gamocdileba
77
logiurisadmic!) mimarT mosaxleobis ndobis gazrda gamoiwvia. avstrie-
lebi upiratesobas aniWeben adgilobrivi warmoebis produqts.
avstriaSi ekoproduqciiT Sida sabiTumo vaWrobis wliuri moculoba
218 milion evros aRwevs, rac qveynis bazris moculobis 3%-s Seadgens.
ekoproduqtebis 50% Cveulebrivi savaWro qselSi iyideba, 13% - special-
izebul maRaziebSi, 10% - sazogadoebrivi kvebis qselSi (restornebi,
sastumroebi, sakonditroebi, skolebi), xolo 7 %-s - TviTon fermere-
bi yidian bazrobebze.
ekoproduqciis fasi, qveynis Sida bazarze, Cveulebriv produqciaze
saSualod 25-30%-iT metia. Tumca zogierTi produqti (xorcis nawarmi,
mcenareuli zeTi) ufro Zviricaa - Cveulebrivze 50%-iT.
avstriaSi warmoebuli bioproduqciis 2/3 Sida bazarze iyideba, 1/3 ki
gadis gare bazarze (rZis produqti, xorcis nawarmi, bavSvTa kveba da
sxv.).
avstriuli ekoproduqciis ZiriTadi eqsportioria germania, didi
britaneTi, Svecia. zogierTi rZis produqti Sedis ruseTis bazarze da
arabul qveynebSi.
avstria im ekoproduqciis importsac eweva, romelic qveyanaSi ar iwar-
moeba. avstriaSi ekoproduqtebi Semodis evrogaerTianebis qveynebidan,
centraluri evropidan, afrikidan da sxv. ekoproduqciis didi nawili
Semodis ungreTidan da CexeTidan, sadac igi iwarmoeba xelSekrulebis
Sesabamisad; citrusebi SemoaqvT italiidan, kivi - axali zelandiidan,
avokado - keniidan da samxreT amerikis qveynebidan, marcvleuli -
safrangeTidan da sxv.
dabolos, kidev erTxel unda aRiniSnos, rom dReisaTvis
evrogaerTianebis qveynebSi daaxloebiT 7,5 mln ha farTobi
sertificirebulia, rogorc ekologiuri. ekomeurneobebis farTo-
bebis zrdas ganapirobebs ekomeurneobebis ganviTarebis kargi
xelSemwyobi pirobebi: Sesabamisi sakanonmdeblo baza, sax-
elmwifo dotacia, SeRavaTebis sistema ekofermerebisaTvis da
momxmarebelTa ekologiuri cnobierebis maRali done.
biomeurne 2 (13) 200688
agroturizmi
soflad turizmis ganviTarebis mimarTulebiT `elka-
nam~ Sveicariis ganviTarebis saagentos mxardaWeriT
daiwyo muSaoba 2006 wlis ivnisidan. misi mizania
saqarTveloSi turizmis iseTi formebis ganviTareba,
rogoric xels Seuwyobs soflis mosaxleobis sacxovre-
beli pirobebis gaumjobesebas, dasaqmebas, adgilobrivi
biomeurneobis ganviTarebasa da SenarCunebas. progra-
ma iTvaliswinebs `Rvinis turebis~ dagegmvasa da ganx-
orcielebas saqarTveloSi rogorc adgilobrivi, aseve
ucxoeli stumrebisaTvis, sadac adgilobrivi marnis
Rvinis SeTavazebis garda, stumrebisaTvis demon-
strirebuli iqneba sxva produqtebis tradiciuli wesebiT
damzadebis procesebi: mawvnis Sededeba, yvelis amoy-
vana, karaqis SedRveba, Taflis gamowurva, CurCxelis
amovleba da sxv.
siaxlesiaxle
saqarTvelos rekreaciuli* potenciali
da uZvelesi kulturuli memkvidreoba
qmnis turizmis ganviTarebis erT-erT
safuZvels. am patara qveyanaSi warmod-
genilia uamravi bunebrivi da
anTropogenuri rekreaciuli resursi:
mTa, zRva, mravalferovani landSafti,
mudmivi TovliTa da myinvarebiT
dafaruli kavkasioni, sakurorto-klima-
turi pirobebi, mravaldargovani
soflis meurneoba, adgilobrivi tradi-
ciebi da mravalsaukunovani istoriuli
Zeglebi.
dResdReobiT turizmis da dasvenebis
popularuli saxeoba aris qalaqgareT
bunebaSi dasveneba, adgilobriv
mosaxleobasTan stumroba, sadac tur-
istebs aqvT saSualeba gaecnon tradi-
ciul stumarTmoyvareobas, xalxuri
rewvis produqcias, nacionalur
dResaswaulebs, kerZebs. miiRon monaw-
ileoba soflis tradiciul cxovrebaSi
(mosavlis aReba, Rvinis dayeneba da
sxv.) da Seiswavlon glexuri meurneo-
bis teqnologia. daisvenon ekologiu-
rad sufTa garemoSi, sadac aris
simSvide da siwynare. gaeqcnen indus-
triul garemos da qalaqis aCqarebul
ritms.
saqarTvelo am mxriv unikalur
SesaZleblobas sTavazobs soflis
turizmiT dainteresebul mogzaurs. aq
yvela ojaxisaTvis `stumari RvTisaa~,
xolo qarTuli sufra da
sadRegrZeloebi, Tamada da misi
alaverdi, polifoniuri musika da
tradiciuli kerZebiT gawyobili sufra
- namdvili xelovnebaa, romelsac Tan
sdevs ama Tu im kuTxisaTvis
damaxasiaTebeli kolorituli iumori.
saqarTveloSi
turizmisa da soflis
meurneobis
ganviTarebis proeqti
!
proeqtis menejeri
lela xartiSvili
* rekreacia laTinuri sityvaa da Sromaze daxarjuli energiis aRdgenas niSnavs. igi gaigivebulia dasvenebasTan da turizmTan.
biomeurne 2 (13) 2006
agroturizmi
99
turizmis ganviTarebis proeqti soflad
iTvaliswinebs:
� adgilobrivi sastumro saxlebis bazis Seqmnas da am bazaze
`Rvinis turebis~ SemuSavebasa da miwodebas adgilobrivi Tu
ucxoeli turistisaTvis;
� tradiciuli produqtebisa da warmoebis xelSewyobas;
� fermerebsa da maTi potenciuri partniorebis TanamSromlobas;
� am sferoSi Cabmuli adamianebis gaerTianebas gamocdilebis
gaziarebis mizniT.
`elkana~ am proeqtis farglebSi SearCevs sastumro saxlebs, rom-
lebic mzad arian miiRon turistebi 2007 wlis zafxulidan.
proeqtiT gaTvaliswinebulia teqnikuri konsultaciebis Catareba,
mcire sesxebis gacema fermerTaTvis, raTa Ramis saTevi pirobe-
bi miuaxlovdes sastumro saxlebis standartebsa da turistul
moTxovnebs. regionebSi SeirCeva aseve fermerTa ojaxebi, rom-
lebic misdeven meRvineobas da SeZleben, Rvinis moyvarulebs gaac-
non tradiciuli qarTuli Rvinis dayenebisa da Senaxvis teqnolo-
giebi, igulisxmeba wesebis dacviT dayenebuli Rvino da ara fal-
sifirebuli produqcia, riTac savsea dRevandeli bazari.
rCevebi `elkanas~ fermerebs, visac surs Caebas
agroturizmSi:
gvaxsovdes, rom turistTa interess fermerTa saqmianoba da
cxovrebis wesis mimzidveloba warmoadgens;
turizmSi Cabma fermers damatebiT Semosavals moutans. igi
ar iTxovs did kapitaldabandebebs, magram saWiroebs srul-
fasovan dagegmvas;
turizmi dasvenebisa da garTobis formaa, amitom stumris
miRebisas gvaxsovdes, rom finansuri dainteresebis miuxe-
davad TiToeulma maspinZelma turists unda daaxvedros
Sesabamisi momsaxureba, amisaTvis fermerebma unda
iTanamSromlon im turistul saagentoebTan da
operatorebTan, vinc maT stumrebs gaugzavnis;
Seuqmnan elementaruli sacxovrebeli pirobebi stumrebs am
saqmianobaSi arsebuli standartebis gaTvaliswinebiT;
gvaxsovdes, rom yvelaze kargi reklama
stumris STabeWdilebaa, romelic mas
mihyveba saxlSi dabrunebisas, yovel
kmayofil stumars mohyveba 10 stumari,
xolo ukmayofilo gvakargvinebs 10-jer
mets;
dabolos, turistuli momsaxurebis
mravalferovneba mxolod mcire da ojax-
uri tipis sastumroebiT aris
SesaZlebeli, radgan maT axasiaTebs
mimzidveloba da specifika.
biomeurne 2 (13) 20061010
Sexvedrebi, seminarebi, konferenciebi
2006 wlis 8-9 ivniss biologiur meur-
neobaTa asociacia `elkanam~ Caatara semi-
nari Temaze `biousafrTxoebis kanoni da
agraruli mravalferovnebis dacvis sakiT-
xebi saqarTveloSi - dRevandeli mdgomare-
oba da Semdgomi perspeqtivebi~.
seminaris pirveli dRe, romelic `elka-
nas~ ofisSi gaimarTa, dafinansda EED-is
(germania) `erToblivi advokatirebis proe-
qtis~ farglebSi; meore dRe ki, romelic
gasvliT sesias daeTmo, globaluri gare-
mosdacviTi fondisa da gaeros ganviTa-
rebis programis mier dafinansebuli proe-
qtis - `saqarTvelos agraruli mravlferov-
nebis dacva da mdgradi gamoyeneba~, farg-
lebSi Catarda.
seminaris muSaobaSi monawileobdnen
ucxoeli eqspertebi, saqarTvelos garemos
dacvisa da bunebrivi resursebis saminist-
ros, saqarTvelos soflis meurneobis sami-
nitros, kvleviTi institutebis, fermerTa
organizaciebis, arasamTavrobo organiza-
ciebisa da mediis warmomadgenlebi.
seminaris mizani iyo saerTaSoriso ga-
mocdilebis gaziareba biousafrTxoebis
sferoSi da seminaris monawileTa pozi-
ciebis Sejereba saqarTveloSi genmodifi-
cirebuli organizmebisa da maTgan miRe-
buli produqtebis regulirebis sakiTxebTan
dakavSirebiT.
gaeros garemosdacviTi programisa
(UNEP) da globaluri garemosdacviTi
fondis GEF finansuri mxardaWeriT sa-
qarTvels garemos dacvisa da bunebrivi
resursebis saminitrom SeimuSava kanon-
proeqti genetikurad modificirebuli orga-
nizmebis Sesaxeb, romelic ZiriTadad
mimarTulia genmodificirebuli organizme-
bisa da maTgan miRebuli produqciis tran-
ssasazRvro gadaadgilebisa da gamoyenebis regulirebasa da kon-
trolze. kanonproeqtis Sesaxeb isaubra garemos dacvisa da bune-
brivi resursebis saminitros biomravalferovnebis departamen-
tis xelmZRvanelis movaleobis Semsrulebelma q-nma ana ruxaZem.
seminaris monawileebi gaecnen mariam meietis (afrikis bio-
usafrTxoebis centri, samxreT afrikis respublika) komentarebs
saqarTvelos biousafrTxoebis kanonproeqtze da, aseve, mis
moxsenebas biousafrTxoebis kanionmdeblobis gansxvavebuli
modelebis Sesaxeb. evrogaerTianebisa da evropis calkeuli
qveynebis gamocdilebis Sesaxeb isaubra rudolf buntcelma,
EED, germania.
seminarze aRiniSna, rom dRes saqarTveloSi dacvis aranairi
meqanizmi ar gvaqvs, ris gamoc didia saSiSroeba:
- transgenuri kulturebis aralegaluri importisa da
gavrcelebisa (rac safrTxes uqmnis adgilobriv mravalfer-
ovnebasa da, aseve, zRudavs qveyanaSi organuli soflis
meurneobis ganviTarebis SesaZleblobebs);
- genuri inJineriis teqnologiiT miRebuli sakvebi produqte-
bis ukontrolod Semotanisa (niSandebisa da kontrolis
problema) da
- ucxouri kompaniebis mier iseTi eqsperimentebis finansire-
bisa, romelTa Catareba sxva qveynebSi kanoniT ikrZaleba
an SezRudulia.
seminarze gamovlinda, rom arsebobs mkveTrad uaryofiTi
damokidebuleba, SiSi da sifrTxile genetikurad modificirebu-
li organizmebisagan warmoebuli produqtebis mimarT. mwvave
diskusia gaimarTa, kontrolis meqanizmze - regulireba Tu
akrZalva?!
`genmodificirebuli organizmebis Sesaxeb~ arsebul ka-
nonproeqtSi sakanonmdeblo cvlilebebisa da erTiani samoqmedo
gegmis SemuSavebis uzrunvelsayofad seminaris monawileebma
miiRes gadawyvetileba sainiciativo jgufis Seqmnis Sesaxeb.
9 ivniss gasvliTi sxdoma moewyo q. axalcixeSi, `elkanas~
regionul ofisSi. seminaris monawileebi gaecnen proeqtis -
`saqarTvelos agraruli mravlferovnebis dacva da mdgradi
gamoyeneba~ farglebSi miRweul Sedegebs da daaTvalieres
gadaSenebis piras myofi kulturebis naTesebi wnisis sademon-
stracio nakveTze.
gTavazobT ramdenime intervius, romlebic q. axalcixeSi
gasvliTi sxdomis Semdeg CaviwereT.
biousafrTxoebis kanoni
da agraruli mravalfer-
ovnebis dacvis sakiTxebi
saqarTveloSi -
dRevandeli mdgomareoba da
Semdgomi perspeqtivebi
biomeurne 2 (13) 2006
Sexvedrebi, seminarebi, konferenciebi
1111
ASC, samxreT afrika
mariam meieti
EED, germania
rudolf buntceli
moxaruli var, rom saqarTveloSi gamoinaxa dro,
gaCnda survili, rom moipovon Seabamisi informa-
cia genetikur inJineriaze.
me gamocdilebis gasaziareblad Camovedi da,
mgoni, keTilsindisierad Sevasrule Cemi movaleoba,
magram piradad TviTonac bevri ram SeviZine. ker-
Zod, erTgvarad moulodnelic iyo seminarze gamar-
Tuli im debatebis maRali done, romlebSic aqtiu-
rad monawileobdnen arasamTavrobo da samTavrobo
organizaciebi. SemiZlia, Tamamad vTqva, rom aq
namdvilad didi SesaZleblobebi gamovlinda da maTi
gamoyeneba momavlis saqmea.
radgan saqarTvelo mdidaria Tesleulisa da mar-
cvlovani kulturebis mravalsaxeobiT, Sesabamisad
didia interesic saqarTvelos Tavisufal zonad
gamocxadebisa;
imedi maqvs, rom miiRebT swor gadawyvetilebas
da moxaruli viqnebi, Sevityo sasiamovno siaxle-
qveynis zogierTi nawilis Tavisufal zonad ga-
mocxadebisa da qveynis kanonmdeblobaSi Sesa-
ferisi cvlilebebis Setanis Sesaxeb.
moxaruli var, rom eqspertad momiwvieT da saSualeba meZleva
warmogidginoT genmodificirebuli organizmebiis Sesaxeb 17
organizaciis saerTaSoriso erToblivi advokatirebis proeqti.
mimaCnia, rom `elkana~ aris erT-erTi is iSviaTi organizacia,
romelsac xalxis dasaxmareblad Serwymuli aqvs Tavisi saqmianobis
ori aspeqti: ubralo xalxisaTvis, fermerebisaTvis Tanadgomis
gaweva da marTebuli politikuri orientirebis moniSvna.
vfiqrob, am periodis istoriisTvis mniSvnelovania, rom
saqarTvelo gzas uketavs genmodificirebul organizmebs da Cemi
valdebulebaa, `elkanasTan~ erTad CaverTo am procesSi. Cemi
azriT, Catarebul seminarze aSkarad dadasturda, rom aseve
fiqroben rogorc samTavrobo organizaciebis, aseve saTanado
kvleviTi institutebis warmomadgenlebi, rac uaRresad mniSvne-
lovania.
biomeurne 2 (13) 20061212
Sexvedrebi, seminarebi, konferenciebi
EED, germania
gerlind melsbaxi
me vfiqrob, rom organuli meurneoba metad
mniSvnelovania rogorc mTel msoflioSi, aseve sa-
qarTveloSi. saqarTveloSi me vnaxe adamianebi, rom-
lebisTvisac naturaluri produqti metad Rirebulia,
Tumca isini verc acnobiereben, Tu realurad ra
safrTxe emuqreba naturalur produqts. axla TqvenTan
siRaribis gamo iseTi situaciaa, rom ar aris
saSualebebi sinTezuri sasuqebis SesaZenad, magram
roca ganviTarebis programebi Semova, ganviTardeba
iseTi warmoeba, romelic sruliadac ar iqneba organ-
uli. swored maSin unda iyos daculi tradiciuli sax-
eobebi da potenciali. es metad didi saqmea da mas
safuZvels uyrian Tqveni fermeruli organizaciebi.
Cemze didi STabeWdileba moaxdina am nakveTma da
muSaobam, romelic aq gauweviaT saxeobebis
Sesagroveblad. es magaliTi unda iyos bevri sxva
regionisaTvis, rom maT igive gaakeTon.
rac Seexeba organuli soflis meurneobis perspe-
qtivebs saqarTveloSi, kerZod, me vfiqrob, rom es
aris kargi momavali adgilobrivi bazrebisTvisac,
radgan saqarTveloSi, adamianebi bunebriv sakvebs
aniWeben upiratesobas. agreTve, me sakmaod gamao-
ca, rom saqarTveloSi, agreTve, somxeTsa da
azerbaijanSi yofila Zalian bevri tradiciuli
gadamuSavebuli produqti, romelsac adgilobrivi kul-
turebidan amzadeben. maTi gemovnuri Tvisebebi
namdvilad gansxvavdeba im produqtebis, maT Soris
organuli produqtebis gemovnuri Tvisebebisgan,
romlebsac dasavleT evropis qveynebSi moixmaren.
ase rom, didi potenciali arsebobs. saWiroa misi
SenarCuneba da ganviTareba. Cemi azriT, es ar aris
moklevadiani proeqti, aramed saSualovadiania da 10-
15 weliwadi realurad kargi vadaa mwarmoeblebisTvi-
sac da momxmareblebisTvisac.
biomeurne 2 (13) 2006
Sexvedrebi, seminarebi, konferenciebi
1313
saqarTvelos parlamenti
zurab gegeWkori
raSi mdgomareobs Cemi aq yofnis misia: daiwyo
genmodificirebuli organizmebis warmoeba da albaT
garkveul wreebs surT, rom saqarTveloSic am me-
TodiT moyvanili Tesli, produqcia gavrceldes. es
Seicavs did saSiSroebas, miT umetes iseTi biom-
ravalferovnebis mqone qveynisaTvis, rogoric saqar-
Tveloa. jerjerobiT msoflio ar aris darwmunebuli,
rom es genmodificirebuli organizmebi ara marto
adamianze, aramed mTlianad ekosistemaze mavne gav-
lenas axdens da saSiSroeba Zalze didia - genmodi-
ficirebuli organizmebi ufro Zlieria vidre bune-
baSi arsebuli bunebrivi organizmebi da isini gada-
faraven anu Seicvleba mTlianad saqarTvelos eko-
sistema Tavisi floriT da fauniT, sameurneo kul-
turebiT, romlebic arsebobs saqarTveloSi da maT
Soris Zalian bevri endemuria. amitom, roca Semo-
vida parlamentSi kartaxenis oqmi ratificirebisaT-
vis, es Zalze sapasuxismgeblo momentia, radganac
es oqmi swored biomravalferovnebis dacvisTvisac
aris mowodebuli, magram genmodificirebul orga-
nizmsac uSvebs da aqvs keTilSobiluri foni -
msoflioSi naxevari mosaxleoba SimSilobs da ami-
tom es xelovnurad gamoyvanili uxvmosavliani pro-
duqti, mcenareebi da cxovelebi unda gavrceldes.
magram saqarTvelo imxela araa, rom monawileoba
miiRos msoflio sasursaTo programaSi, gaitanos
didi odenobis produqcia msoflio bazarze da
gauZlos konkurencias. magram Cven varT is qveyana,
romelsac SeuZlia ekologiurad sufTa produqciis
warmoeba, bavSvTa kvebis programaSi CarTva da sxv.
da ai, amiT SegviZlia SevideT msoflio bazarze. ai,
aq ukve ikveTeba `elkanas~ roli, romelic yovelgvari
qimiuri, xelovnuri elementebis gareSe cdilobs
moiyvanos produqti, aRadginos is Zveli endemuri
kulturebi da ganaaxlos asortimenti mxolod da
mxolod biologiur sawyisebze. es ori Tema kargad
gadaikveTa am or dReSic, guSin vsaubrobdiT, ramde-
nad saSiSia ekosistemisaTvis genmodificirebuli
organizmebi da dRes kidev meore ukiduresobas
gavecaniT - biomeTodebiT moyvanili produqcia
aris saqarTvelos momavali; es aris saqarTvelos
msoflio bazarze CarTvis saSualeba, imitom rom
msoflios naxevari SimSilobso, magram naxevari
piriqiT eZebs imas, rac ukeTesi iqneba, rom
gaixangrZlivos cxovreba. ai, amaSi unda gamo-
viCinoT Tavi, esaa Cveni, rogorc eqsportioris,
potencia da ara is genmodificirebuli organizmebi,
romlebic aravis ar unda. amitom aris msoflioSi
etiketireba aucilebeli. produqcias unda daeweros,
rom aris genmodificirebuli da is eRireba gaci-
lebiT iafi, vidre, magaliTad, `elkanas~ fermerebis
mier moyvanili sufTa produqcia. Cven msoflio
savaWro organizaciis wevri varT. Tu Cven dacviTi
kanoni ar miviReT, romelsac, sxvaTa Soris, advilad
ar migaRebineben, maSin iqnebi Tavisufali poligo-
ni, visac ra unda, imas Semoitans. es Tematika saka-
nonmdeblo kuTxiT unda momzaddes da ganviTardes.
Cemi mizania, rom Zalian Rrmad Sevimecno, ra xdeba,
rogor xdeba da rogor unda Camoyalibdes yvelaferi
es. es aris Cemi patara funqcia parlamentSi da
minda, dro amas movaxmaro. ai, am azrebis Camoya-
libebaSi mexmareba es Sexvedrebi.
biomeurne 2 (13) 20061414
Sexvedrebi, seminarebi, konferenciebi
dResdReobiT saqarTvelosaTvis Zalian mniSvne-
lovania, rom evropis bazarze moxvdes qarTuli
produqcia. amisaTvis saWiroa saqarTveloSi maqsi-
malurad didi yuradReba mieqces ekoproduqciis war-
moebas, romelic SeiZleba iqnes gatanili evropis
bazarze, rogorc niS-produqti. saamisod arsebobs
moTxovna evropis bazarze. Tuki Cven SevZlebT,
rom qarTuli produqcia iyos sertificirebuli da es
sertifikati daadasturebs, rom produqcia aris
ekologiuri, SesaZlebeli iqneba, vifiqroT eqs-
portze evropaSi, amerikaSi da iaponiaSic ki.
saamiso precendenti arsebobs: Cven ramdenimejer
miviReT monawileoba germaniaSi gamarTul
msoflio gamofenaze, romelic yovelwliurad
Tebervlis TveSi imarTeba qalaq niurnbergSi. iq
warmodgenilia msoflios mraval qveyanaSi warmoe-
buli bioproduqti. Cven warmovadgineT qarTuli
produqcia: qarTuli Rvino, Tafli, Ciri, Txili da
sxv. am produqtebma didi mowoneba daimsaxura.
gaCnda interesi am produqtebis mimarT da
vfiqrobT, rom es aris Sansi saqarTvelosTvis
evropis bazarze gasvlisa. am yvelafers minda
daukavSiro erTi faqti, rac Zalian mniSvnelovania
organuli produqciis warmoebaSi. es aris genmodi-
ficirebuli produqciis sakiTxi. saqarTveli patara
qveyanaa, Tumca Zalian mdidari kulturuli memkvid-
reoba mogvepoveba. amitom Zalian mniSvnelovania
saqarTveloSi Sesabamisi kanoni iqnes miRebuli
gemnmodificirebuli organizmebis Sesaxeb, rac
saSualebas mogvcems, rom es procesi iqnes dareg-
ulirebuli, raTa ar moxdes saqarTveloSi genmodi-
ficirebuli produqciis Semotana da gavrceleba
rogorc gasamravleblad, aseve gasayid qselSi. am
mimarTulebiT Cven garkveulwilad vmuSaobT da
aseTi kanoni ukve momzadebulia da mimdinareobs
muSaoba mis dasaxvewad. am kanonis damtkicebiT
saqarTvelos Tavs daicavs genmodificirebuli pro-
duqtis ukontrolo Semotanisa da gavrcelebisagan.
Cven vimyofebiT agrobiomravalferovnebis
nakveTze, romelic datvirTulia Zveli qarTuli
kulturebiT, esenia: ospi, cercvi, culispira, seli,
xorblis endemuri jiSebi - dika, wiTeli doli da
kidev sxva Zveli qarTuli kulturebi, romlebic adre
gamoiyeneboda da dResdReobiT gadaSenebis pi-
rasaa misuli. Cven unda gaviTavisoT da unda aR-
vadginoT es kulturebi da SevZloT maTi gamoyene-
ba, rogorc amas akeTebdnen tradiciulad. zemoT
Sevexe evropis bazarze moxvedras, minda aRv-
niSno is faqtic, rom Tu CvenTan gavrceldeba gen-
modificirebuli produqcia, Cven davkargavT
SesaZleblobas, movxvdeT evropis bazarze, rad-
ganac evropaSi isedac didi raodenobiT aris
Cveulebrivi konvenciuri produqti, xolo Tu Cven
SevZlebT aRvadginoT da SevinarCunoT es kultu-
ruli memkvidreoba, es mogvcems saSualebas, rom
vifiqroT ara marto Sida bazris ganviTarebaze,
aramed gare bazarze moxvedrazec.
`elkanas~ programis menejeri
Tamaz dundua
interviuebi moamzades:
Tea cxadaiam
Tamuna didiZem
zaza kilasoniam
biomeurne 2 (13) 2006
Sexvedrebi, seminarebi, konferenciebi
1515
2006 wlis 8-13 agvistos daba bakurianSi
Catarda seminari `elkanas~ TanamSromlebi-
saTvis - `samwliani strate-
giuli gegmis ganxilva~.
2006 wlis 1 seqtembridan `elkana~ axali
startegiuli gegmiT iwyebs muSaobas da
seminaris mizani iyo am gegmis
TanamSromlebisTvis gacnoba da erToblivi
ganxilva. amasTan, `elkanas~ samrCevlo
samsaxuris reorganizaciasTan
dakavSirebiT, dRis wesrigSi dadga am sam-
saxuris samuSao koncefciis SemuSavebis
sakiTxi, rac agreTve seminaris erT-erTi
amocana iyo. dabolos, axali strategiuli
gegmis efeqturi ganxorcielebisaTvis
aucilebelia samsaxurebs Soris
TanamSromlobis gaumjobeseba, rac semi-
narze ganxiluli erT-erTi sakiTxi iyo.
s e m i n a r i
b a k u r i a n S i
samwliani strategiuli
gegmis ganxilva
biomeurne 2 (13) 20061616
Cveni Jurnalis stumrebi
sanam kvici
gaixednebodes...
Cveni Jurnalis bolo nomerSi
(`biomeurne~, 1 (12), 2006) ukve
gesaubreT cxenis SeZenis
zogierT ZiriTad principze da
girCieT, rom meurne kacisTvis
umjobesia zrdadamTavrebuli
pirutyvis yidva. magram
cxovrebaSi yovelTvis ase rodi
xdeba. SeiZleba TqvenTvis,
sxvadasxva garemoebis gamo,
ufro xelsayreli iyos dedas
asxletili (6-8 Tvis asakidan or
wlamde) kvicis yidva an sulac
Sin gyavT faSati, romelmac kvi-
cis mogebiT gagaxaraT...
patronis amocanaa kvicis ise gamozrda, rom igi 2-
3 wlis asakisTvis fizikuradac kargad iyos
ganviTarebuli da fsiqikuradac; swori aRzrdis, mopyro-
bis wyalobiT Tvinier, mSvid, adamianis damjere arse-
bad Camoyalibdes da mzad iyos gasaxednad.
gaxednis wina stadia kvicis gamoqnaa. es terminebi
saqarTvelos sxvadasxva mxareSi gansxvavebuli mniSvnelobiT
ixmareba, qarTuli enis ganmartebiTi leqsikonis Tanaxmad
isini erT azrsac gamoxataven, magram araferi gviSlis xels,
am konkretuli ambisaTvis Cvens mier SemoTavazebuli
SinaarsiT gamoviyenoT. gamoqna - mozardi pirutyvis gasaxed-
nad Semzadebaa; gaxedna - cxenis Sesajdomad an Sesabmelad
gawvrTna, xaris uRelSi Sebma da muSaoba.
rodis iwyeba kvicis gamoqna? viwro mniSvnelobiT
(avSarisa da aRviris asxma, floqvebis damuSaveba, unagiris
dadgma da sxv.) mas Semdeg, rac kvics dedas, ZuZus asxleten,
ZiriTadad, 6-8 Tvis asakis Semdeg, magram amas win uZRvis
gamoqnis sawyisi etapi - kvicis SeCveva, daurveba, daxelisave-
ba. es ki dabadebidanve iwyeba. qorfa kvici (`gerge~ - sulx-
an-saba orbelianis ganmartebiT) maSinve grZnobs adamianis
zrunvas, or-sam dReSi ukve xviviliT egebeba patrons. mxolod
unda gvaxsovdes - cxeni uaRresad impulsuri, mgrZnobiare
cxovelia, amitom Zalze frTxilad unda movepyraT, rogorc
simkacris gamoCenis, ise dayvavebis dros. `unda mxedari kaci
mulaimi da extibariani iyos, ragind kvicma awyeninos da gaa-
javros, unda dauTmos, nebierad da wynarad daamSvidos~, -
weria didi qarTveli mwignobari mefis vaxtang VI-is redaqciiT
- berZnuli, arabuli, sparsuli wyaroebis gamoyenebiT -
Sedgenil qarTul `cxenis karabadinSi~. `extibariani~ aq
xaTrians, gulisxmiers niSnavs, `mulaimi~, rogorc megobarma
arabistma amixsna, `mcodnes~ ukavSirdeba.
marTlac, cxenis xasiaTi patarobidanve yalibdeba; adamian-
is uxeSobam, uazro simkacrem SeiZleba, samudamod daumaxin-
jos xasiaTi kvics: gaxados undobi, oCani, veragi, avi. arada,
Tvinier cxenTan urTierToba, muSaoba uaRresad sasiamovno
procesia ara marto sportsmeni an dalxinebuli moyvaruli
cxenosnisTvis, aramed mZime soflur jafas SeWidebuli
meurnisTvisac. da ara marto erTi kacisTvis - mTel ojaxSi,
gansakuTrebiT bavSvebSi, am gamrje, keTili cxovelis
nodar ebraliZe
biomeurne 2 (13) 2006
Cveni Jurnalis stumrebi
1717
aRmzrdelobiTi madli trialebs, xolo cudi znis
cxenTan yofna gamabezrebeli da usiamovnoa, xSirad
saSiSic ki aris.
kvicis normaluri gamoqnis sawyis etapze didi
mniSvneloba aqvs wmendas. saerTod cxenis higiena
misi ganviTarebisa da janmrTelobis erT-erTi
arsebiTi momentia. wmendis ZiriTadi iaraRebia
samurveli da jagrisi. maT aucileblad unda mivaxmaroT
(miT umetes axalgazrda cxenisa da kvicis daurvebisas)
magrad dagrexili Tivis an namjis bRuja, e.w. `CaliCi~.
ra asakidan SeiZleba kvicis wmendis dawyeba? spe-
cialistebi gvirCeven, 1-2 Tvis asakidano; magram wmen-
das rom mieCvios, dabadebidan ramdenime dRis Semdeg,
deda faSatis wmendis dros, kviciskenac unda gava-
paroT jagrisiani an `CaliCiani~ xeli. pirvelad igi
frTxeba, xtis, gagvirbis. cxadia, igulisxmeba, rom
TavlaSi Sedis kaci, romelsac miCveulia da endoba
deda, xolo dedis simSvide Svilsac aSoSminebs. asec
aris. erTi Tvis kvici ukve savsebiT `damoukideblad~,
mSvidad, siamovnebiT awmendinebs patrons tans,
Tvalebis amowmendasac hguobs (amisaTvis sufTa
tiloc unda ekidos sadgomis karebze).
sistematuri wmenda ara marto janmrTelobis pi-
robaa, igi mozardis zrdas, sxeulis nakvTebis srul-
fasovan ganviTarebas, nervuli sistemis gawonaswore-
bas uwyobs xels. rodesac kvici patrons mieCveva,
gauSinaurdeba, ukve unda vcadoT fexebis daTvalie-
reba, muxlSi moxra, floqvebis gasufTaveba, risTvisac
TavlaSi unda gqondeT xis an rkinis blagvi kakvi,
Woposani (`raSpili~) - floqvis lanCis gamosawmendad
da kideebis momtvreuli, atkecili rqis mosasworeblad.
umjobesia, Tu am saqmianobas mSvidad Caatarebs nal-
bandobis Cvevebis mqone kaci, raTa kvici Tavidanve
ar daSindes da fsiqikurad momzadebuli Sexvdes
sameurneo cxovrebaSi iseT rTul da mniSvnelovan
process, rogoricaa cxenis daWedva.
SeiZleba asxletamde dedis gverdiTve mivaCvioT
kvici avSaris asxmasac. esec moTminebiT, dayvavebiT
unda gakeTdes da ara uxeSi ZaldatanebiT. avSaras rom
mieCveva, mainc unda veridoT kvicis mokled, magrad
dabmas, miSartvas (wmendis an floqvebis damuSa-
vebisas), radgan dafrTxobis, urCobis dros SeiZleba,
cxovelma mZime travma miiRos.
gamoqnis adreul da Semdgom etapebze aucilebelia
kvicis waxaliseba sasusnaviT - gamodgeba Saqris
kvnitic an puris natexi (mWadsac ar daiwunebs), stafi-
lo, vaSli, Tqven warmoidgineT leRvsac mSvenivrad
geaxlebaT, sazamTrosac (ise xelidan am nugbaris
miRebasac miCveva sWirdeba). ukeTesia, kvicma
igrZnos, rom amiT saqciels uwoneben; da, kidev gavi-
meoreb, mTavaria moTmineba, gulisxmiereba. ra Tqma
unda, aucilebelia datuqsvac, zomieri simkacre, zogjer
dasjac (kampis gakvris, wixlis moqnevis dros). mxo-
lod sasjeli maSinve unda mohyves danaSaulis
Cadenas. kvicebs memkvidreobiT, aRzrdiT gan-
sxvavebuli xasiaTi aqvT. maT Soris arian
onavrebi, jibrianebi, agresiulebi - saWiroa,
Cveni neba davupirispiroT maT Tavnebobas,
magram es unda xdebodes mSvidad, yovel kon-
kretul danaSaulze reagirebiT. kvici da, saer-
Tod, cxeni arasdros dasajoT sibrazisgan
wonasworobadakargulma, gaavebulma (miT ume-
tes - zarxoSad myofma), radgan amiT mxolod
wuTier brZolas mougebT pirutyvs, zne ki,
SeiZleba samudamod gaufuWoT.
praqtikaSi xSiria, rodesac gamoucdel
meurnes `damxmared~ moevlineba iseTi kaci,
romelsac cxenTan muSaobis raRaca gamocdile-
biomeurne 2 (13) 20061818
Cveni Jurnalis stumrebi
ba aqvs, magram aklia codna, gu-
lisxmiereba. aseTi `Semwe~ pirutyv-
Tan urTierTobaSi sakuTar cxenos-
nur `imijs~ ufrTxildeba, vidre piru-
tyvis momavals. `unda gaigos, rom
adamiani masze Zlieria~ - dahyviris
igi akankalebul, damfrTxal ZuZuTa
kvics da ar anaRvlebs, rom misi me-
zobluri, xanmokle daxmarebis Se-
degad meurnes TavlaSi kbenia,
mwixlavi, mfrTxali saferxe gaezrde-
ba da ara erTguli, mSvidi da ke-
Tilzniani cxoveli, romelsac sul
sxva gziT Caunerges adamianis prima-
tis Segneba.
Cven aq vsaubrobT iseT meur-
neobebze, sadac erTi-ori cxeni da
kvici hyavT. cxadia, sxvaa jogis
kvicebTan muSaoba, iq aseTi yo-
veldRiuri wmenda, urTierToba SeuZ-
lebelia da arc aris aucilebeli.
oRond gamoqnis zemoT ganxiluli
elementebis TndaTanobiT danergva
iqac saWiroa, xolo ufro aqtiuri ur-
TierToba kvicebis da dedebis
daSorebis (asxletis) Semdeg iwyeba.
rodis unda avsxlitoT kvici?
cxensaSenebSi, fermebSi, sadac
cxenebis gamozrdis bevrad ukeTesi
pirobebi aqvT, es procesi 6-8 Tvis
asakidan iwyeba. `erTcxeniani~ meur-
nisTvis es problema ufro Zneli
mosagvarebelia da damokidebulia sa-
Tavsis, gasadevaris pirobebze, amit-
om xSiria SemTxvevebi, rodesac
kvici erT wlamde da met xansac das-
devs dedas. Tumca, am drosac ar unda
dagvaviwydes mis gamoqnaze zrunva.
iq, sadac dedebs Tiva-balaxTan erTad
Svrias (qers, siminds) aWmeven, es
sakvebi 2-3 Tvis Semdeg kvicmac unda miiRos
(umjobesia daroSil-daRerRili). mas calke
bagasac ukeTeben. adgilobrivi jiSis cxenebis
Senaxvisas, rodesac ZiriTadi sakvebi Tiva da
balaxia, agreTve fermebsa da cxensaSenebSi,
sadac dedebisa da kvicebisaTvis calke
nakveTebia gamoyofili, kvici pirveli kviri-
danve iwyebs saZovarze balaxis wiwknas.
mxolod unda veridoT uxarisxo, obiani,
Caxurebuli, axalgaTibuli Tivis micemas,
Waobian saZovrebs. saZovarze yofna, TviT
Zovebis procesi, damatebiTi kvebis garda,
kvicisTvis SesaniSnavi fizikuri varjiSia. swored maSin
uviTardeba mas kiseri, kidurebi, magram kveba calke sakiTxia da
amiT davkmayofildeT. Tu kvici muSaobisas dedis gverdzea, unda
vizrunoT mis usafrTxoebaze, gansakuTrebiT sameurneo meqanizme-
bis siaxloves, vecadoT, kvicma oflian dedas ar moswovos ZuZu
(es cudad moqmedebs kuW-nawlavis sistemaze). niadag unda
gvaxsovdes, rom aqac zrunvaa saWiro. yvela SemTxveva gamoviyenoT
kvicis fizikuri da fsiqikuri momzadebisTvis iseTi
mniSvnelovani etapis win, rogoric aris gaxedna.
sanam kvici
gaixednebodes...
biomeurne 2 (13) 2006
saTemo mobilizeba da soflis ganviTareba
1919
organizacis mTavari mizania sazogadoebis mobi-
lizeba, rwmenis Camoyalibeba da saerTo problemebis
mosagvareblad sakuTari resursebis gamoyeneba.
gansakuTrebiT aRniSvnis Rirsia nukrianis qalebis
erTianoba da mizanmimarTuleba. marTalia, saTemo
organizacia soflad arsebuli problemebis mogvare-
baze muSaobs, magram qalebis aqtiuroba da enTuziazmi
rom ara, saeWvoa organizacias warmatebebisTvis mi-
eRwia.
warmatebebi ki udavod aqvT. mokled gagacnobT am
organizaciis aqtiuri monawileobiT ganxorcielebul
saqmianobas:
- soflis gazificireba. am proeqtze dawvrilebiT
ar SevCerdebi (Jurnalis wina nomrebSi am proe-
qtze dawvrilebiT visaubreT!), aRvniSnav mxolod
imas, rom soflis gazificirebis warmatebiT
ganxorcielebam erTgvari stimuli misca soflis
mosaxleobas da soflis wyalmomaragebis mogvare-
baze daiwyes fiqri.
- soflis wyalmomaragebis sistemis aRdgena.
sofels wyali ara aqvs da mosaxleoba (gansa-
sazogadoebis winsvlasa da ganviTarebas
sazogadoebis wevrebis, adamianebis codna da
unar-Cvevebi gansazRvravs. sakuTari da
irgvliv myofi adamianebis Zalebisa da
SesaZleblobebis rwmena, aqtiuri qmedeba da ara
pasiuri lodini imisa, rom viRaca Sens
magivrad moagvarebs problemebs, Segneba
imisa, rom mTavroba Tu saxelmwifo ver
SeZlebs, yvela adamiani erTanirad uzrunvelyos
biniT, samsaxuriT da sxv. - ai, is pozicia,
xels uwyobs aRmSeneblobis process...
aRmSenebloba problemis gaazrebiT, miznis
dasaxviTa da SesaZleblobebis SefasebiT
iwyeba. martokaci WamaSiac braliao da am yve-
lafers erTi adamiani ver moereva. aucilebe-
lia Tanamoazreebis moZieba, gaerTianeba,
erTiani xedvisa da rwmenis SemuSaveba...
aseT erTobad gvevlineba saTemo organiza-
cia. Temi saerTo niSniT (interesebi, proble-
mebi, perspeqtivebi da sxv.) gaerTianebul
adamianTa erTobaa, saTemo organizacia ki
aseTi gaerTianebis organizaciuli formaa.
dRes saqarTveloSic, rogorc qalaqSi, ise
soflad, arsebobs saTemo organizaciebi. am
mcire statiaSi erT-erTi aseTi organizacia
minda gagacnoT - siRnaRis raionis sofel
nukrianSi funqcionirebs saTemo organizacia
`nukriani~.
...dRes iseTi nergi darge,
rom xvalema madlobiT sTqvas:
nanergiTa SeniT marge...
ilia WavWavaZe
saTemo mobilizebisa da soflis ganviTarebis samsaxuris
xelmZRvaneli
daTo doliZe
saTemo organizacia
`nukriani~
biomeurne 2 (13) 20062020
saTemo mobilizeba da soflis ganviTareba
kuTrebiT, qalebi da bavSvebi) welSi
arian gawyvetili sakmaod Sori
manZilidan wylis zidviT. amJamad
saTemo organizaciis koordinaciiT
mimdinareobs wylis sistemis rebil-
itaciis programa.
unda iTqvas, rom soflis aqtivistebi,
romlebic zemoT CamoTvlil saqmianobebSi
gansakuTrebiT aqtiurad iyvnen Cabmuli,
swored qalebi warmoadgenen; organizaciis
wevrebic ZiriTadad qalebi arian, romel-
Tac garkveuli momzadeba da xelSewyoba
sWirdebaT, raTa ufro aqtiurad CaerTon
siRnaRis raionSi mimdinare ganviTarebis
procesebSi.
saTemo organizaciam SekiTxviT mimar-
Ta mosaxleobis garkveul jgufs, qalTa ra
tipis dasaqmebis proeqts dauWerdnen
mxars: samkervalos, saparikmaxeros Tu
sainformacio momsaxurebis centrs;
TiTqmis gamonaklisis gareSe yvelam sain-
formacio momsaxurebis centri airCia,
ramdenadac am sakiTxebisTvis (faqsi, qse-
roqsi, saqalaqTaSoriso telefoni da sxv.)
maT siRnaRSi an, uares SemTxvevaSi,
wnorSi uwevT siaruli. organizacia amJa-
mad fiqrobs sainformacio centris
Seqmnaze. gadadgmulia pirveli nabijebic -
`kavkasiuri saxlisa~ da `elkanas~ xel-
SewyobiT sainformacio centrs aqvs tele-
fon-faqsi, kompiuteri, romelic CarTulia
internetSic.
saTemo organizacia `nukrianis~ qalTa
jgufis monawileobiT ganxorcielda metad
saintereso da lamazi proeqti: sazafxu-
lo skola-banaki. proeqtis farglebSi
Tbilisidan nukrianSi Caiyvanes socialu-
rad daucveli ojaxebis bavSvebi (eTnikuri
umciresobis warmomadgenlebi). bavSvebi
cxovrobdnen organizaciis wevr qalebTan
da gadiodnen swavlebas nukrianis skolaSi.
maTTvis SemuSavda specialuri programa,
romelic iTvaliswinebda Semdegi sagnebis
swavlebas: qarTuli ena, kavkasiologia,
xatva, Wadraki da sxv. aqtiurad muSaobda
dramwrec, romelSic gansakuTrebiT
xalisiT monawileobdnen bavSvebi. aqve
unda iTqvas, rom proeqti iTvaliswinebda
adgilobrivi bavSvebis CarTvasac - aqtiuri
komunikacia sasargeblo iyo rogorc
sofleli, ise qalaqeli bavSvebisTvis
(Tbilisidan Cayvanili bavSvebis nawils
sofeli ar enaxa!). proeqtSi CarTuli adg-
ilobrivi mosaxleobis didi umravlesoba
swored qalebi iyvnen...
j. sviftis erT-erTi personaJi ambobs: ,,is, vinc SeZlebs
moiyvanos ori TavTavi da ori balaxis Rero iq, sadac man-
amde xarobda mxolod erTi TavTavi da erTi balaxis Rero,
kacobriobis madls daimsaxurebs". erTis adgilze ori
TavTavis moyvanas ki didi Zalisxmeva sWirdeba, gan-
sakuTrebiT qarTul sinamdvileSi, sadac mZime socialuri da
ekonomikuri mdgomareobis gamo soflebs dacla emuqreba.
Tumca sofeli nukriani bednieri gamonaklisia - aq muSaoben
principiT - ,,sanam produqts SevqmnideT, Cven jer adami-
anebs vqmniT".
axali adamianisa da cxovrebis normaluri pirobebis
Seqmnis survilma moiyvana es qalbatonebi saTemo
organizaciaSi - bevris Seswavlac mouwiaT da fiqroben,
Tavidan aaSenon tradicia da cxovrebis wesi. amboben, qalma
Tu gaiwia, cxra uReli xar-kameCi ver daakavebso... karg
saqmeSi RmerTma xeli moumarTos nukrianelebs.
biomeurne 2 (13) 2006
saTemo mobilizeba da soflis ganviTareba
2121
amokrebilia `elkanas~ saTemo mobilizebisa da
soflis ganviTarebis samsaxuris soflebSi
muSaobis dros
ojaxuri sarecxi saponi
1 kg kaustikuri soda (kristalebi)
7 kg msuqani Roris xorcis narCenebi
60-70 l wyali
vWriT xorcs wvril naWrebad, sodasTan erTad vaTavsebT Tujis qvabSi, vasxamT wyals da vdgamT cecxlze,
Seusveneblad vurevT aduRebamde, Semdeg vwyvetT morevas da vagrZelebT nel cecxlze duRils. rodesac nare-
vi masa siblantiT Taflismagvari gaxdeba, gadmovdgamT da vasxamT kalapotSi, rodesac gacivdeba, davWraT
zomebad da gavaxmboT CrdilSi, gacilebiT ukeT recxavs, vidre qarxnuli warmoebis saponi.
dmanisis raioni, sofeli javaxi
xalxuri
receptebi
limonaTis esencia
3 kg limoni gavTaloT mWreli daniT ise, rom rac SeiZleba naklebi cedra gahyves,
davfaroT qerqi 96%-iani spirtiT da gavaCeroT minimum 15 dRe, Semdeg gadmovwuroT, kans
gavavloT cota cxeli wyali, raTa rac SeiZleba naklebi spirti gahyves. miRebul spirts
gavurioT cxel wyalSi Cayrili filtris qaRaldis nakuwebi da gavfiltroT maudis an flanelis
naWriT ramdenjerme, sanam wveni kriala ar gaxdeba. 200 boTl 0.5 l limonaTs sWirdeba 0.6
l esencia.
ozurgeTis raioni, sofeli makvaneTi
sulgunis damzadeba
axal amoyvanil yvels vdebT umarilod da vacliT amosvlas, e. i. sanam nasvretebi
gauCndeba, Semdeg najer marilwyals (kvercxi unda tivtivebdes Sig) vdgamT cecxlze, roca
gacxeldeba, masSi vyriT Txlad daWril yvelis naWrebs da vurevT joxiT, sasulgune masa
kargad rom gaiweleba da daiZafeba, gadmovwuravT da vaZlevT yvelis formas
senakis raioni, sofeli Sxefi
Roris xorcis Senaxva fSaurad
Zvlebgamoclil xorcs mWidrod Caawyobdnen qilaSi, daxuravdnen hermetulad da flavdnen
miwaSi, xorci inaxeboda 2 Tve. an qvabSi Cawyobil Zvlebgaclils xorcs daxuravdnen
mWidrod, inaxavdnen gril adgilze da fuTavdnen WinWriT, orive SemTxvevaSi aucilebeli
piroba hermetuloba iyo. xorci meore SemTxvevSi ufro ukeT inaxeboda
sagarejos raioni, sofeli askilauri
aleko baRdaZe
biomeurne 2 (13) 20062222
rCevebi biomeurneebs
vaSingtonis Statis univesitetis
samrCevlo samsaxuri aerTianebs kerZo
pirebs (mag., fermerebs), soflis
Temebsa da sxvadasxva oranizaciebs
maTi ganaTlebis, ekonomikuri mdgomare-
obisa da cxovrebis xarisxis gaumjobese-
bis mizniT, ganaTlebis danergviTa da
samecniero kvlevebis Sedegebis
gamoyenebiT. es samsaxuri daarsda 1912
wels da misi devizi, romelic dRemde
ucvleli rCeba, aris Semdegi: "davexmaroT
fermerebs, raTa fermerebi daexmaron
TavianT Tavs".
vaSingtonis StatSi, da zogadad
amerikis SeerTebul StatebSi, samrCevlo
samsaxurebi warmoadgenen federaluri,
Statisa da regionaluri saxelisuflo
organoebsa da kerZo donorebs Soris
TanamSromlobis unikalur sistemas, rom-
lis ZiriTad daniSnulebas warmoadgens
axlagazrdobis, saojaxo da saTemo
sakiTxebisa da agreTve garemos dacvisa
da soflis meurneobis Sesaxeb codnis
gavrceleba da zogadi ganaTlebis donis
amaRleba. samwuxarod, saqarTveloSi samr-
Cevlo samsaxurebs ZiriTadad donori
organizaciebi afinanseben da sax-
elmwifos roli am procesSi minimaluria,
Tuki saerTod arsebobs.
saqarTveloSi arsebuli samrCevlo sam-
saxurisagan gansxvavebiT, amerikuli
samrCevlo sistema imiT xasiaTdeba, rom
mas moepoveba momsaxurebis ufro
gafarToebuli areali, romelic mraval samecniero disciplinas
moicavs da ar aris SezRuduli mxolod soflis meurneobiTa da
garemos dacvis sakiTxebiT. amave dros unda aRiniSnos is, rom
samrCevlo sistemaSi CarTuli specialistebi iseT sxvadasxva
dargebSi arian dasaqmebuli, rogorebicaa, magaliTad, fsiqologia,
ekonomika da marketingi, sociologia da genderi, soflis meur-
neoba, ekologia da sxv.
Zalze mniSvnelovania samrCevlo samsaxuris Sesabamisobis
(relevanturobis) SenarCuneba da amisTvis mravalmxriv Seis-
wavleba da fasdeba arsebuli mdgomareoba rogorc mTlianad
Statis, aseve regionul doneze. moTxovnilebebs swavloben adg-
ilobrivi da Statis sakonsultacio sistemebis warmomadgenlebi
`elkanas~ samrCevlo samsaxurSi amJamad mimdinareobs
sakadro da funqcionaluri reorganizacia, rac am samsax-
uris efeqturobis amaRlebis aucileblobasTan aris
dakavSirebuli. reformebis Catareba moxdeba samsaxurSi
arsebuli problemis gaTvaliswinebiT da im ucxouri
gamocdilebis gamoyenebiT, romelic miviRe 2004_06
wlebSi vaSingtonis Statis universitetSi (aSS). amasTan
dakavSirebiT mindoda mokled gameziarebina am universis-
tetis fermerTa samrCevlo samsaxurSi SeZenili
gamocdileba da `elkanas~ samrCevlo samsaxuris funq-
cionirebis gaumjobesebis zogadi gegmac damesaxa.
`elkanas~ samCevlo samsaxuris
ganviTareba
samrCevlo samsaxuris xelmZRvaneli
sandro lolaZe
vaSingtonis Statis biomeurneobebSi Txebs iyeneben
sarevelebTan brZolisaTvis - ama Tu im kulturis daTesvamde
Txebs nakveTebSi uSveben, sadac isini sarevela balaxebs
Zoven.
biomeurne 2 (13) 2006
rCevebi biomeurneebs
2323
urebs fermerebi ar aRiqvamen raime usasyidlo an humanitaruli
datvirTvis mqone organizaciebad - maT mier ganxorcielebuli mom-
saxureba ZiriTadad dafuZnebulia fulad kapitalze, rasac
Sesabamisad mohyveba am samsaxurebis funqcionirebis xarisxis
maRali donisa da janmrTeli konkurentunarianobis SenarCuneba.
saqarTveloSi arsebuli samrCevlo samsaxurebisadmi, maT Soris
`elkanas~ samrCevlo samsaxuris mimarTac, fermerTa damokidebuleba
zustad sapirispiroa _ fermerebi aRiqvamen maT donorebad, rom-
lebic gascemen finansur daxmarebebs, an kidev - rogorc humani-
tarul organizaciebs, romlebsac evalebaT fermerebisaTvis usasyid-
lod sxvadasxva fizikuri daxmarebis gaweva. es yvelaferi, ra Tqma
unda, SeiZleba amave dros fermerTa mZime socialur-ekonomikuri
pirobebiTa da saqarTveloSi damou-
kidebeli fermeruli meurneobebis
arsebobis xanmokle istoriiT aixs-
nas.
`elkanas~ fermerebi ama Tu im
sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT iniciativas
sakmaod sustad iCenen da isini
mrCevelebisagan moelian mza rCe-
vebs, romlebic SeiZleba sulac ar
iyos aqtualuri arsebuli probleme-
bis gadawyvetasTan mimarTebaSi.
Cemi azriT, aqamde `elkanas~ samr-
Cevlo samsaxuri fermerTa meur-
neobebSi arsebul problemebs saTa-
nado doneze ar swavlobda. mo-
mavalSi ki am problemis gadaWra
gaxdeba am samsaxuris erT-erTi prioritetuli mimarTuleba.
femrerTa problemebis identifikaciis Sedegad dadgindeba ama Tu
im problemis aqtualuroba da Semdeg ki, SemuSavdeba maTi gadaWris
da agreTve federaluri, Statisa da
regionuli saxelisuflebo organoebi.
amgvarad, saqarTveloSi arsebuli
samrCevlo samsaxurebisagan gansxva-
vebiT, amerikis SeerTebuli Statebis
samrCevlo samsaxurebi agreTve
xasiaTdebian imiT, rom didi yurad-
Reba eqceva fermerTa Tu sasoflo
TemTa problemaTa mravalwaxnagovan
Seswavlas, rac, samwuxarod, saqarTve-
loSi ignorirebulia an Zalian sustad
aris ganviTarebuli.
unda aRiniSnos, rom bioproduqci-
aze moTxovnileba aSS_Si Zalze
didia. am produqciis warmoeba yovel-
wliurad izrdeba da ufro da ufro
didi popularobiT sargeblobs qveynis
mosaxleobaSi. amaSi, ra Tqma unda,
didi wvlili miuZRvis samrCevlo sam-
saxurebsac, romlebic did yuradrebas
aqceven sazogadoebasTan urTierTo-
bas da nergaven egredwodebul "saRi
kvebis" koncefcias. samwuxarod,
saqarTveloSi es tendenciebic amJamad
ar SeiniSneba an sustadaa Camoyalibe-
buli, rac agreTve migviTiTebs
samrCevlo samsaxurebis funqcionire-
bis sust ganviTarebaze da kvebis
xarisxis sferoSi saxlemwifo prior-
itetebis dabal maCveneblebze.
aRsaniSnavia, agreTve, fermerTa
damokidebuleba samrCevlo samsaxure-
bis mimarT: amerikis SeerTebul Sta-
tebSi samrCevlo samsaxurebs metwilad
fermerebi da fermerTa kooperative-
bis afinanseben da, aqedan ga-
momdinare, am samsaxurebs aqvT garkve-
uli finansuri valdebulebebi am dono-
rebis winaSe, anu samrCevlo samsax-
vaSingtonis Statis biofermebSi ekologiurad sufTa yurZnis moyvana
Zalzed popularulia. suraTze naCvenebia venaxis rigTaSorisebSi daTesili
sxvadasxva kulturebi, romlebsac sideratebis saxiT Caxnaven niadagis nay-
ofierebis asamaRleblad, amave dros es kulturebi niadagis eroziisgan
damcavi saSualebacaa.
vaSingtonis StatSi biologiur soflis meurneo-
basTan mimarTebaSi organuli nawarmis gasaRebis tem-
pebi yovelwliurad 20-30%_iT izrdeba da sul ufro
meti fermeruli meurneoba gadadis biologiur meur-
neobebis principebze dafuZnebul teqnologiebze.
vaSingtonis Statis universitetis samrCevlo samsax-
uri biologiuri soflis meurneobis seqtorsac did
yuradRebas uTmobs, rac agreTve xels uwyobs am seq-
toris swraf da mdgrad ganviTarebas da amave dros
momxmareblis moTxovnilebac kmayofildeba biopro-
duqciiT da xdeba garemo pirobebis ekologiuri
wonasworobis SenarCunebac.
biomeurne 2 (13) 20062424
rCevebi biomeurneebs
gegmebi. amave dros SemuSavdeba samr-
Cevlo samsaxuris funqcionaluri gan-
viTarebis ramdenime strategia, romelic
xels Seuwyobs fermerTa Soris `elkanas~
ndobis faqtoris aRdgenas da gaZlierebas.
agreTve SemuSavdeba da Seicvleba
`elkanaSi~ fermerTa gawevrianebis da
maTi urTierTanamSrmlobis meTodebi, rac
saboloo jamSi gamoiwvevs fermerTa
gaaqtiurebas da maTgan iniciativis ufro
aqtiur gamovlenas. amave dros aqcentireba
gakeTdeba ara gawevrianebul fermerTa
raodenobis gazrdaze, aramed aqtiuri
fermerebisaTvis samrCevlo samsaxuris
xarisxis amaRlebaze. femrerebma agreTve
unda gaacnobieron, rom `elkanas~ in-
teresebSi Sedis nayofier da aqtiur fer-
merebTan TanamSromloba, TviT fermere-
bisTvisac xelsayrelia `elkanas~ samr-
Cevlo samsaxuris funqcionirebis xarisx-
is gaumjobeseba, rac SeiZleba miRweul
iqnes mxolod da mxolod produqtiuli urTierTTanamSrom-
lobisa da fermerTa moTxovnebis gazrdis gziT.
`elkanas~ fermerebma, agreTve, unda gaiTvaliswinon rom
`elkana~ ar warmoadgens donor organizacias. mis funqciaSi
Sedis mxolod da mxolod misi eqxpertebis meSveobiT
fermerebisaTvis konsultaciebis gaweva iseT sakiTxebSi,
rogoricaa, magaliTad, agronomia, mcenareTa dacva, biopro-
duqciis moyvanis dagegmva da Semdgom am produqciis gasa-
RebaSi xelis Sewyoba, da ase Semdeg.
erT_erTi axali komponenti, romelic unda daematos `elka-
nas~ samrCevlo samsaxuris movaleobebs, aris axali teqnolo-
giebis mecnieruli meTodebis gamoyenebis Seswavla da war-
matebuli aprobaciis Sem-
deg maTi danergva bio-
meurneobebSi. rogorc we-
si, samrCevlo samsaxurebi
pirvelad informacias Ca-
tarebuli kvleviTi samuSa-
oebis Sedegebis Sesaxeb
iReben samecniero orga-
nizaciebisagan da amis
Semdeg nergaven axal teq-
nologiebs fermerul meur-
neobebSi. saqarTveloSi
Seqmnili rTuli ekonomi-
kuri pirobebidan gamomd-
inare, zemoaRniSnuli sa-
soflo-sameurneo, miT
umetes biologiur soflis
meurneobis sakiTxebis,
kvleva amJamad Zalze da-
bal donezea ganviTarebu-
li. amasTan dakavSirebiT,
`elkanam~, Tavis fizikuri Tu finansuri
SesaZleblobebidan gamomdinare, TviTon
unda SeiTavsos es funqcia, rac moicavs
axali teqnologiebis aprobaciasa da dan-
ergvas. amisaTvis gamoyenebuli unda iyos
`elkanaSi~ gawevrianebuli fermerebis re-
sursebi; SeirCes survilis mqone fermerebi
da maTs mcire farTobebze gamoicados es
teqnologiebi yvela aRiarebuli samecniero
saerTaSoriso standartisa da meTodolo-
giis gaTvaliswinebiT.
dabolos, zogierT fermersa da sxva
pirebs Soris arsebobs mcdari
mosazreba, rom biomeurneobebis
ganviTareba da maTi produqtiu-
lobis gazrda SeuZlebelia sa-
qarTvelos pirobebSio. me am
azrs kategoriulad ar veTanxmebi
da gulwrfelad vfiqrob, rom
saqarTveloSi bioproduqtebis
warmoebas Zalze didi potenciali
moepoveba, rasac sWirdeba didi
Sroma da am saqmeSi `elkana~
mniSvnelovan wvlils aucileblad
Seitans Tavisi wevri fermerebis
daxmarebiTa da TanadgomiT.
vaSingtonis StatSis mTavari sasoflo-sameurneo kultura xorbalia.
biologiur meurneobebSi, urwyav zonaSi, xorblis marcvlis mosavliano-
ba aRwevs daaxloebiT 5-6 t/ha-s, xolo biologiuri xorblisgan gamom-
cxvari saSualo zomis puri ki 4-5 aSS dolari Rirs da masze didi
moTxovnilebacaa.
vaSingtonis Statis q. pulmanSi yovel
SbaT-kviras imarTeba bioproduqciis
bazroba
biomeurne 2 (13) 2006
rCevebi biomeurneebs
2525
temperaturis cvalebadobiT izrdeba nivTierebaTa cvlis
procesi da Sesabamisad iklebs produqciis xarisxi. amitom
temperatura rac SeiZleba dabla unda davwioT. Tanamedrove
macivar-danadgarebi uzrunvelyofen temperaturis cvalebadobas
+ 0.50C-iT.
Senaxva da dasawyobeba mxolod teqnikisa da xelsawyoebis
saSualebiT SeuZlebelia, Tuki mosavali Sesabamisi wesebis
dacviT ar aris aRebuli. mosavali unda aviRoT Tavis droze,
kargad unda damuSavdes da frTxilad unda dasawyobdes. jiSi,
simwifis xarisxi, amindi, niadagis sakvebi nivTierebebiT
uzrunvelyofa, amindi mosavlis aRebisas - es yvelaferi
ganapirobebs produqciis xarisxs da mis mdgradobas
Senaxvisadmi. unda gvaxsovdes, rom mxolod saRi produqti
unda davasawyoboT.
produqciis dasawyobebisaTvis ar aris aucilebeli
Tanamedrove macivar-danadgarebi, soflis pirobebSi SeiZleba
sxvadasxva saxis sawyobi movawyoT. SemogTavazebT ramden-
ime maTgans:
bostneulis qviSaSi dasawyobeba erTerTi tradiciuli da
moxerxebuli meTodia maTTvis, visac sardafi aqvs. igi auci-
leblad unda niavdebodes. zamTarSi temperatura 5-10 0C unda
SevinarCunoT. bostneuls qviSis 20 sm-iani fena unda farav-
des. masSi SeiZleba SevinaxoT kolrabi, TeTrTaviani kom-
bosto. qviSa odnav notio unda iyos. periodulad unda Seva-
mowmoT, raTa ar gamogveparos lpobis baqteriebis gaCena.
aseT sawyobSi SeiZleba Warxlisa da kar-
tofilis erTad Senaxva - qveviT Warxali, xo-
lo zevidan kartofili. am SemTxvevaSi War-
xali daculia zedmeti aeraciisagan, xolo kar-
tofili zedmet tens aclis Warxals. yinvebis
SemTxvevaSi SeiZleba damatebiT gadavafaroT
polieTileni an raime Tboizolatori.
dasawyobebis optimaluri pirobebi:
� TeTrTaviani kombosto, brokoli,
yvavilovani kombosto, stafilo,
Warxali, niori, xaxvi, kartofili,
boloki, Talgami:
+2 0C -dan +8 0C -mde, haeris teni-
anoba 90%;
� vaSli, msxali, yurZeni:
+3 0C -dan +5 0C -mde, haeris teni-
anoba 85-dan 92%-mde;
biomrCeveli
aleqsandre kurtaniZe
Semodgoma Wirnaxulis aRebisa da dabinavebis periodia. mTeli wlis
najafi wyalSi rom ar Caiyaros, aucilebelia misi droulad aReba da
sworad Senaxva... nayofi mokrefis Semdegac agrZelebs sicocxles;
masSi mimdinare cvlis procesebi mniSvnelovan gavlenas axdens mis
rogorc garegan formaze, ise gemur Tvisebebze, rac saboloo jamSi
produqtis xarisxzec aisaxeba...
q v i S i s s a w y o b i
bostneulis Senaxva
xilisa da bostneulis
sacavebis mowyoba
biomeurne 2 (13) 20062626
rCevebi biomeurneebs
erT-erTi Zveli da SedarebiT martivi meTodi aris "soroSi" Senaxva. aseT
sawyobSi gansakuTrebiT kargad inaxeba kombostosnairebi. unda SevinaxoT
mkvrivi Tavebi, gare or-ori foToli unda SevacaloT. amrigad gasufTavebuli
fesvebiani Tavebi ukuRma unda CavawyoT ormoSi ise, rom mxolod fesvebi
Candes. `soros~ ar unda Caudges wyali, anu qveda fena mas wyalgamtari unda
hqondes. yinvebis SemTxvevaSi unda davfaroT namjiT.
s o r o
rogorc wesi, kombostos Semdegnairad aStabeleben: pirvel rigSi unda
gamovacaloT Rero da fesvebi, gasufTavebuli Tavebi garecxil qviSaSi fene-
bad unda CavalagoT, SuaSi unda CavdgaT sadrenaJo mili, romlis orive bolo
daixureba da karg amindSi SeiZleba gavaRoT ganiavebis mizniT. am milis
meore daniSnuleba isaa, rom kombostos mier gamoyofili siTbo gamoidevnos.
am Stabelis safarvelia 30 sm sisqis namjis fenaze zevidan dayrili 10-sm-
iani miwis fena. safarveli kombostos -20oC yinvis drosac ki icavs.
d a S t a b e l e b a
ormos meSveobiT, romelic saxlTan axlos unda amoiTxaros, meurnes
SeuZlia Tavisi bostneuli gazafxulamde cocxlad Seinaxos. amisaTvis unda
SevarCioT mSrali da qvebisagan gawmendili adgili, xis CrdilSi an saxlis
CrdiloeT mxares. ormos siRrme da sigane unda iyos 70 sm, xolo sigrZe
damokidebulia, Tu ra raodenobis produqcia gvaqvs Sesanaxi. Tuki xangrZlivad
vapirebT Senaxvas, maSin ormos kedlebi unda amovagoT kramitiT an bunebri-
vi qviT (ar SeiZleba xis gamoyeneba). Casawyobad viyenebT plastmasis
yuTebs, romlebic erTmaneTis gverdiT da erTmaneTze SeiZleba davalagoT.
unda gaviTvaliswinoT ormos dacva wvimisgan.
garda amisa, SeiZleba sacavi ufro primitiuladac movawyoT: amisaTvis
sarecxi manqanis doli an betonis didi diametris mili unda CavflaT miwaSi
da yinvisagan dasacavad namja an Tiva davafaroT.
o r m o
sarecxi manqanis doli miwaSi
penoplastis izolaciiT
biomeurne 2 (13) 2006
rCevebi biomeurneebs
2727
2005 wlis Semodgomidan guriis regionSi funqcionirebs
`elkanas~ warmomadgenloba.
ofisSi muSaobs 3 mrCeveli: laSa Rlonti, jaba WeiSvili
da Tiniko TalakvaZe, romlebic sakonsultacio momsaxure-
bas uweven guriis regionis biomeurneebs.
" konsultacia biomeurneobis sferoSi
" biopreparatisa da Teslis SekveTa
" elkanas publikaciebis, sainformacio furclebis, instruqcie
bis da sxva nabeWdi masalis miReba
vaSli saRi, wvniani da gemrieli darCeba, Tuki minimumamde daviyvanT
vaSlidan wylis aorTqlebas, amisaTvis saWiroa sacavSi haeris tenianoba
iyos 75%-ze meti, optimaluria 92%, xolo temperatura +3+4oC. rogor
SeiZleba mivaRwioT amas?
upirveles yovlisa, sasurvelia, rom sardafs miwis iataki hqondes (soxa-
ne). iatakze da kedlebze saWiroa Tixis filebis dalageba. sawyobisTvis
saWiro sigrile SeiZleba SevinarCunoT Ramis saaTebSi ganiavebiT. garda
amisa, yuTebs gadavafaroT Txeli polieTileni, romelic wvrilad iqneba
daxvretili. aseT pirobebSi, sakmaod didxans SeiZleba SevinaxoT xili.
sisufTavisa da dezinfeqciisaTvis miwas (an Tixis filebs) Txlad
movayaroT kiri.
mcire Tanxis daxarjviT SeiZleba kargi miwuri sacavis mowyoba. misi
didi upuratesoba isaa, rom igi advili misadgomia da mkacri zamTris
SemTxvevaSic ki SegviZlia xilisa da bostneulis SenaxvisaTvis optima-
luri pirobebis uzrunvelyofa.
xilis Senaxva
bostneulis sacavi
y u r a d R e b a !
d a g v i k a v S i r d i T
`elkanas~ warmomadgenloba guriaSi
guriis regionis biomeurneebs SeuZliaT miiRon
Semdegi momsaxureba:
q. ozurgeTi, griboedovis q. #2.
ofisi: 8 296 66694
laSa Rlonti 8 99 798498
jaba WeiSvili 8 93 584263
Tiniko TalakvaZe 8 93 906878
biomeurne 2 (13) 20062828
rCevebi biomeurneebs
ssssaaaammmmeeeeuuuurrrrnnnneeeeoooo
mmmmnnnniiiiSSSSvvvvnnnneeeelllloooobbbbaaaa
esparceti amierkavkasiaSi uZveles kulturaTa jgufs miekuTvneba. miuxedavad imisa,
rom msoflioSi 100-mde saxeobaa cnobili, kulturaSi umetesad mxolod samia gavrcele-
buli: Cveulebrivi esparceti-Onobrychis viciaefolia Scop; amierkavkasiis esparceti-
Onobrychis transcaucasica Grossh; qviSis esparceti- Onobrychis arenaria D. C. qarTuli
esparceti- Onobrychis Iberica Grossh. (esparcetebs Soris saukeTeso Taflismomcemia).
saqarTveloSi ZiriTadad gavrcelebulia amierkavkasiisa da qarTuli esparceti.
esparcets iyeneben Tivad, mwvane sakvebad, saZovrad; simindsa da sxva
marcvlovnebTan Sereuli umaRlesi xarisxis siloss iZleva.
esparceti mwvane masisa da Tivis mosavlianobiT SedarebiT kargad egueba mSrali
klimatis pirobebs da amitom esparceti xSirad sjobnis iseT uxvmosavlian parkosan
kulturas, rogoric ionjaa. kargi movlis pirobebSi kulturul jiSebs SeuZliaT mogvcen
7-8 tona Tivisa da 1,5-2 tona Teslis mosavali. is biologiurad swrafmzardi kulturaa
da SeiZleba gamoyenebul iqnes saZovradac. misi upiratesoba ionjasa da samyurasTan
SedarebiT imiTacaa ganpirobebuli, rom cxovels ar beravs.
mcenare didi raodenobiT iTvisebs niadagidan kirs, fosfors, kaliums, magniums, ris
gamoc sasuqebis mimarT did moTxovnilebas ar iCens. egueba TiTqmis yvelanair nia-
dags m. S. qviSian da qviSnar niadagebs. ver egueba mJave niadagebs, iseT niadagebs,
sadac axlosaa gruntis wylebi, wyalgaumtar, naWaobar niadags. momTxovnia kirisadmi,
uxvi mosavlis misaRebad niadagSi kiris raodenoba 0,5 %-ze naklebi ar unda iyos.
axasiaTebs Zlieri bartyoba da kargi SefoTvlis unari.
esparceti mravalwliani parkosani balaxia, igi saukeTeso sakvebia yvela saxis
niadagis eroziisagan dacva ufro da ufro aqtualuri xdeba mTel msof-
lioSi. erozirebuli niadagi, romelsac dakarguli aqvs wyaldamcavi funqcia,
xels uwyobs Camonadenis gaZlierebas, kokispiruli wvimebis dros uecar
wyaldidobas, zogjer Rvarcofebis warmoSobasa da xevebis gaCenas.
eroziasaSiS niadagebze yvela Teslbrunvam unda uzrunvelyos niadagis
nayofierebis amaRleba da misi dacva eroziisagan.
mcenareuli safari aqrobs mosuli naleqebis energias da xels uwyobs ero-
ziuli procesebis Semcirebas. mcenareebi akaveben naleqebis garkveul raode-
nobas, ris Sedegadac mcirdeba ferdobebze Camonadenebis intensivoba. mce-
nareuli safaris SeqmnisaTvis upirveles yovlisa unda gamoviyenoT mraval-
wliani balaxebi, romlebic Tavisi biologiuri Tvisebebis kvalobaze, swra-
fad iviTareben miwiszeda organoebs da faraven niadagis zedapirs, rac
amcirebs wvimis pirdapir zemoqmedebas niadagze, ris Sedegadac izRudeba
niadagis struqturis damSleli uaryofiTi moqmedeba, mcirdeba ferdobebze
zedapiruli Camonadenis intensivoba da Sesabamisad iklebs eroziuli done.
gvalvaamtani parkosani balaxis - esparcetisa da mravalwliani marcvlova-
ni balaxebis (mdelos wivana, ufxo Svriela, kapueta) narevis Tesva
warmatebiT SeiZleba gamoviyenoT ferdobebze saToxni kulturebis
Tesvisas e. w. buferuli zolebis Sesaqmnelad. buferuli zolebis sigane da
manZili maT Soris damokidebulia ferdobis daxrilobis sididesa da mosu-
li atmosferuli naleqebis intensivobaze.
Zvirfasi sakvebi
kultura da niadagis
eroziis winaaRmdeg
brZolis saSualeba
biomrCeveli
nukri memarniSvili
eeeessssppppaaaarrrrcccceeeettttiiii
biomeurne 2 (13) 2006
rCevebi biomeurneebs
2929
nnnniiiiaaaaddddaaaaggggiiiissss
ddddaaaammmmuuuuSSSSaaaavvvveeeebbbbaaaa,,,,
TTTTeeeessssvvvvaaaa
pirutyvisaTvis. izrdeba 60-100 sm. simaRlis, iviTarebs Zlier fesvTa sistemas, fesvi
Zlier datotvilia, niadagSi Cadis 3-6 m siRrmeze da unari aqvs gvalvis periodSi nia-
dagis Rrma fenebidan gamoiyenos wyali. fesvze iviTarebs koJris baqteriebs, romle-
bic intensiurad axdenen atmosferos Tavisufali azotis fiqsacias, riTac maRldeba
niadagis nayofiereba. samwliani naTesi 0-35 sm. niadagis fenaSi saSualod 7-15 tona
fesvTa sistemas da 140-200 kg azotovan SenaerTebs tovebs, aumjobesebs niadagis
struqturas da amitom esparceti nebismieri sasoflo-sameurneo kulturis saukeTeso wina-
morbedia.
esparceti saukeTeso Taflovani mcenarea. erTi ha naTesi saSualod 100-200 kg
Tafls iZleva. sxva mcenareebisgan gansxvavebiT, esparcetis yvavili wvens gamoyofs
mSrali klimatis pirobebSic da umaRlesi xarisxis Tafls iZleva.
daTesvidan aRmocenebamde 8-15 dRe sWirdeba, yvavilobas ionjasTan SedarebiT 10-
15 dRiT adre iwyebs.
ggggaaaaTTTTiiiibbbbvvvvaaaa didi mniSvneloba aqvs esparcetis droul gaTibvas, rac
yvavilobis fazis dasawyisSi unda ganxorcieldes. dagvia-
nebuli gaTibvis dros Tiva uxeSdeba, ikargeba mcenareuli cila da mcirdeba Tivis
kvebiTi Rirseba. esparceti unda gaiTibos dakokrebis dasasrulsa da yvavilobis dasaw-
yis fazaSi.
yuradReba unda mieqces gaTibuli esparcetis normalur gaSrobas, radgan misi foTlebi,
romlebic gansakuTrebiT mdidaria cilebiT, mzis sxivebis pirdapiri zemoqmedebis gamo
swrafad Sreba da advilad Sordeba Reros,
esparcetis winamorbedi xSirad TavTaviani pureulebia, amitom niadagis momzadeba
nawverlis aCeCviT unda daviwyoT (siRrme - 5-8 sm.). mzralad xvna unda CavataroT 30
sm. siRrmeze, xnuli aseT mdgomareobaSi rCeba gazafxulamde. rogorc ki SesaZlebeli
gaxdeba mindvrad gasvla, niadagi unda daifarcxos. Tu xnuli beltiania, nakveTi unda
damuSavdes kultivatoriT 8 - 10 sm. siRrmeze da Semdeg daifarcxos. Tesvis optimalu-
ri vadis SerCevas gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba aqvs. naadrevi an nagvianevi naTesis
zrda-ganviTareba araxelsayrel pirobebSi xdeba, rac mniSvnelovnad amcirebs mosavals.
erTi da imave kulturis Tesvis vadebi, adgilmdebareobisa da klimaturi pirobebis
Sesabamisad, mniSvnelovnad meryeobs. amitom sxvadasxva zonaSi unda SeirCes Tesvis
saukeTeso agroteqnikuri vada. esparcets Tesaven gazafxulze an zafxulSi. Tumca
gazafxulis naTesi ufro nakleb mosavals iZleva zafxulis
naTesTan SedarebiT.
esparcetis Tesli gaRivebas iwyebs 20 C siTbos pirobebSi.
misi ganviTarebis optimaluri temperatura ki 10 - 20 gradusia.
esparceti iTeseba mwkrivad, 80-120 kg./ha Tesvis normiT. Ca-
Tesvis siRrme ar unda
aRematebodes 2-3 sm-s, msubuq
niadagebSi ki - 4-6 sm-s.
TTTTeeeesssslllliiiissss
aaaaRRRReeeebbbbaaaa
esparcetis Teslis aReba SesaZlebelia daTesvidan meore wels. Teslis mosavalze did
gavlenas axdens naTesTan axlos futkris skebis siaxlove, esparceti jvaredinad gama-
nayofierebeli mcenarea da futkari didad uwyobs xels Teslis uxvi mosavlis miRebas.
mosavlis aReba unda daviwyoT parkebis 60-70 %-is gamuqebisTanave, riTac Tavidan
avicilebT Teslis Cacvenas. saTesle nakveTSi yvavilobis fazaSi unda Catardes
jiSobrivi margvla da aprobacia. Teslis aRebis Semdeg aucilebelia misi gawmenda,
gaSroba da daxarisxeba.
biomeurne 2 (13) 20063030
rCevebi biomeurneebs
saqarTveloSi - mevenaxeobis klasikur
qveyanaSi keramikli warmoebis iseTi dargi,
rogoric meqvevereobaa, mTlianad meRvine-
obis interesebs emsaxureba. qvevri is Wur-
Werlia, romelSic mimdinareobs tkbilisa Tu
durdos daduReba, daRvineba da Senaxva. amri-
gad, misi daniSnuleba da mniSvneloba
meRvineobaSi udidesia da qvevris, rogorc
sameurneo xasiaTis mqone WurWlis, war-
moSoba Zalzed Soreul warsulSia savaraudo.
saerTod, meTuneoba xuT ZiriTad dargad
iyofa; esenia _ meagureoba, mekramiteoba,
meWurWleoba meToneoba (saidanac warmodga
am dargis saxelwodeba meTuneoba) da meqve-
vreoba. keramikuli nawarmi TiTqmis yvela
saxis Tixisagan mzaddeba, romelsac moipo-
veben rogroc aRmosavleT, aseve dasavaleT
saqarTveloSi, magram qvevr-Wurebis dasamzade-
blad Tixac gansakuTrebuli unda iyos da dam-
zadebisa Tu gamowvis teqnologiac saTanado
codnasa da gamocdilebas moiTxovs. sulxan-
sabas ganmartebiT "Wuri ars kecTagan
WurWeli: qvevri, yvibari, qoco, xalani, dergi,
lagvini, lagvinari da misTanani".
qvevris moculoba Zvel saqarTveloSi 10-
dan 7000-8000 litramde meryeobda.
misi did moculobas, rasac gansakuTrebuli mniSv-
neloba eniWeba ojaxur pirobebSi;
masSi TiTqmis ucvlelia temperatura, rasac aseve
didi mniSvneloba aqvs qvevrSi mimdinare yvela teq-
nologiur procesSi;
misi Seucvleli da gansakuTrebuli roli kaxuri
tipis Rvinis dasayeneblad;
qvevrs, ise rogorc muxis kasrs, ar axasiaTebs
aSroba, da amrigad - danakargi;
yvela teqnologiuri pirobis zusti dacviT qvevrSi
Rvino hermetulad da xangrZlivad inaxeba;
vazisa daRvinis qveyana...
biomrCeveli
giorgi barisaSvili
qvevris dadebiT mxared miiCneven:
mis uaryofiT mxareebidan gamoyofen:
qvevris kedlebis Zlier forianobas;
misi recxvisa da movlis siZneles;
gansakuTrebiT didi moculobis qvevrebSi mciredi
vibraciis drosac ki (miwisZvra, mewyeri da sxv.)
didia misi kedlebis dabzarvis riski;
arsebobs axali, uxarisxo qvevris SeZenis saSiS-
roeba.
q v e v r iq v e v r i
saqarTvelo vazisa da Rvinis klasikuri qveyanaa, sadac vazis uTvalavi jiSi
gamouyvaniaT, sadac Cinebul Rvinos arqauli wesebiT ayeneben...
am mcire statiaSi SevexebiT qarTuli marnis aucilebel atributs - qvevrs.
biomeurne 2 (13) 2006
rCevebi biomeurneebs
3131
am ukanasknelis riskis safuZvels warmoadgens
meqvevreobisadmi garkveulwilad gulgrili damokidebu-
leba da qvevris damzadebis teqnologiis arasruli
dacva. qvevris kedlebis forianobis sawinaaRmdegod
axali qvevrebis miwaSi Cadgmamde Sida zedapirs
gaaTboben (gacxelebamde) da Signidan Taflis cvils
gamousvamen. gamTbari qvevris kedlebi cvils Rrmad
Seiwovs da amrigad gamoiricxeba rogorc Rvinis
gaJonvis an garedan nestis SeRwevis riski, aseve
xmarebisa da recxvis proceSi cvilis mocilebis
saSiSroeba. rac Seexeba misi recxvis siZneles, es
problema imdenad aqtualuri yofila, rom Zvelad arse-
beobda profesia `qvevris mrecxavi" da amrigad
qvevrs profesionali recxavda. unda aRiniSnos, rom
qvevris RvinoSi raime `xelis" - zadis da daavadebis
gaCena ganpirobebulia swored qvevris recxviT.
mniSvnelovania qvevris rogorc gamoyenebis wina
garecxva, aseve qvevris saTanado recxva misi carie-
lad datovebis dros. orive SemTxvevaSi, aseve
Rvinis gadaRebisas, qvevrs uxrColeben gogirds _ 3
gr gogirdi yovel 100 l WurWelze. qvevrs kedlebis
meti simtkicisaTvis garedan Tixisave rgolebs
ukeTebdnen, rac TvalnaTliv Cans gansakuTrebiT
Zveli qvevrebis zedapirze, amave mizans emsaxureba
SedarebiT gvian (XI s-is bolos) saqarTveloSi gavr-
celebuli xerxi _ qvevrebis dakirva, romelic warmo-
adgens erTgvar antiseismur RonisZiebas. qvevrebis
dakirva saqarTveloSi Zalian swrafad gavrcelda, rac
ganpirobebuli iyo aRniSnul periodSi saqarTveloSi
momxdari uZlieresi miwisZvriT, romelmac savse qve-
vrebis umetesoba daaziana. aRsaniSnavia is garemo-
ebac, rom garedan Tixis salteebiT Semorgolili qve-
vri SesaniSnavis winapirobaa qvevris dakirvisa,
vinaidan rgolebi kirs SesaniSnavad imagrebs. axlo
warsulSi zogjer kiris nacvlad cementsa da gudrons
iyenebdnen, magram zog SemTxvevaSi es operacia
sazianoc ki aris qveveris RvinisaTvis; ase rom,
kiri jerjerobiT Seucvlelia. xolo riski imisa, rom
axali qvevrebi rigi teqnologiuri procesebis dauc-
velad mzaddeba, arcTu usafuZvloa. gamocdili meqve-
vre, magaliTad, WurWlisaTvis momzadebul Tixas
saguldagulod daaxarisxebs da arviTar SemTxvevaSi
mdinaris, wvimis, an nagubari wyliT ar mozels.
Tixa izileba molod da mxolod maRali xarisxis
sasmeli wyliT. gasaTvaliswinebelia, agreTve
,gamowvis temperatura da xangrZlivoba, rasac aseve
naklebi yuradReba eqceva. unda aRiniSnos, rom qve-
vri imdenad daxvewili WurWelia, rom man dRemde,
mravali saukunis Semdeg, TiTqmis ucvlelad
moaRwia. qvevrebs, garda Rvinisa, iyenebdnen WaWis,
mwnileulis, yvelis, erbosa da marcvleulis Sesa-
naxadac; magram igi, rogorc ukve aRiniSna, Zi-
riTadad meRvineobis WurWelia da misi Seqmnac am
dargis ganviTarebam gamoiwvia saqarTveloSi.
qarTuli marnis mravalricxovan WurWel-iaraRTagan
erT-erTi umTavresia sawnaxeli. yurZnis fexiT dasawurad
gankuTvnili sawnaxeli xSirad xis morisaganaa gaTlili.
qarTl-kaxeTSi mas navi hqvia, imereTsa da guriaSi - saw-
naxeli, samegreloSi - oWinaxi, xolo raWa-leCxumSi xor-
gos an xapis saxeliT ixsenieben. xis sawnaxeli metadre
dasavleT saqarTvelosTvisaa damaxasiaTebeli. aqaur
marnebSi SeiZleba SegxvdeT cacxvisa Tu wablis ostatu-
rad gaTlili, gulamoRebuli mori: patara onjaro anu xel-
navi 30-40 fuT yurZens itevs da umTavresad yurZnis
mosakavebladaa gankuTvnili, ufro xSiria 200-300 fu-
Tiani xorgo-sawnaxeli, iSviaTia xuTasfuTiani veeba
sawnaxeli.
qarTl-kaxeTSi da imereTis zog mxareSi `gakuTxuli~
sawnaxelia xmarebaSi. amgvari sawnaxeli Signidanac da
garedanac sworad, brtyladaa gaTlili. erT mTlian morSi
gaTlili sawnaxelis masiur Tavebs anu Sublebs mtkavel-
ic Zlivs gaswvdeba. yurZnis dawurvisas Zala umetesad am
nawilebs adgeba. xangrZlivi xmarebis Sedegad sawnaxels
Tavebi uskdeba. marnebSi sSirad naxavT TavCadgmul saw-
naxels. gadaWrili Sublis nacvlad mas Tavsa da boloSi
mWidrod Cadgmulia magari ficris sami naWeri, sarTauli,
meti simtkicisaTvis sawnaxelSi ganivad gayrili
latanebiTa da xis solebiT gamagrebuli.
guria-samegreloSi, raWa-leCxumsa da agreTve qvemo
imereTSi gavrcelebuli sawnaxeli garedanac xis moris
moyvanilobisaa da Signidanac mrgvladaa `amonavuli~.
mrgvali sawnaxeli Cveulebriv `Tvgamoyenebuli~ ficris
mTliani an sami nawilisagan Sedgenili Tavi aqvs
Casmuli.
biomeurne 2 (13) 20063232
rCevebi biomeurneebs
xis sawnaxeli
mrgvali xorgo-sawnaxeli aRniSnul mxareebSi naw-
ilobriv Rvinis dasaduRebeli WurWlis movaleobasac
asrulebs. mrgvalad gulamoRebuli, sagrZnoblad `pir-
Sekruli~ sawnaxeli aqauri meurnis sityviT, `ga-
kuTxulze ukeTesi saduRaria~.
Tu sawnaxels kargad daaTvalierebT, darwmundebiT,
rom igi gamocdili xuros naxelavia. mesawnaxeleo-
bas, rogorc xiT xuroobis sagangebo dargs, Zvel-
Tagan, gansakuTrebiT dasavleT saqarTveloSi misde-
vdnen.
xuri, `mesawnaxele~ xes karga xniT adre Seigulebs
tyeSi. sasawnaxeled gamodgeba cacxvi, Tela, wabli...
maT Soris cacxvi saukeTesod iTvleba - igi msub-
uqia, gamosaTlelad da amosaWrelad advili, misi mori
ar gaskdeba da gaTlaSi ar gaipoba. sasawnaxeled
mzvareSi gazedil magar xes amjobineben, amasTan
uzados da swors.
xes, Cveulebriv, Semodgomaze an zamTarSi Wrian.
Tovliani zamTari saukeTeso droa xis mosaWrelad,
Rrma TovlSi waqceul sasawnaxeles naklebad moelis
daskdoma da misi tyidan gamotana sagrZnoblad advil-
ia.
miwaze waqceuli sasawnaxlo iqve tyeSi nawilobriv
gaiTleba. mas jer damoraven: najaxiT totebs Semoac-
lian, sasurvel sigrZeze gadazomaven da Tavsa da
boloSi najaxiTve gadaWrian, anda xerxiT daabird-
abireben. mrgvali sawnaxelisaTvis gankuTvnil mors
mxolod kans Semoaclian da maSinve sawnaxlis gulis
amoRebas Seudgebian. gakuTxvili sawnaxlis gaTla ki
garedan misi gakuTxviT, oTxkuTxad gaTliT iwyeba.
xes najaxiT guls amouReebn, Semdeg ki mokletariani
eCoTi amowmenden.
gaTlil sawnaxels gadaabruneben da or-sam xeze
momaRlod daayeneben. oriode kviriT ase pirqve-
damxobil sawnaxels qari da yinva gamoaSrobs da
kidev ufro gaamCatebs...
Sin motanili sawnaxeli sabolood gaiTleba da
gaiwyoba. mas dawuruli wvenis, tkbilis, gamosasvlel
indurs gamouburRaven da maranSi Seitanen. sagange-
bod amoTlil xis namorebze dabjenili sawnaxeli
ramdenime Taobas gauwevs samsaxurs...
biomeurne 2 (13) 2006
rCevebi biomeurneebs
3333
biomeurne 2 (13) 20063434
agrobiomravalferovnebis dacva
On-farm konservacia in situ konservaciis
nawilia da mcenareuli genetikuri resursebis
Semonaxvas da mdgrad gamoyenebas emsaxureba,
genetikuri resursebis evrokomisia da evropis
kooperacia am mimarTulebiT sakmao Zalisxmevas
axdens. rio de Janeiros konvenciis (CBD)
Semdgom gansakuTrebuli yuradReba eniWeba adgi-
lobrivi genetikuri resursebis konservacias da
maTs menejments. amJamad mimdinareobs me-7
faza am RonisZiebebisa. pirveli Sexvedra Sedga
2005 wels polvezeSi (italia), da exeboda on-
farm konservacias. meore Sexvedris mizani iyo
problemebis ganxilva.
SexvedraSi monawileoba miiRo 17 qveynis
30-mde monawilem. Sexvedra gaixsna ECPGR- is
me-7 fazis brifingiT, romelic IPGRI -is
meTvalyureobiT mimdinareobda (warmomadgeneli
aiSa del greko).
moxsenebebi Seexeboda:
1. organizaciebisa da kerZo pirebis monacemTa baza
(v. negri)
2. dakanoneba da mxardaWera on-farm konservaciis
kuTxiT
(p. froidentaleri)
3. On-farm konservaciis sakiTxebi evropaSi (z.stex-
no, m. vatelaineni)
4. IPGRI -is da qselis wevrebis roli (aiSa del greko)
5. amomwuravi definicia lendrasis raobis Sesaxeb (n.
maqstedi)
meore nawili pirveli dRis Sexvedrisa daeTmo erov-
nuli proeqtebis mimdinareobas.
1. p. moreiram (portugaliis warmomadgenelma) isaubra
simindis adgilobrivi lendrasebis mniSvnelobaze
da maTze Catarebul seleqciur samuSaoebze.
2. n. mangetma isaubra xexilovani kulturebis on-farm
konservaciaze.
3. r. fogelma moxseneba gaakeTa Crdilo-aRmosavleT
germaniaSi on-farm konservaciis Sesaxeb.
warmodgenili iqna agreTve saerTaSoriso proeqtebi
on-farm konservaciaze "On-farmsafe" (v. negri), italia
da "Egrisi" (n. maqstedi), inglisi. am dRes Cvenc
gavakeTeT prezentacia "elkanas" da uSualod Cveni saq-
mianobis Sesaxeb.
meore dRis Sexvedra gaixsna axali proeqtebis
ganviTarebis Sesaxeb diskusiiT, romelSic monawileob-
da ramdenime warmomadgeneli. Sexvedris SesaZleb-
lobebsa, pasuxismgeblobebze da drois CarCoze isaubra
aseve ramdenime monawilem.
ECPGR-is sekretariatisa da sameTvalyureo
komitetisTvis momzadda momavali samuSao principi da
xedva. agreTve daiTqva momavali Sexvedris dro da
adgili, aseve is saqmianobebi da saWiroebebi, romle-
on-farm konservaciis da
menejmentis meore
Sexvedra
ECPGR
Stegelici, germania, 19-20 ivnisi, 2006 w.
agrobiomravalferovnebis dacvis samsax-
uris xelmZRvaneli
biZina feraZe
biomeurne 2 (13) 2006
agrobiomravalferovnebis dacva
3535
saqarTvelos flora Zalian mravalferovania, igi Sedgeba mcenareTa iseTi
jgufebisagan, romlebic naklebad Seswavlilia qimiuri da samkurnalo
Tvisebebis TvalsazrisiT. erT-erTia goqSosebrTa (Dipsacaceae Lind) ojaxi,
masSi gaerTianebulia Svidi gvari (Dipsacus L., Scabiosa L., Cephalaria Scrad
ex Roem., Knautia L., Pterocephalus Adans., Succia Neck., Succisella G. Beck).
maT Soris Cephalaria imiTaa mniSvnelovani, rom misi erT-erTi saxeoba (C.
syriaca (L.) Schrad) gamoyenebuli iyo CvenSi xorbalTan erTad dafquli da rom-
lisganac cxveboda e.w. `maxobliani puri~. am purisaTvis damaxasiaTebelia
lurji Seferiloba, sasiamovno gemo da xangrZlivad rbilad Senaxvis unari.
maxobeli gavrcelebuli iyo ZiriTadad adgilobrivi xorblebis moyvanis
arealSi, naTesebSi. maxobeli mimikrirebuli iyo xorblis zrda-ganviTarebis
mimdinareobasTan, Semodioda xorbalTan erTad da gamolewvis Semdeg ereoda
xorblis Tesls. adgilobrivi xorblebis gadaSenebis gamo, maxobelic gaqra,
Tumca Tavis droze igi sxvaganac iyo aRniSnuli.
maxoblis monaTesave mcenareebi goqSosebrTa ojaxidan sxvadasxva xalxebSi
ZvelTaganve farTod gamoiyeneboda saxalxo medicinaSi. ase, magaliTad,
bic xels Seuwyoben on-farm konservaciis programis
gagrZelebas.
Sexvedra dasrulda biosferuli rezervatis
monaxulebiT.
Semdeg dReebSi Cven gavecaniT ramdenime
arasamTavrobo organizaciis organul meurneobebsa da
biolandis meurneobas vilmersdofSi.
maxoblis da misi monaTesave
veluri saxeobebis qimiuri da
samkurnalo Tvisebebi
agrobiomravalferovnebis dacvis
samsaxuris TanamSromeli
taiul beriSvili
biomeurne 2 (13) 20063636
agrobiomravalferovnebis dacva
C. gigantea (Led.) E.Robr.-is yvavilebi gamoiye-
neboda sasunTqi gzebis anTebis, RviZlis daa-
vadebebis, xvelebis, gaciebis, sisxlis amoxve-
lebisas, agreTve gulsisxlZarRvTa sistemis
daavadebebis dros (Ðîëëîâ, 1908; Ìèðçîÿí è
äð. 1946; Ïðèëèïêî, 1961). CvenSi es mcenare
cnobilia skipalos saxeliT da igi farTodaa
gavrcelebuli mTel saqarTveloSi.
am gvaris kidev ori saxeobis C. procera
Fish. et Lall. da C. armeniaca E. Bordz. Cais
nayeni gamoiyeneboda rogorc oflmdeni da
sicxis damwevi saSualeba. maxobelis
monaTesave gvaris Scabiosa (folia) saxeobe-
bis - S. columbaria L. (goqSo), saxeobebis D.pilosus L., D. strigosus Willd. D. laciniatus L,
fesvi, foToli da yvaviledi saxalxo
medicinaSi ixmareba filtvis tuberkulozis,
sifilisis, meWeWebis, qavilis, kanis gamonayre-
bis, Tvalis daavadebebis, hemorois, koJrebis,
gvelis nakbenis da sxv.
winaaRmdeg (Ðîëëîâ,1908; Ìèðçîÿí è äð.
1946).
kidev erTi gvaris
Knautia-s saxeobis K.
arvensis L. miwiszeda
nawilebidan damzadebu-
li Cais nayeni gamoiye-
neba anTebis sawina-
aRmdegod da antisepti-
kuri miznebisaTvis,
aseve gamoiyeneba ka-
nis daavadebebisa da
Sardis buStis anTebis
dros.
goqSosebrTa ojaxis
mravali warmomadgeneli
Seicavs biologiurad
aqtiur nivTierebebs - alkaloidebs, triterpe-
noidebs, xederganins, oleanolis mJavas, gigan-
teozidebs, gencianins, gencianadins, gencia-
nans; fenolkarbonmJavebs: qlormJavas, 3,4-
dihidroqsildariCinmJavas; flavonoidebs: sver-
tizins, kvercetin-3-arabino-7-glikozids, kver-
cetin-7-glukozids da a.S.
gvar Scabiosa-s saxeobebi - S. bipinata C.
Koch.; S. caucasica bieb.; S. olgae Slbov.-is
miwiszeda nawilebi Seicavs cinarozids da
kvercimeritrins (Çåìöîâà, Áîíäþêîâà 1968;
Çåìöîâà, 1969; Êèðèëü÷åíêî è äð. 1971). aseve
bipinata Seicavs oxrizids.
S. caucasica-s miwiszeda nawilebi Seicaven:
- diosmins, apigenins da roifolins, xolo
S. columbaria - saponins.
S. bipinate, S. caucasica, S. olgae-s miwiszeda organoebSi
aRmoCenilia fenilkarbonuli mJavebi: kofeinis, qlorogenis
da neoqlorogenis mJavebi (Çåìöîâà, 1969; Áîíäþêîâà
1972; Ðîçàíîâà, Íàéäàêîâà. 1974). fesvebi Seicaven alka-
loidebs (Ìàñàãåòîâ, 1946), xolo yvaviledi - svertiaponin-
sa da svertizins (Çåìöîâà, Áîíäþêîâà, 1977).
Cuccisa pratensis Moench.-dan gamoyofili da identifi-
cirebulia gencianini (Trossell, 1983), xolo Knautia monta-
na (bieb) DC.-s miwiszeda nawilebi Seicavs saponins da qlo-
rogenis mJavas (Áàíäþêîâà è äð. 1970; Çåìöîâà,
Áàíäþêîâà, Øèíêàðåíêî, 1972).
hegnaueris-is (1966) mier gvarebSi - Scarbiosa, Dipsacus,
Cephalaria, Pterocephalus da Succisa, alkaloidebTan,
saponinebTan da polifenolur naerTebTan erTad napovnia
iridoiduli glukozidi Cephalariosid F (loganini)
C16H24O10,[α] D20- 104,730.
yvela zemoT moxseniebuli saxeoba gavrcelebulia
saqarTveloSi, zogi farTod, mag., C. gigantea, K. mîntana,
S. caucasica, sxvebi - SedarebiT naklebad. gansakuTrebul
yuradRebas ipyrobs C.
gigantea - skipalo, ro-
melic yvelgan gvxvdeba
da advilad SesamCnevia
Tavisi garegnobiT.
igi 1,5-2,5 m simaRlis
izrdeba, aqvs datotvi-
li Rero da didi monac-
risfro-yviTeli Sefe-
rilobis Tavaki yvavi-
lebi.
aRsaniSnavia isic,
rom Seswavlilia yvela
am mcenaris miwiszeda
organoebi (Rero, fo-
Toli, yvavili) da nawi-
lobriv fesvi, naklebad
- Tesli. CvenTvis sain-
teresoa maxobelis
(C.syriaca-s) Teslis qimiuri Semadgenloba, misi cximovani
mJavebis, saxameblis, fenoluri naerTebis raodenobrivi
gansazRvra da alkaloidebis, flavonoidebis, fenoluri
mJavebis da terpenoidebis Tvisobrivi Semadgenlobis gark-
veva.
rogorc qimiuri analizidan gairkva, maxoblis Tesli didi
raodenobiT (22%) Seicavs mcenareul zeTs. swored amitom
amravleben am mcenares bulgareTSi da Teslidan miRebul
zeTs iyeneben saWmelad da teqnikuri miznebisaTvis. Tavad
zeTi Seicavs laurinis, miristainis, palmitinis, stearinis,
oleinis da linolenis mJavebs. isini miekuTvnebian e.w.
`Seucvlel~ cximovan mJavebs. es mJavebi ar sinTezirdeba
adamianis organizmSi da maTi miReba saWmelTan erTad
adamianisaTvis aucilebelia. `Seucvleli~ mJavebi monawileo-
ben ujredis membranis SenebaSi, prostaglandinebis
C. syriaca
biomeurne 2 (13) 2006
agrobiomravalferovnebis dacva
3737
sinTezSi (prostaglandinebi aregulireben
nivTierebaTa cvlas ujredSi, sisxlis wnevas da
Trombocitebis agregacias, organizmidan gamo-
devnian Warb qolesterins da zrdian sisxl-
ZarRvebis kedlebis elastikurobas). maxoblis
TeslSi naxSirwylebis warmomadgenlis saxame-
blis raodenoba Seadgens 5,58%-s. monosaqari-
debidan maxoblis TeslSi qaRaldze qromatogra-
fiis meTodiT aRniSnulia glukoza. fenoluri
naerTebis saerTo raodenoba maxoblis TeslSi
Seadgens 0,4%-s. garda amisa, maxoblis TeslSi
qaRaldze ormxrivi qromatografiis meTodiT
aRmoCenilia 11 flavonoiduri naerTi da 6
fenokarbonuli mJava. aseve maxoblis TeslSi
Txelfenovani qromatografiis meTodiT aR-
moCenilia 5 alkaloidi.
literaturuli monacemebiT maxoblis sxvadas-
xva organoSi (fesvi, Rero, foToli, nayofi)
aRmoCenilia naxSirwylebi da maTi warmoebuli
R-meTilglukozidi, mTrimlavi nivTierebebi,
saponinebi, iridoidebi da vitamini C.
gansakuTrebul yuradRebas ipyrobs lurji
Seferilobis warmoqmna maxoblian purSi.
jer kidev 1909 wels holandielma mecnierma
tamesma Caatara gamokvleva, romelmac aCvena,
rom goqSosebrTa ojaxis zogierTi saxeobis
mcenaris foTlebi tenian garemoSi neli gacxe-
lebisas amJRavneben lurj Seferilobas. am
nivTierebas man uwoda dipsaqtoni da
miakuTvna iridoidur naerTebs. SemdgomSi 1949
wels liusma maxoblis Teslidan gamoyo mono-
meruli glukozidi, mware gemos mqone cefala-
rozidi F, romelic emsgavseba iridoidebis
jgufSi Semaval loganins. unda vifiqroT, rom
maxobliani puris lurji Seferiloba ganpirobebulia iridoi-
duli naerTebiT, romlebic miekuTvnebian monoterpenebis
rigis ciklopentanoidur tips.
amrigad, goqSosebrTa ojaxis rigi saxeobebi garkveuli
samkurnalo TvisebebiT xasiaTdebian, amitom maTi Seswavla
mniSvnelovania. miT umetes CvenSi mravali saxeobaa gavrce-
lebuli. rac Seexeba maxobels C. syriaca, sasurvelia misi
gamoyeneba puris cxobaSi puris Tvisebebis gaumjobesebis
mizniT. isic gasaTvaliswinebelia, rom es Cvens winaprebs
sakmao drois win scodniaT. amdenad tradicias gagrZeleba
esaWiroeba.
C. gigantea
biomeurne 2 (13) 20063838
fermerTa uflebebis dacva
giorgi laferaSvili
manana wulaia
momavali siRaribis
gareSe
siRaribe
saqarTveloSi Raribi mosaxleobis udidesi nawili
sofelSi cxovrobs. `elkana~ swavlobs soflad arse-
bul problemebs: mosaxleobis azrze dayrdnobiT
vaanalizebT soflis ganviTarebis ZiriTad
Semaferxebel faqtorebs. Cven gvjera, rom xelisufle-
bam gansakuTrebuli yuradReba unda dauTmos
siRaribis aRmofxvras soflad. sxva arasamTavrobo
organizaciebTan erTad Cven vcdilobT, sazogadoe-
bis yuradReba mivapyroT sofelSi arsebul proble-
mebs. Cveni miznebis miRweva SesaZlebelia, Tu
sakuTar codnasa da resursebs gavaerTianebT.
aliansi
`momavali siRaribis gareSe~ samoqalaqo
aliansia, romelic ormocdaaTze met ara-
samTavrobo organizacias aerTianebs. Cveni
mizania, saqarTvelos mTavroba davarwmunoT
erTiani strategiuli xedvis aucileblobaSi,
rom ganxorcielebuli reformebi ar iyos
fragmentuli xasiaTisa da siRaribesTan
brZola qveyanaSi mTavar prioritetad daisax-
os. es araa mxolod Cveni survili - axali
aTaswleulis mijnaze saqarTvelos mTavrobam
es valdebuleba saerTaSoriso doneze aiRo.
aTaswleulis ganviTarebis miznebi
2000 wlis seqtemberSi, gaeros aTaswleulis samitze, 191 saxelmwifom, maT Soris
saqarTvelom, xeli moawera deklaracias, romlis Tanaxmadac 2015 wlamde SesaZlebeli unda
gaxdes: siRaribis zRvars qvemoT myofi mosaxleobis ricxvis ganaxevreba; daubalansebeli
sakvebi racionis mqone mosaxleobis ricxvis ganaxevreba; konfliqtebisa da stiqiuri
movlenebis Sedegad dazaralebuli da iZulebiT gadaadgilebuli mosaxleobis socialur-
ekonomikuri reabilitacia da samoqalaqo integracia;
xuT wlamde asakis bavSvTa da mSobiareTa sikvdilianobis maCveneblis mniSvnelovani
Semcireba... (aTaswleulis ganviTarebis miznebisa da Sesabamisi amocanebis sruli sia ixileT
misamarTze: www.un.org/millenniumgoals). aliansis Zalisxmeva mimarTulia imisken, rom
saqarTvelos moqalaqeebi gecnon aTaswleulis ganviTarebis miznebs da CvenTan erTad
moiTxovon maTi Sesruleba. valdebulebis aRebidan ukve eqvsi weli gavida - dro ar iTmens!
biomeurne 2 (13) 2006
fermerTa uflebebis dacva
3939
globaluri mowodeba
`momavali siRaribis gareSe~
saerTaSoriso koaliciis wevria,
romelic msoflios garSemo aTa-
sobiT organizacias aerTianebs.
(vrclad koaliciis saqmianobaze,
ixileT www. whiteband.org). 2005
wels milionobiT adamianma mouwoda
msoflios liderebs, gadadgan ufro
qmediTi nabijebi siRaribis aRmo-
safxvrelad. es mowodeba saqarTve-
loSic gaismoda.
aprilis TveSi Sedga samoqalaqo aliansis `momavali siRaribis gareSe~ wevri organizaciebis Sexvedra,
sadac dadginda, rom:
Cven vuerTdebiT `TeTri sartyeli - globalur aqcias~, romelic mTels msoflioSi 17 oqtombers
gaimarTeba. es siRaribesTan brZolis saerTaSoriso dRea;
saqarTvelos sxvadasxva regionSi gaimarTeba samuSao Sexvedrebi arasamTavrobo seqtoris
warmomadgenlebTan. am SexvedraTa mizania siRaribis winaaRmdeg brZolaSi adgilobrivi
arasamTavrobo seqtoris gaaqtiureba;
Catardeba treningebi dainteresebuli arasamTavrobo organizaciebisTvis: saxelmwifo programebis
monitoringi adgilobriv doneze;
kampaniis miznebis lobirebisaTvis Sedgeba samuSao Sexvedrebi samTavrobo struqturebTan
sxvadasxva doneze;
momzaddeba Ria werili (peticia) saqarTvelos prezidentisadmi siRaribis daZlevis konkretuli da
qmediTi RonisZiebebis gatarebis moTxovniT (sainiciativo jgufi varaudobs 20 aTasi xelmow-
eris Segrovebas).
ra gavakeTeT
`elkana~ aqtiurad monawileobda aliansis mier organize-
bul `TeTri sartyelis~ aqciebSi. 2005 wels msgavsi aqciebi
mTeli msoflios garSemo gaimarTa - adamianebi, romlebsac
erTi miznebi da TeTri feris sartyelebi aerTianebT,
siRaribis aRmofxvras moiTxovdnen.
`elkana~ monawileobda egsdp-is (ekonomikuri ganvi-
Tarebisa da siRaribis daZlevis programa) ganxorcielebis
angariSis proeqtisaTvis rekomendaciebis momzadebis
procesSi. Cveni rekomendaciebi, romlebic soflis meur-
neobas Seexeboda, sxva organizaciebis SeniSvnebTan erTad
aliansma `momavali siRaribis gareSe~ ekonomikuri
ganviTarebis saministros warudgina.
biomeurne 2 (13) 20064040
fermerTa uflebebis dacva
Sexvedraze `elkanam~ aliansis wevrebs mouwoda sofelTan dakavSirebuli qmedebebis
gaaqtiurobisaken. Cven vgegmavT gasvliTi samuSaoebis Sedegebis Sejamebas da fermerebis
warmomadgenlobiTi yrilobis Catarebas. yrilobaze (savaraudod, 2007 wlis aprili) ganvixilavT
saqarTveloSi soflis meurneobis reformis mimdinareobas da fermerTa problemebs, aseve
agraruli seqtorisa da siRaribis aRmofxvris saxelmwifo programebs.
yrilobaze fermerebi sakuTar koncefcias SeimuSaveben. aliansi `momavali siRaribis
gareSe~ am xedvas xelisuflebis warmomadgenlebs gaacnobs.
ufro vrclad `momavali siRaribis gareSe~ saqmianobis Sesaxeb, ixileT: www.whiteband.ge
fotoebi: zviad nikolaiSvilis/Oxfam
biomeurne 2 (13) 2006
fermerTa uflebebis dacva
4141
fermeris iuridiuli konsultacia
bondo alasania
elene SatberaSvili
miwis moijares aqvs ufleba, miwa saxelmwifosagan
Seisyidos pirdapiri miyidvis formiT. amisaTvis man
gancxadebiT unda mimarTos saqarTvelos ekonomikuri
ganviTarebis saministros saxelmwifo qonebis
aRricxvisa da privatizebis teritoriul organos.
swored teritoriuli organoa pasuxismgebeli pir-
dapiri miyidviT privatizebaze.
gancxadeba wardgenil unda iqnes ijaris xel-
Sekrulebis vadis Sewyvetamde, magram ara ugvianes 10
wlisa xelSekrulebis dadebis dRidan. amasTan moi-
jares gancxadebis wardgenis droisaTvis ar unda
ericxebodes saijaro qira da miwis gadasaxadi.
gancxadebas unda daerTos:
(TandarTuli dokumentebis sia amomwuravia. )
im SemTxvevaSi, Tu moijares ar aqvs sajaro
reestris amonaweri, man sasoflo-sameurneo miwis
nakveTis amonaweris moTxovnis Taobaze gancxa-
debiT unda mimarTos raionis saregistracio samsax-
urs. rac Seexeba miwis nakveTis sakadastro gegmas,
igi aseve amonawerTan erTad unda gaices. im
SemTxvevaSi, Tu sakadastro gegma ar arsebobs an Tu
sakadastro gegma ar iZleva detalur-srulyofil infor-
macias miwis nakveTis Taobaze, gancxadebas
damatebiT unda daerTos specialistis (kerZo piris an
organizaciis) mier Sesrulebuli miwis nakveTis
sakadastro gegma, romelic unda Seesabamebodes miwis
registraciis Sesaxeb saqarTvelos kanonis moT-
xovnebs.
teritoriuli organo dadgenili wesiT registraciaSi
gaatarebs gancxadebas, dausvams registraciis TariRs,
nomers da ganmcxadebels dauyovnebliv gadascems
gancxadebis registraciaSi gatarebis damadasturebel
dokuments.
teritoriuli organo ganixilavs gancxadebas da
moijares gaugzavnis werilobiT Setyobinebas gada-
saxdeli Tanxis odenobisa da misi sul cota 20%-is
rogorc wina publikaciaSi dagpirdiT, gTavazobT sasoflo-sameurneo miwis privatizebis Sesaxeb
saqarTvelos kanonis mixedviT privatizebis ganmaxorcielebeli organoebis ufleba-movaleobebisa da priva-
tizebis procesis Catarebis procedurebis mimoxilvas.
fermerTa uflebebis dacva - biologiur
meurneobaTa asociacia `elkanas~ erT-erTi mizania.
2004 wlis gazafxulze holandiuri organizaciis
- NOVIB-is xelSewyobiT organizaciam daiwyo am
mimarTulebiT realuri nabijebis gadadgma.
SegiZliaT mogvmarToT kiTxviT TqvenTvis sain-
tereso iuridiul sakiTxebze da Cveni Jurnalis
saSualebiT gagiwevT kvalificiur konsultaciebs
� saxelmwifosTan dadebuli ijaris
xelSekruleba TandarTuli dokumentebiT an
maTi notariulad damowmebuli aslebi;
� ijaris xelSekrulebis reestrSi registraciis
damadasturebeli amonaweri da masze
TandarTuli miwis nakveTis sakadastro gegma;
� piradobis (aseve binadrobis, Tu cal-calkea
gacemuli) mowmobis asli.
sasoflo-sameurneo miwis privatizebis ganmaxorciele-
beli organoebis ufleba-movaleobebisa da privatize-
bis procesis Catarebis procedurebis mimoxilva
pirdapiri miyidvis formiT miwis privatizeba
gvekiTxebian ���� vupasuxebT
biomeurne 2 (13) 20064242
fermerTa uflebebis dacva
dafarvis Taobaze. miwis nakveTis sruli Rirebuleba
an misi 20% 1 Tvis ganmavlobaSi Setanil unda iqnes
bankSi, Sesabamis angariSze, da gadaxdis damadasture-
beli dokumenti waredginos privatizebis teritoriul
organos, romelic Tavis mxriv sami dRis vadaSi
gascems miwisa da sxva uZravi qonebis SeZenis
damadasturebel oqms.
Tu miwis nakveTis fasi srulad ar aris dafaruli,
amave vadaSi organo gaaformebs ipoTekis xelSek-
rulebas, rac imas niSnavs, rom moijare miwis nak-
veTis mesakuTre xdeba, magram safasuris srulad da-
farvamde es nakveTi ipoTekiTaa datvirTuli da Tan-
xis gadauxdelobis SemTxvevaSi igi auqcionze gai-
yideba. miwis safasuri kanonis mixedviT dgindeba da
saqarTvelos sagadasaxado kodeqsiT sasoflo-sameur-
neo daniSnulebis miwaze dadgenili qonebis
gadasaxadis sabaziso wliuri ganakveTis aTmagi ode-
nobis tolia. gadaxda SesaZloa moxdes Semdegnairad:
Tu moijarem es pirobebi ver Seasrula, maSin
gadasaxdeli Tanxis 100% Semdeg nel_nela unda
dafaros, ise, rogorc es pirvel punqtSia gaTvalis-
winebuli.
miwis nakveTze sakuTrebis gaformebisTvis au-
cilebelia sajaro reestrSi gatardeT, rogorc miwis
nakveTis mesakuTre. amisaTvis saregistracio samsax-
urs unda waredginos saregistracio gancxadeba, Se-
Zenis damadasturebeli oqmi, piradobis mowmobis
asli, aseve ipoTekis xelSekruleba, Tu aseTi arseb-
obs. registraturis TanamSromeli valdebulia, 10 dRis
ganmavlobaSi registraciaSi gaataros miwis nakveTis
mesakuTre da daaregistriros qonebis ipoTekiT
datvirTvis faqtic.
� daifaros gadasaxdeli Tanxis 20% da
danarCeni Tanxa daifaros 9 wlis
ganmavlobaSi, magram aranakleb yovelwliurad
10%-isa;
� Tu Tavidanve an erTi wlis ganmavlobaSi dai-
fareba 50%, an 1-dan 3 wlamde 70%, Tanxis
gadaxdis damadasturebeli dokumenti unda
waredginos privatizebis teritoriul
organos, romelic Tavis mxriv 3 dRis vadaSi
adasturebs valdebulebis Sesrulebas, ris
safuZvelzec uqmdeba ipoTekis xelSekruleba
da miwa gamosyidulad CaiTvleba.
momdevno publikaciaSi ganxiluli
iqneba specialuri da Ria auqcionis
Catarebis procedurebi.
gvekiTxebian ���� vupasuxebT
biomeurne 2 (13) 2006
Cveni biomeurneebi
4343
davibade 1969 wels dmanisis raionis sofel javaxSi. igi mdebareobs zRvis
donidan daaxloebiT 1100 m-ze da Tbilisidan daSorebulia 120 km-iT, sofelSi
200-mde komli cxovrobs, gvaqvs 300 ha saxnavi da amdenive saZovari, sofeli
ZiriTadad mesaqonleobas da mebostneobas misdevs. Tavis droze sofelSi erT-
erTi mowinave kolmeurneoba iyo, soflis miwebze Zalian xarisxiani bostneuli
modis da axla gvinda avaRorZinoT es dargi
myavs meuRle, ori Svili, mSoblebi, sofelSi dabadebuli var da Sesabamisad
bavSvobidanve kargad vicnob soflis meurneobas, davamTavre saSualo skola,
Semdeg vimsaxure jarSi, jaris Semdeg ki Cavabare Tbilisis saxelmwifo
universitetSi biznesfakultetze ekonomikis ganxriT, universitetis
damTavrebis Semdeg davbrundi raionSi da vmuSaobdi sxvadasxva samsaxurebSi,
vimuSave sagadasaxado inspeqciaSi, dmanisgazSi, purkombinatSi, mas Semdeg, rac
sabiujeto organizaciebi gaRaribdnen da xelfasebi aRar gaicemoda,
SemTxveviT aRmovaCine `elkana~, es iyo 1999 wels.
...Semovedi `elkanaSi~, Semxvda mrCeveli, gavesaubre mas
da gavige, ras niSnavs biomeurneoba. aRmoCnda, rom igi
zustad miesadageboda Cems ojaxs da Cems sofels -
mogvyavs xarisxiani produqcia, madliani miwa gvaqvs da
nakleb Sxam-qimikatebs iTxovs. mivxvdi, rom Tu gadarCenaa,
swored es sfero gadaarCens Cems sofels da mxares-meTqi...
gviambeT cota ram
Tqvens Sesaxeb
icnobdeT
jondo aduaSvili
weRan vTqvi, rom vmuSaobdi dmanisgazSi, Camosuli viyavi TbilisSi saq-
transgazSi, mezobel Senobaze SemTxveviT wavikiTxe abra `biologiur meur-
neobaTa asociacia `elkana~. simarTle giTxraT, maSin ver gavarkvie ra iyo
bio, magram raxan meurneoba iyo naxsenebi, gadavwyvite gamerkvia, Semovedi
`elkanaSi~, Semxvda mrCeveli, gavesaubre mas da gavige, ras niSnavs biomeur-
neoba. aRmoCnda, rom igi zustad miesadageboda Cems ojaxs da Cems sofels,
imitom, rom mogvyavs xarisxiani produqcia, madliani miwa gvaqvs da nakleb
Sxam-qimikatebs iTxovs. mivxvdi, rom Tu gadarCenaa, swored es sfero
gadaarCens Cems sofels da mxares-meTqi. 99 welSi gavwevriandi `elkanaSi~ da
mas Semdeg nel-nela matulobs wevrebis raodenoba Cemi soflidan. simarTle
rom giTxraT didi warmatebisTvis ar mimiRwevia da ojaxisaTvis didi fuli ar
miSovia, magram samagierod vipove Cemi cxovrebis saorientacio gza, davanebe
Tavi dmanisgazSi muSaobas da mis Semdeg iqiT aRar gamixedavs.
ratom gawevriandiT
`elkanaSi~?
interviu Caiwera
daTo doliZem
biomeurne 2 (13) 20064444
Cveni biomeurneebi
sakmaod Zlieri meurneoba maqvs, Cems ZmebTan erTad mikavia 3 ha miwis
farTobi. myavs 9 suli msxvilfexa saqoneli da 11 Rori. miwis nakveTze
ZiriTadad momyavs kartofili, kombosto, ojaxisaTvis saWiro sxva produqte-
bi. wels pirvelad, `elkanas~ samrCevlo samsaxuris rCeviT davTese brokoli,
wiTeli kombosto da kolrabi.
am kulturebs (brokoli, wiTelTaviani kombosto da sxva) garkveuli farTobi
gamovuyavi, Tu meurneobas ar gaaumjobesebs, did zaralsac ar momayenebs, ise
Cemi varaudiT, unda gaaumjobesos, ufro sasalaTe kombostos jiSebia, axali
xilia da, me mgoni, pirveli mercxaliviT iqneba Cvens sofelSi.
pirvelad `elkanas~ bazrobaze vnaxe zamTarSi, maSin 1 lari Rirda brokoli,
Cemi piradi dakvirvebiT daavadebis mimarT ufro gamZlea, vidre sxva kom-
bostos jiSebi, igive mosavlianoba aqvs da ufro advili mosavlelia,
danamdvilebiT ki seqtembris Tve gvaCvenebs saerTo Sedegs..
ra warmatebebs
miaRwieT Tqvens
meurneobaSi?
analogiurs, rasac mamakaci, ojaxs uvlian, ojaxis biujeti abariaT. sxvaTa
Soris yvela ucxoeli, romelic Cvens sofelSi Semodis, mag kiTxvas svams.
aziis sazRvarze vcxovrobT, SexedulebiTac vgavarT da albaT fiqroben, rom
qalebi daCagrulebi ariano. magram Cven pirvel rigSi qarTvelebi varT da qalis
fasi kargad viciT, isini iseTive uflebebiT sargebloben, riTac Cven, abso-
luturad Tanasworuflebianebi varT. Cven meuRleebi varT da uRelSi orivem
Tanabrad Tu ar gaiwia, ise saqme ar gakeTdeba. Cems meuRles rom sxva, Cemgan
gansxvavebuli azri hqondes, me dRes `elkanas~ wevri ar viqnebodi. Cems ojaxSi
mefutkreobas Cemi meuRle uZRveba, me mxolod damxmare muSis rols vasruleb
am SemTxvevaSi. ojaxSi Tu qals ZaRli ar uyvars, kaci ZaRls ver iyolieb, Tu
kata ar uyvars, katas ver gaiCen.
qalebi ra saqmi-
anobas ewvian
meurneobaSi?
2003 wels Cvens sofelSi Semovida `elkanas~ saTemo mobilizebis jgufi,
daTo, aleko, qeTi, mTeli wlis ganmavlobaSi gvswavlobdnen, gvesaubrebodnen
soflis sxvadasxva saWirboroto sakiTxebze da ukve 2004 wels SevZeliT
soflis mTavari satkivaris gadawyveta: `elkanas~ daxmarebiT da soflis
mondomebiT gavakeTeT dmanisis masStabiT grandiozuli proeqti, romelic
dResac salaparakod aqvT raionSi, me Tavis qeba ar minda, magram TiTqmis
arnaxuli proeqti ganxorcielda. davrwmundi, rom Turme sakuTari mondomebiTac
SeiZleba saqmis gakeTeba. maSin rom raionis gamgeobas da wyalmomaragebis
sammarTvelos daewyo am saqmis gakeTeba, biujetidan 40-50 aTasi dolari
dasWirdeboda. Cven ki mokle droSi da SedarebiT mcire TanxebiT (`elkanam~
mogvca 9 aTasi lari, 29 aTasi laris Rirebulebis milebi gadmogvca gamgeobam
uzurfruqtis wesiT da 2 000 lari gadmogviricxa, sofelma Tavis wilad 2 aTasi
gviambeT Tqven
sofelSi gakeTebul
sarwyav sitemaze
biomeurne 2 (13) 2006
Cveni biomeurneebi
4545
lari Seagrova da sakuTari fizikuri Sroma Cado) SevZeliT sami soflis ter-
itoriaze gagvetarebina 5 km sigrZis sarwyavi magistrali da gagvesarwyavebi-
na 250 ha saxnav-saTesi. xolo Semdeg, raxan sarwyavi sistema gakeTda, ukve
saWiro gaxda mis mdgradobaze zrunva da Sesabamisad CamovayalibeT sairiga-
cio sistemis asociacia.
wina wlebi SedarebiT naleqiani iyo da Sesabamisad didi datvirTva ar hqo-
nia, magram wels ukve gvalvebma gvaCvena misi aucilebloba, wels daaxloebiT
20 ha moirwyo, zogma erTi nakveTi ramdenjerme morwyo da Zalian kmayofilebi
arian. asociaciaSi gvyavs gamgeobis 5 wevri, gamgeobis gadawyvetilebiT
davaweseT droebiTi gadasaxadi - 2000 m2 farTobis morwyva Rirs 7 lari erTi
wlis ganmavlobaSi, mniSvneloba ar aqvs, ramdenjer moirwyveba. es sawyis
etapze, imitom, rom garkveuli saremonto samuSaoebia Casatarebeli. samomavlod
vapirebT aviyvanoT ramdenime merue, romlebic moawesrigeben wylis ganawile-
bas. Seiqmneba samuSao adgilebi, iqneba buRalteri, daraji iqneba saTave
nagebobaSi, daaxloebiT 7 kaci dasaqmdeba sofelSi.
piriqiT, mezobeli azerbaijanuli sofeli Zalian kmayofilia; iq am sarwyavi
sistemiT sargebloben da daaxloebiT 4 ha miwis nakveTs rwyaven, pirvelad maT
gamoiyenes Cveni sarwyavi sistema. xalxi Zalian kmayofilia imiT, rom am
proeqtma gaamarTla. Cemi soflis uxucesebma wamiyvanes da maCvenes is adgili
saidanac 60-ian wlebSi Cvenma sofelma sasmeli wyali gamoiyvana, mezobeli,
azerbaijanelebiT dasaxlebuli soflidan, am wylis gamoyvanis dros or sofels
Soris didi konfliqti yofila. raikomis mdivnis doneze gadauwyvetiaT prob-
lema Semdegnairad: wylis erTi mesamedi wamoiyvana Cvenma sofelma, im sofels
ki ori mesamedi darCa, romelic dResac mdinareSi iRvreba. raxan Cvens soflebs
Soris kargi urTierToba damyarda, ukve SesaZlebelia imaze fiqri, rom es
darCenili wyalic Cveni soflisaken mivmarToT. es urTierToba ki imis gamoa,
rom maT Cveni sarwyavi sistemidan vasargeblebT, 4 ha miwisaTvis 4 onkani
davuyeneT, raTa nakveTebis morwyva SesZlebodaT.
sarwyavi sam
sofelze gadis. xom
ar Seqmnis es prob-
lemebs?
Tavidan gaTvlili iyo imaze, rom wyali sofelSi Semogveyvana da Semdeg
TviTdinebiT ganawildeboda nakveTebSi, magram Sida arxebi Zalian cud
mdgomareobaSia, amitom wylis miwodeba soflis mTel farTobze jerjerobiT
gaZnelebulia. Tan pirveli welia, rac morwyva daviwyeT, sofelSi saubaria
debetis naklebobaze, sofeli SiSobs, rom arsebuli wylis debeti ar eyofa am
farTobebs, ra Tqma unda, mdinarec rom miuSva nakveTebze, erTdroulad isic
ki ar eyofa mosarwyavad, Tu wesrigi ar iqna daculi da grafikis mixedviT ar
moirwyo.. rac Seexeba debets, sarwyavi sistema saTaves iRebs mTaSi mdebare
tbidan, romelic adre 1400 ha-s rwyavda, da 250 ha misTvis araferi ar aris, es
tba dResdReobiT gayidulia, ra Tqma unda, misi mflobeli SemosavliTaa dain-
teresebuli, Tu mosaxleoba miwas morwyavs da Sesabamisad gadaixdis, Tavis-
Tavad tbis mesakuTresac garkveuli Semosavali eqneba. samomavlod vapirebT
muSaobas Semdegi principiT: marti-aprilis TveSi glexisgan Semova ganacxadi
asociaciaSi, Tu ramden heqtarze Tesavs sarwyav kulturebs, da ramdenze
monokulturas (xorbali, qeri) romelsac naklebad esaWiroeba morwyva. faqtiurad
asociaciam Tavidanve unda gansazRvros saWiro wylis miaxloebiTi raodenoba,
raTa winaswar movelaparakoT tbis mepatrones da Sedges morwyvis grafiki.
Sesabamisad moxdeba am yvelafris gaangariSeba da amis Semdeg ganisazRvreba
morwyvis fasebic.
ra farTobs rwyavT?
Tavidan 250 ha-ze
iyo gaTvlili...
biomeurne 2 (13) 20064646
Cveni biomeurneebi
Tu adamiani sofelSi cxovrobs da miwas amuSavebs, 2000 m2 miwis farTobi
daaxloebiT 1000 lar Semosavals iZleva, mourwyavi miwa ki mesamed mosavals
iZleva, aqedan gamomdinare, misTvis 10 an 15 lari araferi ar aris; samomavlod
vfiqrobT aseve gavawesoT gadaxdis ramdenime varianti: Tu glexi gazafxulze
gadaixdis Tanxas, maSin mas mouwevs, pirobiTad vTqvaT, 10 laris gadaxda,
xolo Semodgomaze ukve 15 lars gadaixdis.
mosaxleobas SeuZlia
gadaxda?
`ziaris~ menejerma gagvacno sakredito kavSiris muSaobis sqema, mogvewona
da 56 kacma CamovayalibeT sakredito kavSiri "mija" (es Cveni soflis Zveli
saxelia), davdeT 50-50 lari, `ziarma~ Tavis mxriv dagvimata 17 000 lari. kred-
itebis gacema daviwyeT 20 Tebervlidan da dReisdReobiT gacemuli gvaqvs kred-
itis saxiT 12 000 lari. sasoflo sameurneo samuSaoebisaTvis gavcemT 300-
300 lars. xalxi kmayofilia da me vfiqrob, rom am wlis bolosaTvis es 56
kaci 116 kacamde mainc gaizrdeba. marTalia, glexisaTvis 300 lari patara Tanxa
ar aris samuSaoebis Casatareblad, magram vfiqrobT, rom momavalSi es Tanxa
1000 laramde gavzardoT. dResdReobiT gacemulia 40 krediti. aris iseTi xalx-
ic, romlebic am kreditis imedze arian SeSis sayidlad, an bavSvebis
skolisaTvis mosamzadeblad
ras gvetyviT glexTa
sakredito kavSiris
Sesaxeb?
kidev erTxel minda madloba gadavuxado `elkanas~, masTan urTierTobiT
bevri rame viswavle da bevri megobari SeviZine. viyavi saqarTvelos sxvadasx-
va mxareSi - gurjaanSi, samcxe-javaxeTSi, ozurgeTSi, mcxeTaSi, adre sul sxva
warmodgena mqonda, Cems sofelSi ambobdnen, rom sofeli rkinis madanzea
gaSenebuli, cud pirobebSi da cud regionSi varTo, aqedan gamomdinare, mec guli
mqonda ayrili Cems sofelze, magram rac sxva regionebSi vnaxe, aRmoCnda, rom
Cemi sofeli maTTan SedarebiT Zalian mdidari yofila. marTali yofila
gamoTqma, sadac ara varT, yvelgan kargi mgoniao. rodesac davbrundi sofelSi
ganvucxade Tanasoflelebs, rom Turme Zalian magar adgilze gvicxovria, erTad
davdgeT, movuaroT aqaurobas da yvelafris gakeTeba SegviZlia. qalaqi axloa,
sarwyavi gvaqvs, produqciac aris da bazaric.
`elkanas~ wevrebs vusurveb imas, rasac sakuTar Tavs: kidev da kidev cod-
nis amaRlebas, sakuTari meurneobis warmatebiT gaZRolisaTvis saWiro codnis
miReba aucilebelia, da rac mTavaria, ar unda SeeSindeT siaxleebis, ufro
gaaqtiurdnen da yovelTvis gamonaxon dro sxvadasxva kontaqtebis dasamyare-
blad. me TavSi vTqvi, rom `elkanas~ wevrobiT didi fuli ar miSovia, magram
mosaxleoba xedavs, rom Cemi meurneoba ufro da ufro stabilurad viTardeba,
amitom sofelSi ukve bevri mbaZavs da `elkanaSic~ wevriandebian.
ras usurvebdiT elka-
nas wevrebs