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Continental SportContact 6
Workshop: Technologies for perfect GRIP
www.continental-tyres.com
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SportContact 6
Technology Overview
2
Benefit
Technology
Feature
Force Vectoring
Maximum Control
Centre
Responsive
Rib Design
Advanced
Macro Block
Design
Aralon 350
Maximum Stability
Adaptive High Speed
Cap Ply
Black Chili
Maximum Grip
Micro
Flexible
Compound
Atomic
Force
Compa-
tibiliser
Compound Pattern Construction
26/08/15
© Continental AG
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SportContact 6
Agenda
3
Perfect GRIP: UHP Compounding 1
Virtual Compounding of SportContact 6 Compound 2
Perfect GRIP: Rubber – Road Interaction 3
26/08/15
© Continental AG
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Continental SportContact 6
Perfect GRIP: UHP Compounding
www.continental-tyres.com
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SportContact 6 26/08/15
5 © Continental AG
Technology for maximum Grip
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SportContact 6 26/08/15
6 © Continental AG
Recipe
E’’(ω)
log ω
Viscoelastic
Material
Properties
Tire
Manufacturing
Tire
Performance
Pathway: From Compound Recipe to Tire Performance
Laboratory
Performance
Performance
Simulation
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SportContact 6 26/08/15
7 © Continental AG
Pathway: From Compound Recipe to Tire Performance
Recipe
E’’(ω)
log ω
Viscoelastic
Material
Properties
Performance
Simulation
Laboratory
Performance
Tire
Manufacturing
Tire
Performance
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SportContact 6
Dry Handling
Wet performance
Hydroplaning Rolling resistance
Wear Resistance
26/08/15
8 © Continental AG
(Schematic diagram)
What makes UHP Compounds special?
› Excellent dry grip
› No compromises in safety
› Temperature resistance (race track)
› Rolling resistance and wear of
less important but marketable Standard Summer
Compound
UHP Compound
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SportContact 6 26/08/15
9 © Continental AG
Flexing Zone
Rigid Zone
Load Zone
Grip Zone Grip Zone
Tread, cap & pattern
Load Zone
Base, capply, belt, contour
Flexing Zone
Sidewall, ply, innerliner
Rigid Zone
Rimstrip, apex, bead
Where Grip is optimized
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SportContact 6 26/08/15
10 © Continental AG
Flexing Zone
Rigid Zone
Load Zone
Grip Zone Grip Zone
Tread, cap & pattern
Load Zone
Base, capply, belt, contour
Flexing Zone
Sidewall, ply, innerliner
Rigid Zone
Rimstrip, apex, bead
Where Grip is optimized – Grip Zone
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SportContact 6
Technology
› Flat contour
› Low undertread gauge
› Rigid pattern
› Low void volume
› Low tread depth
26/08/15
11 © Continental AG
SportContact 6
Standard summer tire
Setting the
boundaries for
compound
development
Where Grip is optimized – Grip Zone Boundary conditions for compound development
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SportContact 6 26/08/15
12 © Continental AG
UHP Compound Development Development criteria for an UHP compound
› Adhesion
› Temperature stability
› Stiffness
› Grip
Temperature
Sti
ffn
ess (
E‘)
Tg
operation
temperature
Hyte
resis
(E
‘‘)
Temperature
Tg
operation
temperature
Strain (%)
Str
ess (
%)
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SportContact 6 26/08/15
14 © Continental AG
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16
Good adhesion
58 60 62 64 66 68 70 72 74x
Bad adhesion
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16
Good adhesion
58 60 62 64 66 68 70 72 74x
Bad adhesion
good adhesion
bad adhesion
Chemical composition Net contact area
UHP Compound Development Development criteria for an UHP compound
› Adhesion is determined by
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SportContact 6
UHP Compound Development Main components of an UHP compound
Rapeseed oil
Synthetic rubber
Natural rubber
Carbon black
Butadiene rubber
Sulfur
Ozone protecting wax Anti-ageing agent
Zinc oxide
Stearic acid
Silica
Accelerator
Activator
Resins
MES oil
26/08/15
© Continental AG 15
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SportContact 6
UHP Compound Development Main components of an UHP compound
Synthetic rubber
Natural rubber Carbon black
Resins Silica
26/08/15
© Continental AG 16
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SportContact 6
Physical Bonding Chemical Bonding
Carbon black aggregate Silica Silane coupler Polymer Polymer
Carbon black aggregate Silica
UHP Compound Development Main components of an UHP compound
26/08/15
© Continental AG 17
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SportContact 6
Tread compound ingredients
Silica
› flexible
› high damping
› temperature resistant
› stiff
› high damping
› temperature resistant
Fillers
UHP Compound Development Main components of an UHP compound
26/08/15
© Continental AG 18
Carbon black
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SportContact 6
Temperature
Sti
ffn
ess
(E
‘)
Tg
Carbon
Black
Silica
Hyste
resis
(E
‘‘)
Carbon
Black
Silica
Temperature
Tread compound ingredients
Silica
Fillers
UHP Compound Development Main components of an UHP compound
26/08/15
© Continental AG 19
Carbon black
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SportContact 6
Tread compound ingredients
› stiff
› high damping
› low adhesion
› flexible
› low damping
› good adhesion
› high strength
Polymers
UHP Compound Development Main components of an UHP compound
26/08/15
© Continental AG 20
Synthetic rubber
(SSBR)
Natural rubber
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SportContact 6
NR NR
Temperature
Sti
ffn
ess
(E
‘)
Tg
SSBR
NR
Hyste
resis
(E
‘‘)
Temperature
SSBR
NR Tg
Tread compound ingredients
Polymers
UHP Compound Development Main components of an UHP compound
26/08/15
© Continental AG 21
Synthetic rubber
(SSBR)
Natural rubber
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SportContact 6
Tread compound ingredients
Resins
UHP Compound Development Main components of an UHP compound
26/08/15
© Continental AG 22
as higher the content
› as lower the stiffness
› as higher the damping
Resins
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SportContact 6
Temperature
Sti
ffn
ess
(E
‘)
Tg more resin
Hyste
resis
(E
‘‘)
Temperature
Tg
more resin
more resin
Tread compound ingredients
Resins
UHP Compound Development Main components of an UHP compound
26/08/15
© Continental AG 23
Resins
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SportContact 6
Temperature
Sti
ffn
ess
(E
‘)
7°C
Compound – Boundary conditions
› sufficient flexibility at > 7°C
UHP Compound Development Main components of an UHP compound
26/08/15
© Continental AG 24
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SportContact 6
7°C
Compound – Boundary conditions
› sufficient flexibility at > 7°C
› right stiffness level
(matching pattern)
Temperature
Sti
ffn
ess
(E
‘)
UHP Compound Development Main components of an UHP compound
26/08/15
© Continental AG 25
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SportContact 6
7°C
Hyste
resis
(E
‘‘)
Grip to low
Rolling resistance
to high
Compound – Boundary conditions
› sufficient flexibility at > 7°C
› right stiffness level
(matching pattern)
› best possible damping at
acceptable rolling resistance
Temperature
Sti
ffn
ess (
E‘)
Temperature
UHP Compound Development Main components of an UHP compound
26/08/15
© Continental AG 26
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SportContact 6
Natural Rubber
7°C
Hyste
resis
(E
‘‘)
:
:
Your task: Virtual compounding of an UHP compound
Carbon Black
Silica
Synthetic
rubber
(SSBR)
Resins Temperature
Sti
ffn
ess
(E
‘)
Temperature
UHP Compound Development Main components of an UHP compound
26/08/15
© Continental AG 27
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SportContact 6 26/08/15
28 © Continental AG
Virtual UHP Compound Development
Compound recipe
50% NR
50% SSBR
Polymers
Fillers
50% CB
50% Silica
Resins
0% Resins
1
10
100
1000
10000
-20 -10 0 10 20 30 40 50
Stif
fnes
s E
'
Temperature [°C]
1
10
100
1000
-20 -10 0 10 20 30 40 50 H
yste
resi
s E
''
Temperature [°C]
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SportContact 6 26/08/15
29 © Continental AG
UHP Compound Development The SportContact 6 compound
Polymer
100%
Our recipe Your recipe ?
Styrene Butadiene Rubber (SSBR)
Natural Rubber
› Optimum stiffness and grip, adhesion
ca. 80%
ca. 20%
Fillers
100%
Silica
Carbon Black
› Optimum Stiffnes, grip and temperatur stability
ca. 80%
ca. 20%
Grip
Resins › Optimum dry grip ca. 10%
… and the litte rest keeps our secret.
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SportContact 6
Agenda
30
Perfect GRIP: UHP Compounding 1
Virtual Compounding of SportContact 6 Compound 2
Perfect GRIP: Rubber – Road Interaction 3
26/08/15
© Continental AG
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Continental SportContact 6
www.continental-tyres.com
Perfect GRIP: Virtual Compounding
of SportContact 6 Compound
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SportContact 6
Agenda
32
Perfect GRIP: UHP Compounding 1
Virtual Compounding of SportContact 6 Compound 2
Perfect GRIP: Rubber – Road Interaction 3
26/08/15
© Continental AG
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Continental SportContact 6
Perfect GRIP: Rubber – Road Interaction
www.continental-tyres.com
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SportContact 6 26/08/15
34 © Continental AG
Your task: Virtual Compounding of an UHP Compound
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SportContact 6 26/08/15
35 © Continental AG
Tread
Block
Road
What is Grip?
› Grip
is needed to transfer forces from the car
to the road in the contact patch
› Grip Mechanisms
are different on different surfaces
Dry Wet
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SportContact 6 26/08/15
36 © Continental AG
Overview of Rubber-Road Friction Mechanisms
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SportContact 6 26/08/15
37 © Continental AG
Leonardo da Vinci
*1452 – 1519
Ffr
Fx=m2 g
v=const
FN=m1 g
Simplest Friction Measurements
› Coefficient of friction µ is a measure of grip
Fx
FN
m2
m1
μ
Ffr
FN v=const
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SportContact 6
Friction Coefficient µ of Different Road Conditions Relative Contribution of Friction Mechanisms
26/08/15
38 © Continental AG
µ-s
ha
re
Hysteresis
Adhesion
Hysteresis
Adhesion
Viscous
Dry Wet
Fri
cti
on
Co
eff
icie
nt
µ
Dry Wet
Hydro-
planing
0.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
1.2
Wet
Dry
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SportContact 6
It takes Two for Friction Rubber & Road
26 August 2015
39 © Continental AG
Road
Rubber Tread block sliding velocity v
› Forces are transmitted in the area of rubber-road contact
› Maximum contact area for maximum grip
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SportContact 6
Variety of Roads Different Surface Characteristics
26/08/15
40 © Continental AG
› Highway
› Race Track
› City › Country Road
Variety of textures depending on
› Region
› Application
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SportContact 6
Diversity of Track Surfaces Characterization of Track Roughness
26/08/15
41 © Continental AG
3D Surface Texture Scan
130 mm
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SportContact 6
Diversity of Track Surfaces Typical Pavement Textures
26/08/15
42 © Continental AG
Worn/ Rough Asphalt New/ Smooth Asphalt New/ Smooth Concrete Worn/ Rough Concrete
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SportContact 6
Impact of Road Wear on Surface Properties Polishing Behavior of Asphalt Track
26/08/15
43 © Continental AG
0,6
0,7
0,8
0,9
1
0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000
µA
BS
–w
et [.
]
Number of wet-brakings
C3.3 µ-SRTT
µ-SRTT Fit, 20130617
› Track wear in tire-road
contact leads to drop of
road‘s wet skid
resistance
› Micro-polishing of stone
asperities changes
track‘s roughness
characteristics
Contidrom wet-braking asphalt test track
Data
Fit: x
wet ex
0)(
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SportContact 6 26/08/15
44 © Continental AG
Your task: Virtual Compounding of an UHP Compound
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SportContact 6
Introduction to Hysteresis Friction
26/08/15
45 © Continental AG
Sliding on Rough Surface
Periodic loading of
Rubber
Energy Dissipation
› Roughness λ leads to periodic load
of frequency ω=2πv/λ
› Resulting energy loss (and friction) is determined by the material loss modulus
Material Property Surface Property
v⃗
E
› Rubber sliding with velocity v
on rough surface with a single
length scale λ
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SportContact 6
Hysteresis Friction via Rubber Deformation Rubber Sliding on a Rough Track
26/08/15
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Finite Element Method (FEM) simulation of rubber road contact and friction
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SportContact 6 26.08.2015
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SportContact 6 – Solution Concept Engineering Rubber Properties for Ultimate Precision and Grip
Stiff at block bending strain
› Responsive & precise
Micro-flexible at road deformation
› Increased contact area
› Enhanced deformation & energy dissipation
Engineered Compound Stiffness
0.0
5.0
10.0
15.0
20.0
25.0
0.1 1.0 10.0
Ru
bb
er
Sti
ffn
es
s, E
’ [M
Pa
]
Dynamical Strain Amplitude [%]
Pattern Stiffness
Reference
Black Chili
be
tte
r
be
tte
r
Contact Area
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SportContact 6
SportContact 6 – Solution Concept Enhanced Micro Flexibility: Engineered Rubber Stiffness
26/08/15
48 © Continental AG
0 10 5 mm
Standard Compound Black Chili Compound
› BlackChili compound with enhanced micro-flexibility
› Maximum rubber deformation for increased hysteresis
› In addition, maximum contact area for increased
adhesion
Finite Element Method (FEM) simulation of
rubber road contact and friction
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SportContact 6 26/08/15
49 © Continental AG
Your task: Virtual Compounding of an UHP Compound
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SportContact 6
Tread Rubber
Pendulum Steel Ball
Example for Adhesive Sticking
26/08/15
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Non-Adhesive Tread Compound Highly-Adhesive Tread Compound
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SportContact 6 26.08.2015
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Model for Adhesive Rubber Friction
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SportContact 6 26.08.2015
© Continental 52
Model for Adhesive Rubber Friction Velocity Dependence Shear stress in the contact interface
Atomic
Force
Shear Force in One Chain Number of Sticking Chains
FA FA FA
log vslide
Shear Stress in the Contact Interface
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SportContact 6
Atomic
Force
26.08.2015
© Continental 53
SportContact 6 – Solution Concept Maximum Grip – Adhesion Shear stress in the contact interface
FA FA FA
Shear force in one chain Number of
sticking chains
log v
Black Chili
› Ensures maximum number of molecular rubber-road interactions at the interface
› Tunes the velocity dependence according to sporty driving applications
› Adjusts Tg to sporty driving application needs
Black Chili Compound features a
special polymer blend:
Atomic Force Compatibilizer
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SportContact 6 26/08/15
54 © Continental AG
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SportContact 6
Thank You very much for Your Attention!
26/08/15
55 © Continental AG