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DIENCEPHALON
• 1 EPITHALAMUS
• 2 THALAMUS
• 3 SUBTHALAMUS
• 4 HYPOTHALAMUS
III. ventricle
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AMPHIBIANS
MAMMALS
increased
sensory inputs
pineal gland and
habenular nuclei
great
development
zona incerta and
subthalamic nucleus
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Diencephalon - vývoj
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DIENCEPHALON – mediální strana
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1-fornix
2-anterior commissure
3-cavity of III. ventricle
4-choroid plexus
5-corpus callosum
6-habenula
7-hypothalamus
8-interthalamic adhesion
9-interventricular foramen
10 mamillary body
11-optic chiasma
12- pineal body
13-posterior commissure
14-septum pellucidum
15-superior colliculus
16-thalamus
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Pohled na dorsální stranu thalamu po
částečném snesení hemisféry
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Senzitivní dráhy
Přehled drah
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Funkční dělení jader thalamu
1) Nespecifická – ncll. Intralaminares, mediani
2) Specifická sensorická
ventralis posteromedialis
ventralis posterolateralis
CGM
CGL
3) Specifická nesensorická
ventralis anterior
ventralis lateralis
ncll. anteriores
ncll. mediales
4) Asociační – Ncll. laterales
Ncll. posteriores
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NFP,MS,
ncll.V.n
Mozeček
Basální
gangliaggl. opticumCI
Hippocampus, amygdala,
hypothalamus
Retikulární
formace
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Limbický
systém
Motorická a
premotorická
kůra
Široké oblasti kůry
(aktivační systém)
Asociační kůra
Senzitivní kůra
Zraková kůra
Sluchová kůra
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Limbický
systém
Motorická a
premotorická
kůra
Široké oblasti kůry
(aktivační systém)
Asociační kůra
Senzitivní kůra
NFP,MS,
ncll.V.n
Mozeček
Basální
ganglia
Retikulární
formace
ggl. opticumCI
Hippocampus, amygdala,
hypothalamus
Zraková kůra
Sluchová kůra
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Limbický
systém
Motorická a
premotorická
kůra
Široké oblasti kůry
(aktivační systém)
Asociační kůra
Senzitivní kůra
NFP,MS,
ncll.V.n
Mozeček
Basální
ganglia
Retikulární
formace
ggl. opticumCI
Hippocampus, amygdala,
hypothalamus
Zraková kůra
Sluchová kůra
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Hypothalamus
optic chiasma
terminal lamina
mammilary body
hypothalamic sulcus
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Hypothalamus
Topografická anatomie
Jádra a spoje
Autonomické, neuroendokrinnní a limbické funkce
Spoje se hypofýzou
(hypothalamohypofyzální trakt a portální systém)
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mammilary body
optic chiasma
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Hypothalamus - cévní zásobení
anteromedial group
posteromedial group
Central arteries of Willis circuit
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Willis Thomas 1621–1675 Sir Christopher Wren
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rostrální část
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střední část
lateral hypothalamus
medial hypothalamus
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Nissl staining
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kaudální část
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1-fornix
2-anterior commissure
3-cavity of III. ventricle
4-choroid plexus
5-corpus callosum
6-habenula
7-hypothalamus
8-interthalamic adhesion
9-interventricular foramen
10 mamillary body
11-optic chiasma
12- pineal body
13-posterior commissure
14-septum pellucidum
15-superior colliculus
16-thalamus
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MEDIALNÍ
HYPOTHALAMUSFornix
Anterior hypothalamus
medial preoptic area
anterior hypothalamic area (ncl.)
supraoptic ncl.
paraventricular ncl.
suprachiasmatic ncl.
dorsal hypothalamic area
Middle hypothalamus (tuberal)
central tuberal area
(ventromedial ncl
dorsomedial ncl.)
tuberal ncll.
infundibular (arcuate) ncl
dorsal hypothalamic area
Posterior hypothalamus (mamillar)
posterior hypothalamic nucl
mammilary nucll.
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MEDIALNÍ
HYPOTHALAMUS
Anterior hypothalamus
medial preoptic area (APM)
anterior hypothalamic area (ncl.) (AHA)
supraoptic ncl.(SO)
paraventricular ncl (PV)
suprachiasmatic ncl. .(SCH)
dorsal hypothalamic area (AHD)
Posterior hypothalalmus
posterior hypothalamic nucl (NHP)
mammilary nucll.
Sagittal section through
the medial hypothalamus
-scheme
Middle hypothalamus (tuberal)
central tuberal area (ATC)
(ventromedial ncl-HVM
dorsomedial ncl.-HDM)
tuberal ncll.(magnocellular-Tmag, medial – TM)
infundibular (arcuate) ncl (inf)
dorsal hypothalamic area (AHD)
TM
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Sagittal section through
the lateral hypothalamus -
scheme
LATERAL HYPOTHALAMUS
lateral preoptic area (APL)
lateral hypothalamic area (AHL)
dorsal hypothalamic area AHD)
lateral tuberal ncl (TL)
medial tuberal ncl. (TM)
supraoptic ncl.
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parasympathetic
system
sympathetic
system
limbic system
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suprachiasmatic ncl
„body clock“
preoptic area
termoregulation, sex behavior, sleep
anterior commissure
oxytocin, releasing hormones
lateral ncll.
increase food and
water intake
„hunger and thirst
center“
fornix
median eminence
arcuate nucleus
releasing hormones
infundibulum reduce food intake
„satiety center“
tuberomammilary ncll.
mammilary body
Hypothalamická jádra - hlavní funkce
response to
cold
supraoptic ncl –
antidiuretic hormone
Sleep
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Hypothalamus
• circadiánní rytmus (suprachiasmatic ncl.)
• rytmus spánku a bdění (VL preoptic area, lateral hypothalamic area)
• termoregulace (preoptic area, posterior nuclei)
• příjem tekutin (supraoptic nucleus)
• příjem potravy (? ventromedial ncl., lateral nucleus ?)
• růst
• rychlost látkové přeměny
• reprodukce
• immunita (sympathetic fibers close to lymphatetic tissues)
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Schema hlavních aferentů a eferentů
hypothalamu
Hypothalamus
baroreceptors
chemoreceptors
solitary ncl
RF
photoreceptors
Limbic structures
Amy, Hipp, septum
prefrontal cortex
spinal
cord
olfactory tract
olfactory cortex
CSF
blood
Limbic structures
Amy, Hipp, septum
prefrontal cortex
Sympathetic ncll.
parasympathetic ncll.RF
Thalamus (MD)
Cortex
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Hypothalamus a limbický system
Cingulate gyrus
Hippocampal formation Amygdala Septum
Hypothalamus
fornixstria
terminalis
ventral
amygdalofugal
pathway
medial forebrain bundle
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Hypothalamus afferents
Prefrontal cortex
Bulbus olfactorius
Gyrus cinguli
Retina
Amygdala
Olfactory
cortex
Hippocampus
solitary tract ncl.
raphe ncll.
locus coeruleus
central gray matter
stria terminalis
fornix
Septal nucll.
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Hypothalamus afferents
Prefrontal cortex
Thalamus (MD)
Amygdala
Reticular
formation
Hippocampus
posterior vagal nucleus
central gray matter
stria terminalis
fornix
Septal
nucll.
Spinal cord
preganglion
sympathetic
neurons
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SCHRetina
Epiphysis
melatonin
SPVZ DMHyp
VLPOVLPO
extAHLat
TM
Cortex
Thalamus
GABA Glu
TRH
Basální telencephalon
PePo
LD
vSGC
Coe
RD
ACh
Glu
DA
NA
5-HT
Hist
GABA, galanin
--
-
-
-
orexin
-
ACh
-adenosin
- +
+
+ + + + +
+
+
+
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LDT/PPT
Th
acetylcholinvSGC
RD
Coe
AHL TMBasal
telencephalon
Cortex
Hypothalamus
histamin
dopamin
serotonin
orexin
noradrenalin
glutamate
acetylcholin
Části a mediátory
ascendentního
systému RF
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Suppression of the
arousal system by the
GABA from VLPO
(ventrolateral preoptic
area)
Lesion of VLPO - insomnia
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Vývoj
hypofýzy
4,5weeks6weeks
8 weeks
anterior lobe from Rathkes pouch (stomodeum) - epithelial cells
posterior lobe from diencephalon – glial cells
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corpus
mammilare
chiasma opticum
Fornix
Thalamus
PV
SO
antidiuretic hormone
oxytocin
POSTERIOR LOBE
ANTERIOR LOBE
melanocyte stimulating hormone
adrenocorticotropic hormone
thyroid stimulating hormone
follicle stimulating hormone
luteinizing hormonegrowth
hormone
prolactin
Hypothalamo
hypophyseal axis
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Části hypofýzy
chiasma opticum
neurohypophysisadenohypophysis
tuberal part of anterior lobe
tuber cinereum
eminentia mediana
mammilary body
infundibulum
SOPV
pars intermedia
MSHcavities
(from Rathkes pouch)
Epithelial cells:
chromophils:
acidophils (80%): STH, prolactin
basophils FSH, LH, TSH, ACTH, MSH
chromophobs
Pituicytes – glial cells
hypothalamohypophyseal
tract ADH, oxytocin
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Hypophysial portal system
sinuses sinuses
inferior hypophysial artery
superior hypophysial
artery
trabecular arterysupraopticohypophyseal tract
tuberoinfundibular tract
tuberal nucleiarcuate
nucleussupraoptic nucleus
paraventricular nucleus
A P
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Paraventricular nucleus – magnocelular (mc) and parvocelular (pc) part
supraoptic nucleus
vasopressin (ADH)
corticotropin
releasing hormon
vasopressin
oxytocin