Download - Lowprotein Diestsfor Pigs
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ohn ODohert
University College Dublin
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Environmental reasons
Cost of protein sources
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Crude Protein %Crude Protein %Crude Protein %Crude Protein % Lysine %Lysine %Lysine %Lysine %
Lactating diets 17.5-19.9 0.9 1.1
Dry sow diets 13.3 15.0 0.6-0.7
Weaner diets 20-21.5 1.25-1.4
Finisher diets 18-19.5 1.0-1.1 %
* Across a number of mills/home mixers
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CostCostCostCost 350350350350 450450450450 550550550550 600600600600
Crude protein 18.8 % 16.4 % 14.2 % 14.1 %
SBM inclusion 23 % 16 % 8.4% 8.3 %
Lys-HCl 1.2 kg 3.8 kg 6 kg 6 kgnc us on
DL Methion 0 0.28 kg 1 kg 1 kg
Threonine 0 0.7 kg 2.3 kg 2.3 kg
Tryptophan 0 0 0.27 kg 0.27 kg
* Based on 1.1% lysine and 13.8 MJ/DE
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The balance in which amino acids are supplied in thediet differs greatly from the balance in which they arerequired
about 25% of the ingested protein is supplied by" " .
Unbalanced amino acids are degraded, and are usedas an expensive source of energy, and contribute to Nexcretion with urine.
Just under half of N excretion can be attributed to thepoor amino acid balance in the pigs diet.
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Percent of requirement using high protein diets
0 50 100
Arginine
Histidine
Isoleucine
Leucine
Methionine
oacids
L sine
Phenylalanine
Threonine
Tryptophan
ValineEssentialam
i
Methionine
Non essential amino acids
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Percent of requirement using low protein diets and
supplemented with some amino acidsArginine
Histidine
Isoleucine
Leucine
Methionine
oacids
L sine
0 50 100
Phenylalanine
Threonine
Tryptophan
ValineEssentialam
i
Methionine
Non essential amino acids
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Le Bellego et al., 2001
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Crude protein
Lysine %
20%
1.15%
17%
1.15%
15%
1.15%
12%
1.15%
Composition (g.kg-1)
Wheat 462.4 558.7 628.4 770
Soya bean (Hi-pro) 235.6 129.5 51.9 0
Peas 100 100 100 0
Pollard 150 150 150 150
Tallow 28.7 31.7 33.8 37.5
Feed individually and wet fed twice dailyCarpenter et al., 2004
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Crude Protein 20% 17% 15% 12%
Analysis %
Lysine 1.15 1.15 1.15 1.15
S-amino acids 0.73 0.65 0.65 0.65Threonine 0.78 0.75 0.75 0.75
Tryptophan 0.2 0.19 0.19 0.19
Synthetic lysine 0 3.7 6.3 9.6
Synthetic methionine 0 0.5 1.3 1.9
Synthetic threonine 0 1.45 2.7 4.1
Synthetic tryptophan 0 0 0.31 0.7
Amino acid inclusion (kg/tonne)
Feed individually and wet fed twice daily
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Crude protein % 21%(1.15
lysine)
17%(1.15
lysine)
15%(1.15
lysine)
12%(1.15
lysine)
Daily gain (kg/d) 0.860 0.861 0.945 0.866
Feed conversion ratio 2.47 2.39 2.38 2.59
Feed intake (kg/day) 2.11 2.04 2.22 2.23
Carcass lean % 58.0 58.1 56.6 56.5Cost (/kg) 100 96 104 125
Cost (/kg:Oct 2012) 100 93.5 92.6 101
Carpenter et al., 2004 Feed individually and wet fed twice daily
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Crude Protein % 21% 17% 15% 12%
N intake (g/day) 71.3 61.5 55.6 49.5
Relative excretion 100 78.5 66.1 62.8
Effect of crude protein on nitrogen intake and output
Carpenter et al., 2004
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Crude protein %
Lysine
Lysine-HCL inclusion (kg/t)
19.7
1.1
0.9
14.5
1.1
6.4
SEM
Daily gain (kg/d) 0.853 0.858 0.009 ns
Feed conversion ratio 2.53 2.50 0.031 ns
Feed intake (kg/day) 2.16 2.15 0.028 ns
Carcass lean % 58.0 57.8 1.5 ns
Cost (/kg:Oct 2012) 100 94.3 -4 c/kg
Reynolds et al., 2005Group housed on single space feeders
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Crude protein %
Lysine
Lysine-HCL inclusion (kg/t)
21.5
1.1
0
14.2
1.1
6.5
SEM
Daily gain (kg/d) 0.882 0.945 0.016 *
Feed conversion ratio 2.36 2.30 0.037 ns
Feed intake (kg/day) 2.07 2.17 0.033 *
Carcass lean % 58.0 57.4 0.61 ns
Cost (/kg:Oct 2012) 100 94.0 -4 c/kg
Carpenter et al., 2005Group housed on single space feeders
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Effect of crude protein on finisher pig
performance, and carcass characteristics
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5.65
55.5
66.57
7.58
s/day
25%25%25%25%25%25%25%25%
3.45
4.15 .
2
2.53
3.544.5
12% 15% 17% 21%
Dietary CP
lit
r
0.025 0.030.031
0.041
Carpenter et al., 2004
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16
17
18
19
20
5.56
6.57
7.588.5
9
g/day/pig
10
11
12
1314
22% CP 19% CP 16% CP 13% CP
22.5
33.5
44.5
22% CP 19% CP 16% CP 13% CP
40% decrease
Hayes et al., 2004
Every 1 % decrease in CP,
ammonia reduces by 10%
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Offering grower finisher pigs a high crudeprotein diet can interfere with the acid basebalance thus affecting bone ash, bone Ca andbone P concentration.
CP diet is fed in combination with a low Ca,low P, phytase supplemented diet.
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560
580
600
620
/kg
CP Phos: P < 0.05
500
520
540
Low CP
Low P
High CP
Low P
Low CP
High P
High CP
High P
Treatment
g
Varley et al., 2011
CP 130 vs 200 g/kg
TP 4 vs 6 g/kg
Dig P 1.6 vs 2.9
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8.5
9
9.5
6
6.5
7
7.5
20% CP 14% CP
logC
F
BifidobacteriaLactobacilli
Lynch et al 2006
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Low protein diets
Higher acidifying capacity
Low pH
Restricted proliferation ofpathogenic bacteria
Better digestion of protein
Fewer residue in the hind gut
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Increase in Ecoli levels (ETEC);
Decrease in lactobacilli and bifidobacteria;
Increase in inflammatory cytokines;
Decrease in villus height;
Increase in protein fermentation in LI; Increase in branch chained fatty acids and other protein
fermenting by-products;
Increase in scours and morbidity
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1) 160 g/kg crude protein with 212 g/kg lactose
2) 185 g/kg crude protein with 212 g/kg lactose 3) 210 g/kg crude protein with 212 g/kg lactose
4 160 k crude rotein with 125 k lactose
5) 185 g/kg crude protein with 125 g/kg lactose 6) 210 g/kg crude protein with 125 g/kg lactose
10-34 days post weaning
Diets formulated to have identical DE (15 MJ/kg) and lysine (14.5 g/kg)
Pierce et al., 2006
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0.6
0.7
/d
lactose x Protein P
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420
430
440
450
360
370
380
390
400
410
19.5% CP 17.7% CP 17.7% CP + try 17.7% CP + Try
+ Val
g/kg
Jansman et al., 2010
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Need to know actual growth rate of your pigs at
various stages at minimum Need to know actual protein deposition rates at
Need to know feed intake Formulate diets to match requirements
Precise Nutrition
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Growth rate 890 g/d (800 to 920)Protein deposition 146 g/d (132 to 152)
Lysine requirement 21.2 g/d (18.7 to 22.2)Feed intake 2.2 kg/d (1.8 to 2.6)
Lysine concentration 0.95 % lysineProtein concentration 14-15%
Garry et al., 2007
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1. 1.1 % lysine (40 to 95 kg)
2. 0.95% lysine (40 to 95 kg)
3. 1.05% lysine for 28 days and 0.85% for 28 days4. 1.1% lysine for 14 days, 1.0% lysine for 14 days,
0.9% lysine for 14 days and 0.8% lysine for 14ays
40 kg to 95 kg live weight
Group fed on single space feeders
(15 pigs/feeder)
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0.9 0.9120.921
0.8750.9
0.95
1
day
0.7
0.75
0.8
.
1.1% lys 0.95% lys 1.05-0.85% lys 1.1-1.0-0.9-0.8% lys
Dietary regime
K
g
Garry et al., 2007
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2.312.37
2.432.48
2.352.4
2.452.52.55
2.6
/kg
22.05
2.12.15
2.22.25
.
1.1% lys 0.95% lys 1.05-0.85% lys 1.1-1.0-0.9-0.8% lys
Dietary regime
K
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100
95.795.196
979899
100
92.9
9091929394
1.1% lys 0.95% lys 1.05-0.85% lys 1.1-1.0-0.9-0.8%lys
Dietary regimes
Garry et al., 2005
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Promotes a steadier rate of maternal growth
A higher level of sow body fat
Better physical condition for the animal
ncrease eve o ee n a e ur ng ac a on
Saves energy costs and allows the energy to beutilised for extra fat and increased birth
weight
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16% CP
0.65% lysine
13.2 MJ/kg
13% CP
0.55% lysine
13.2 MJ/kg
Total litter birthweight (kg) 17.45 19.97
Piglet birthweight (kg) 1.35 1.50
% piglets born at 1 kg or less 16.1 5.3
ODowd and Edwards 1995
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Litter weight
(kg)
Lactation feed intake (kg/day)
21 d 28d 3.5 4.0 4.5 5.0 5.5 6.0 6.5 7.0 Lysineg/day
45 55 1.05 0.9 0.8 0.7 36
50 61 1.2 1.05 0.95 0.85 0.75 42
55 68 1.20 1.05 0.95 0.85 0.80 48
60 75 1.20 1.10 1.00 0.90 0.85 55
65 81 1.20 1.10 1.00 0.92 0.85 60
70 88 1.20 1.10 1.05 0.95 67
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Amino acid Protein accretion(growth)
Milk synthesis
Lysine 100 100
Threonine 60 58
Methionine andcysteine 55 45
Tryptophan 18 18
Isoleucine 54 55Leucine 102 115
Valine 68 85
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Great potential to reduce crude protein in
finisher pig diets in Ireland Depends on cost of protein sources and
synthetic amino acids Use ileal digestible amino acids and NE
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