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UZBEKISTAN
SOLID WASTE CONDITIONS -1997
UZBEKISTANSOLID WASTE CONDITIONS IN TASHKENT - 1997
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UZBEKISTAN
SOLID WASTE CONDITIONS IN TASHKENT - 1997
UZBEKISTANSOLID WASTE CONDITIONS IN TASHKENT - 1997
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UZBEKISTAN
SOLID WASTE CONDITIONS IN TASHKENT - 1997
UZBEKISTANSOCIAL ASSESSMENT FINDINGS - 1997
Figure 5. Fir st Priority Environmental Problem
Most Important Problems
* - including traff ic and congestion;
noise; and hazardous waste
Household
Resp o n ses
28
95 6
45
7
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
Household
Resp o n ses
Air Pollution
Unsafe Drinking
Water
Insufficient WaterSupply
Inadequate
Sanitation
Inadequate MSWM
Other*
Num ber s In di cat e Pe rc ent age s
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UZBEKISTAN
SOCIAL ASSESSMENT FINDINGS - 1997
Figure 8. Household Satisfaction with Solid Waste Service
Reasons for
Dissatisfaction
Most Important Factors
H o u s e h o l d
R e s p o n s e s
47
42
21
3031
3
0
10
20
30
40
50
H o u s e h o l d
R e s p o n s e s
Inf r equent
C o l l e c t i o n
I r r egular
C o l l e c t i o n
L o c a t i o n o f
Container
Waste Lef t on
Gr ound Af ter
C o l l e c t i o n
Unsani tar y
Condi t ions at
Container
Other
Numb ers Indi cat e Pe rce nta ges
34 %
66 %
S a ti s fi e d N ot S at is fi ed
UZBEKISTANSOCIAL ASSESSMENT FINDINGS - 1997
Figure 9. Willingness to Pay 15 Sums
Household
Responses
61
33
6
0
10
2030
40
50
60
70
Household
Responses
Lack ofTrust
No Money
Other
Numbers Indicate Percentages
Reasons for
Unwillingness
70%
30%
Yes No
Most Important Factors
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SOCIAL ASSESSMENT IN MSWM
NEED FOR SOCIAL ASSESSMENT IN MSWM
INVESTMENTS
WHAT IS SOCIAL ASSESSMENT?
SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT ISSUES IN MSWM
NEED FOR SOCIAL ASSESSMENT IN MSWMINVESTMENTS
Planning effective and sustainable MSWM investmentsrequires an understanding of the needs and preferences ofa wide range of stakeholders regarding service delivery,costs, and corresponding social impacts.
The specific local and country context defines the MSWMneeds of a society and the extent to which users identifywith, take ownership of, and contribute either in cash or in-kind to its systems and facilities.
Stakeholders should provide feedback on issues related tothe provision, use, location, and design of solid wastefacilities as well as level of service, service provider, relatedlocal institutions, willingness and ability to pay increasedtariffs, and means for tariff collection.
Those managing the system should ensure that investmentsaddress users objectives, needs, and expectations.
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NEED FOR SOCIAL ASSESSMENT IN MSWM
INVESTMENTS
SA establishes a framework for public
participation appropriate to local conditionsto help reach consensus on many aspects of
MSWM, including proposed facility sites.
The SA can help identify social monitoringindicators and participatory procedures to
assess the social impacts of MSWMinvestments.
WHAT IS SOCIAL ASSESSMENT?
SA is a type of analysis undertaken by the Borrower as part ofproject design to assess the social feasibility of an investmentproject.
SA is made up of analytical, process, and operationalelements, combining:
(a) Analysis of context and social issues, along with
(b) Participatory process of stakeholder consultations andinvolvement, to provide
(c) Operational guidance on developing a project design,
implementation, and monitoring and evaluation framework
[Social Analysis Sourcebook, World Bank, 2003]
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WHAT IS SOCIAL ASSESSMENT
Within the context of a World Bank project, socialanalysis is the responsibility of the task team. If dataare not sufficient for carrying out the analysis, theBorrower will be asked to carry out an SA.
SA is the responsibility of the Borrower and animportant instrument for obtaining data necessary foradequate social analysis for an investment, and formonitoring implementation progress.
The Borrower usually will hire a team of local socialscientists and ensures that the results of SA activitiesinform and refine subsequent activities and contributeto an overall understanding of the roles and priorities ofdifferent stakeholders.
WHAT IS SOCIAL ASSESSMENT
Quantitative and Qualitative Methods and Tools
Collection and review of secondary data
Household surveys
Socio-economic surveys
Semi-structured interviews
Focus group discussions
Willingness-to-pay surveys
Service monitoring survey
Participant observation
Participatory stakeholder workshops
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SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT ISSUES IN MSWM
Five Points of Social Inquiry
Stakeholders Social Diversity and Gender Institutions, Rules, and Behavior Public Participation Social Risks
SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT ISSUES: Stakeholders
Who are the main stakeholders in the MSWMsystem? Which individuals and groups need to beinvolved and how?
What are the relationships between stakeholdersand what are possible sources and consequencesof conflicting interests among them.
What may prevent stakeholders from fulfillingtheir responsibilities in managing wasteresponsibly?
Whose capacity needs to be built to enable them toparticipate?
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SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT ISSUES: Stakeholders
Local Level: municipal authorities,solid waste agency, politicians
User Groups: residential (all types),commercial, institutional, industrial,medical facilities
Waste Workers: employees ofMSWM service, waste pickers,municipal sweepers, privatesweepers, domestic workers, janitors
National Level: relevant Ministries(Public Works, Local Government,Public Health, Finance, Environment)
Vulnerable Groups: residents livingnear waste facility sites, women orchildren responsible for disposing ofhousehold waste, waste pickers
Waste Recycling Industry: regionalindustries, city level main dealers,neighborhood dealers, hawkers
NGOs: local environmental groups,church groups, youth groups
CBOs: local groups responsible formanaging neighborhood services
Private Sector: private enterprisesthat use recyclables, private wastecollection firms, chambers ofcommerce
Other Stakeholders: tradeassociations having an interest inany aspect of MSWM; media;educational institutions
SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT ISSUES: Stakeholders
User Preferences, Needs, and Perceptions
What aspect of the existing MSWM system bothersusers the most?
Are service users currently satisfied with theirexisting solid waste collection points?
Where do households and other stakeholdersprefer to take their garbage to be collected? Howfar will they walk to their preferred collectionpoint?
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Typical Multi-Story Apartment Buildings in Tashkent
Secured Collection Point in Tashkent - 2003
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Secured Collection Point in Tashkent - 2003
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Secured Collection Point in Tashkent - 2003
SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT ISSUES: Social Diversity andGender
Poverty
Are there any social groups consistently excludedfrom the formal solid waste service?
Will the poorer neighborhoods be adverselyaffected by or excluded from the new or improvedservices?
What is the nature and extent of informal solidwaste picking?
How will the investment affect waste pickers?
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SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT ISSUES: Social Diversity and
Gender
Waste pickers are often among the poorest of thepoor. They are vulnerable because they have fewassets and few alternative livelihood options iftheir earnings from waste picking are threatened.
The majority are independent and self-employed,so they have no social security or organizationalsupport to help them through difficult times.
Waste pickers may be of any age. Many childrenscavenge to supplement the family income. Others
are abandoned and are simply trying to survive.Many older people also scavenge. In manycountries, more women scavenge than men. Oftenthey are single mothers, who bring their childrento work with them.
SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT ISSUES: Social Diversity andGender
Changes in collection and disposal practices ofsolid waste management systems can profoundlyaffect waste pickers and their livelihoods
Programs can be developed for improving theincome, working and living conditions, andproviding access to social services.
Doing this effectively requires a full understandingof the situation of waste pickers, their motivations
for doing this work, their occupational and livingconditions, and the organizational frameworkwithin which they work and live.
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INFORMAL WASTE PICKING IN TASHKENT - 1997
ORGANIZED WASTE PICKERS IN TASHKENT - 2002
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ORGANIZED WASTE PICKERS IN TASHKENT - 2003
ORGANIZED WASTE PICKERS IN TASHKENT 2003
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RECYCLING CENTER NEAR MAIN LANDFILL
RECYCLING CENTER NEAR MAIN LANDFILL
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SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT ISSUES: Social Diversity andGender
Willingness and Ability to Pay
What is the current tariff and payment levels?
What tariff level is needed to justify investment?Are beneficiaries willing and able to pay thisamount?
Are users willing to pay more to maintain currentservice level?
What measures will be taken to ensure that thepoor are subsidized? Would population be willingto pay in kind?
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SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT ISSUES: Social Diversity and
Gender
Gender, Age, Ethnicity
If women are responsible for household wastedisposal, will their role in carrying householdwaste to bins placed in public places be hinderedin cultural settings where womens presence inpublic is discouraged?
Are there any political or ethnic issues associatedwith sharing a waste disposal site?
What role do children play in the MSWM system?
NON-SECURED COLLECTION POINT IN TASHKENT
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SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT ISSUES: Institutions, Rules,
and Behavior
What are current waste generating practices ofhouseholds; formal and informal industries;commercial enterprises; and institutions?
Are service users aware of the need to managesolid waste better? How do they perceive andinteract with their MSWM authorities?
If the government is not providing an effectiveservice, to whom do consumers turn for help?
Does the municipal agency provide information and
respond to complaints?
SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT ISSUES: SOCIAL RISKS
Health Risks
Refuse collection workers and waste pickers are directlyexposed to excreta-related pathogens and intestinal parasiteswhen they handle contaminated refuse. Indirect health effectsresult from the breeding of flies, rats, and other disease vectorsat dump sites, open garbage heaps, and waste-filled drains.
Those living close to dump sites would also have additionalrisks associated with exposure to toxic substances orhazardous materials that may enter the MSW stream.
Municipal workers also are affected by high rates of workerillness and absenteeism due to poor hygienic conditions and the
proliferation of disease carrying pests at open dumps.
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SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT ISSUES: Social Risks
NIMBY (Not in My Backyard) Syndrome
How is the public included into the site selection and planningprocesses?
Will the public be consulted in all facility siting decisions?
Do local EA regulations require adequate public participation?
TRANSFER STATION IN TASHKENT
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TRANSFER STATION IN TASHKENT
TRANSFER STATION IN TASHKENT
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SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT ISSUES: Social Risks
The World Banks safeguard policies are effective vehicles foridentifying and addressing three significant social risks:
OP/BP 4.12 - Involuntary Resettlement. Triggered in casesinvolving involuntary taking or expropriation of land forpurpose of siting a solid waste facility.
OP/BP 4. 10 - Indigenous Peoples. Triggered in the event theBorrower and the Bank determines that indigenous peoples arepresent in, or have collective attachment to the proposed solidwaste facility site. This can be a free-standing assessment orpart of a broader environmental assessment process.
OP/BP 4.11- Physical Cultural Resources. Triggered if theBorrower or the Bank identifies potential impacts on physicalcultural resources during baseline data collection phase of EA.
SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT ISSUES: PARTICIPATION
The SA incorporates two types of participation: participation of poor and
vulnerable groups, and participation of the broader group of stakeholdersin planning service levels; siting facilities; and/or introducing new technical,financial, or institutional aspects.
What means are currently available to involve broad stakeholderparticipation in planning, implementing, or monitoring investments?
What kind of waste related information is currently provided or neededby the public? What kind of public education is needed?
Is the publics role one of passive recipients of information, or are theyable to play a more active and consultative role in designing theircommunitys MSWM system?
How will the results of participatory activities be incorporated intoproject design and implementation.
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SOCIAL IMPACT MONITORING
MSWM investments often are justified on the basis oftheir meeting peoples needs; improving the livingconditions of poorer communities and the workingconditions of waste management workers; andimproving incomes by encouraging re-use, wastereduction, and re-cycling.
Social impact monitoring provides critical informationon results on the ground, and shows whether plannedoutcomes are met, and if necessary, identifiesmeasures needed to achieve them.
TASHKENT SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT SYSTEMSA CONTRIBUTIONS
Demonstrated to Mayor that the public viewedMSWM as a priority and would pay more
Allowed project preparation to proceed
Influenced technical specifications of bins
Influenced design of collection points
Influenced location of transfer station
Influenced closure of one in-city landfill
Increased awareness of waste picker issues
Contributed to successful projectimplementation
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WORLD BANK RESOURCES
Toolkit: Social Assessment andPublic Participation in MSWM (2004)
http://www.worldbank.org/urban/uswm/socialassesstoolkit.pdf
Social Analysis Sourcebook, World
Bank (2003)