Download - nie.lk KannangaraLec30.pdf · 3 2 3
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,e;j ehl;bd; fy;tpj; Jiwf;fhf fyhepjp rP. lg;spA.lg;spA. fd;dq;fu mtu;fs; - Fwpg;ghf rl;l rigapd; fy;tpr;nraw; FOtpd; jtprhsu; vd;w tifapy; fy;tp mikr;ruhfmtu; nraw;gl;l 1931-1947 fhyg;gpuptpy; - toq;fpa gq;fspg;Ggw;wp> ehl;bd; Gfo;ngw;w fy;tpapayhsu;fs;> mwpQu;fs;>rptpy; Nritahsu;fs; KjypNahupypUe;J Nju;e;njLf;fg;gl;L,e;j ciuj; njhlupy; vdf;F Kd;ghfg; NgrpAs;s 29Ngr;rhsu;fSk; mq;fPfupj;J nkr;rpAs;sdu;. vdf;F Kd;du;ciuahw;wpAs;s Nkw;nrhd;d NkjF kdpju;fs; jkJ NeubmDgtq;fSld;> ,d;W ehd; Ngrg; Nghtij tpl kpFe;jnrhy;yhw;wYld; ciuahw;wpapUg;ghu;fs;. vdpDk; mtu;fs;epiyehl;br; nrd;Ws;s me;j cau;e;j juj;ijg; NgZtjw;FehDk; vd;dhy; Kbe;j msTf;F Kaw;rpf;fg; Nghfpd;Nwd;.
fyhepjp fd;dq;fu mtu;fs; 1969 ,y; fhykhdNghJ> mtu; jdJ ,ilepiyf; fy;tpiag; ngw;wpUe;jfhyp> upr;kz;l; fy;Y}upapd; Muk;gg; gpuptpy; ehd; fw;Wf;nfhz;bUe;Njd;. ehd; rpNu\;l ,ilepiy tFg;Gf;fismile;j NghJ fd;dq;fu mtu;fsJ ,sikf;fhyk; gw;wpAk;ghlrhiy gw;wpAk; rpy fijfis vdJ Mrpupau;fs;$Wtij - rpytw;iw kPl;bkPl;bf; $Wtij - ehd;nrtpkLj;jpUf;fpNwd;. mjd; gpd;du; mtu; gw;wpAk; ehl;bd;,ytrf; fy;tpf;F mtuJ gq;fspg;G gw;wpAk; nra;jpj;jhs;fl;Liufspy; thrpj;jpUf;fpd;Nwd;. vdpDk;> ,e;jtpupTiuf;fhf Maj;jk; nra;j NghJjhd; mtuJ gpd;dzp>FLk;g mtyq;fSf;F kj;jpapy; mtuJ Muk;gfhyg;ghlrhiyf; fy;tpr; rhjidfs;> njhopy; uPjpahd ntw;wpfs;vd;gd gw;wpAk;> r%f Nrit> Njrpa murpay;> kpfKf;fpakhf fy;tpj; Jiw Mfpatw;wpy; Njrpa upjpahfmtu; toq;fpa gq;fspg;Gf;fs; gw;wpAk; ehd; KiwahfTk;mu;j;jKs;s KiwapYk; fw;Wf;nfhs;sj; njhlq;fpNdd;.
fyhepjp fd;dq;fu jiyik jhq;fpa ,yq;iff;fy;tp njhlu;ghd tpNrl FOtpd; 1943 Mk; Mz;bd;mwpf;if> mku;T mwpf;if XXIV - 1943 vd miof;fg;gl;lJ.160 gf;fq;fspy; 21 mj;jpahaq;fisf; nfhz;l ,t;twpf;ifmd;iwa fy;tp Kiwik> Nfhl;ghL vd;gd gw;wpatpje;Jiufs; njhlu;ghf tpupthd kPsha;nthd;wpidf;nfhz;bUe;jJ. vdJ ,e;j ciuapy; mt;twpf;iftpje;Jiuj;j rPu;jpUj;jq;fs; gw;wpg; NgrNth> me;jr;rPu;jpUj;jq;fspd; Kf;fpaj;Jtk; gw;wp mgpg;gpuhak; njuptpf;fNthKidatpy;iy. vdpDk; mt;twpf;ifapy; Fwpg;gplg;gl;bUe;jrpy mtjhdq;fisAk; mgpg;gpuhaq;fisAk;> ,d;W ehd;Rl;bf; fhl;lg; NghFk; jw;Nghija fy;tpg; gpur;rpidfs;rpytw;NwhL njhlu;GgLj;jpf;fhl;l khj;jpuk; Kaw;rpg;Ngd;.
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1. mwpKfk;xU ehl;bd; Njrpa fy;tp Kiwik mjd; Njrpa
fiyj;jpl;lj;jpdhy; top elhj;jg;gLfpd;wJ. mJ vy;yhg;ghlrhiyfSf;Fkhd tpOkpaq;fisAk; Fwpf;Nfhs;fisAk;tiuaiw nra;tjd; %yk; ghlrhiyg; gzpf;Fupa fl;likg;igxOq;fikf;fpd;wJ. ,jd; tpisthf ghlrhiy Kiwikiatpl;Lr; nry;Yk; gps;isfs; rpwe;j gpui[fs; vd;w tifapy;tho;f;ifia ntw;wpfukhf elhj;jpr; nry;y KbfpwJ. vdNt>Njrpa fiyj;jpl;lj;jpd; Kjd;ikahd ftdk; jdpahspd;tpUj;jpia xUq;fpizg;gjpNyNa Ftpf;fg;gl Ntz;Lk;. ,jd;tpisthf khztu;fs; ghlrhiyia tpl;Lr; nrd;w gpd;du;gz;ghl;L> r%f> murpay; kw;Wk; nghUshjhu uPjpapy;gaDWjpAs;s gq;fspg;gpid toq;fpl KbAk;.
,yq;ifapd; fy;tp KiwikahdJ 13 tUlghlrhiyf; fy;tpiag; gpd;tUk; ehd;F tl;lq;fspy;toq;FfpwJ. Muk;g tl;lk;> fdp~;l ,ilepiy tl;lk;> rpNu~;l,ilepiy tl;lk;> fy;Y}upepiy tl;lk;.
vdNt vkJ fy;tp Kiwikapd; mbg;gilapy;> rpNu~;l,ilepiyf; fiyj;jpl;lKk; Fwpg;ghff; fy;Y}upepiyf; fiyj;jpl;lKk;> khztu;fs; jkJ vjpu;fhyj;ijAk; Nkyjpf kw;Wk;cau; fy;tpiaAk; vjpu;fhyj; njhopiyAk; jpl;lkpl;Lf;nfhs;sj; Njitahd Mw;wiy mtu;fSf;F toq;f Ntz;Lk;.mj;NjhL khztu;fs; njhopy; kw;Wk; nghUshjhu tho;TlDk;Kaw;rpahz;ikAlDk;; gupr;rak; ngw mJ cjt Ntz;Lk;.mjd; gadhf ghlrhiyf; fy;tpia Kbj;Jf;nfhz;l gpd;du;khwptUk; cyfpd; rthy;fSf;F nefpo;Tj; jd;ikNahL Kfq;nfhLf;ff; $ba Mw;wiy khztu;fs; ngw Ntz;Lk;. kdpjg;gpwtpfs; vd;w tifapy; tpj;jpahrkhd tfpghfq;fspy;njhopw;gLtjw;F gy;tifikahdJk; KOikahdJkhdtho;f;iff;Fj; Njitg;gLfpd;w Kd;dhaj;jq;fisf;fiyj;jpl;lk; mtu;fSf;F toq;f Ntz;Lk;.
,J njhlu;ghf fyhepjp fd;dq;fu mtu;fs; jkJfUj;Jf;fisg;1 gpd;tUkhW ntspg;gLj;jpAs;su;:
‘vdNt> tPl;bidg; Nghd;Nw ghlrhiyapd; gzpapYk;kpf Kf;fpa mk;rkhf tpsq;FtJ ‘Fztpay;Gfis|tpUj;jp nra;tjhFk;. rpwe;j gpui[fis cUthf;ff;$ba - tptupf;fKbahj Mdhy; vspjpy; ,dq;fz;Lnfhs;sf;$ba - gz;GfisNa ,q;F ehk; ‘Fztpay;G|vdf; fUJfpNwhk;. ,it nghJthd gzpT kw;Wk;rhjhuz jpwikfs; Kjy; nghJey kdg;ghd;ik kw;Wk;jiyikj;Jtg; gz;G tiu tpupe;jpUf;fyhk;.”
NkYk;> Nkw;nrhd;d fUJNfhs; Njrpa fy;tp Mizf;FOtpdJ epiyg;ghl;il2 xj;jjhf ,Uf;fpwJ:
‘nghJf; fy;tpahdJ gps;isfisj; jkJ rf Kjpu;gUtj;jpdUld; gad;jUtifapy; Nru;e;J thoTk;gzpGupaTk;$ba jpUg;jp jUk; tho;f;iff;Fj;jahu;g;gLj;j Ntz;Lk;. mtu;fs; ghlrhiyia tpl;LtpyFk; NghJ Kjpu;gUtj;jpduhfNt ,Ug;gu;. jkJFLk;gj;jpdJk; jhk; thOk; r%fj;jpdJk; KO ehl;bdJk;>eyDf;fhfg; gq;fspg;Gr; nra;af;$ba tpjj;jpy;mwpitAk; Vida Nju;r;rpfisAk; mtu;fs; ngw;wpUg;gJmtrpak;.”
vd;Dila ,t;Tiuapy; Kjypy; vkJ ehl;bd; rpNu~;l,ilepiy kw;Wk; fy;Y}up epiyf; fiyj;jpl;lq;fspd;jw;Nghija epiy gw;wp tpopg;g+l;lTk; mtw;iwg; nghUj;jkhdru;tNjr kl;lf;FwpfSld; xg;g PL nra;J fhl;lTk;vz;Zfpd;Nwd;. mLj;J> ,t;tpU kl;lq;fspYk; fy;tpiag;ghjpf;fpd;w ,U gpur;rpidfs; gw;wpf; ftdk; nrYj;jg;Nghfpd;Nwd;. mitahtd (1) fy;tprhu; kd mOj;jj;ijVw;gLj;JtJ kl;Lkd;wp khztu;fsJ cs> cly;MNuhf;fpaj;ijAk; jPtpukhfg; ghjpf;ff;$ba tifapy;ghlrhiyf; fiyj;jpl;lk; kpifr;Rik nfhz;ljhf ,Uf;fpwJvd;fpd;w nghJthd fz;ldk;. (2) 21 Mk; E}w;whz;by;
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fw;Nghu; kPJ Rkj;jg;gl;Ls;s rthy;fSf;F ntw;wpfukhfKfq;nfhLf;ff;$ba tpjj;jpy; gue;j jpwd;fis jw;Nghijaghlrhiyf; fiyj;jpl;lk; khztu;fSf;F toq;Ffpwjh vd;wNfs;tp. ,Wjpahf> jifikfis mq;fPfupg;gjw;fhfj; NjrpaepWtdq;fshy; epu;zapf;fg;gl;Ls;s Njitfis epiwTnra;tjw;Fk;> kpf Kf;fpakhf> ghlrhiyia tpl;Lr; nry;Yk;vkJ gps;isfspd; Njitfis epiwT nra;tjw;Fk; Vw;wtifapy; ghlrhiyapy; khztu;fs; cz;ikahff; fw;Wf;nfhs;gtw;iw cr;r mstpy; mjpfupf;fr; nra;tjw;fhfg;g hlrhiyf ; fiyj ;j pl ;lj ;j py ; nra ;ag ; glf ;$barPu;jpUj;jj;jq;fs; gw;wpa vdJ fUj;Jf;fisAk; rku;g;gpf;fg;Nghfpd;Nwd;.
‘fd;dq;fu fhyj;Jf;Fg; gpe;jpa fhy> fy;tpr;rPu;jpUj;jq;fs; gw;wpa kPs;Nehf;F” vd;w jiyg;gpy; 25MtJfyhepjp rP. lg;spA. lg;spA. fd;dq;fu Qhgfhu;j;j ciuia3
epfo;j;jpa Mu;. v];. nkjfk mtu;fs; 1939 Kjy; ,yq;ifapd;fy;tpj; Jiwapy; Vw;gl;L te;Js;s gupzhk tsu;r;rp gw;wptpupthf Kd;itj;jpUe;jhu;. mj;NjhL ,Wjpahf ehl;bd;vjpu;fhyr; re;jjpapdupd; ed;ikiaf; fUjp Njrpaf;Nfhl;ghnlhd;whf mKy;gLj;jf;$ba tifapy; rfyjug;gpdupdJk; rk;kjj;NjhL fy;tpr; rPu;jpUj;j MNyhridfistFg;gjd; Kf;fpaj;Jtj;ijAk; mtu; vLj;Jf;fhl;bapUe;jhu;.
mjd; gpd;du;> ‘fd;dq;fu Afj;Jf;F mg;ghy; 21Mk;E}w;whz;Lf;fhd fy;tpr; rPu;jpUj;jq;fs;” vd;w jiyg;gpy;27MtJ fyhepjp rP. lg;spA. lg;spA. fd;dq;fu Qhgfhu;j;jciuia4 epfo;j;jpa fyhepjp cghyp vk;. Nrju mtu;fs;>,d;W ehL vjpu;Nehf;fpAs;s> fiyj;jpl;lj;jpd; ghupamstpyhd guPl;ir kw;Wk; mwpTrhu; jpirg;gLj;jy; cl;gl;lfy;tpg; gpur;rpidfs; rpytw;iwf; Nfhbl;Lf; fhl;bapUe;jhu;.mj;NjhL 21Mk; E}w;whz;bd; fy;tprhu; vjpu;ghu;g;GfSf;FVw;w tifapy; Nghjdh KiwapYk; kjpg;gPl;L KiwapYk;Njitg;gLfpd;w rPu;jpUj;jq;fs; gw;wp mtu; fUj;Jiutoq;fpapUe;jhu;.
Nkw;nrhd;d ,uz;L ciufspYk; Kd;itf;fg;gl;lKf;fpa tplaq;fis kpif epug;Gtjhf ,d;iwa vdJ ciumikag; NghfpwJ.
2. fy;tp KiwikVida nghJeytha ehLfisg; Nghd;Nw Kd;ida
gpupj;jhdpaf; FbNaw;w ehL vd;w tifapy; ,yq;ifAk;gpupj;jhdpa Kiwikia mbnahw;wpa fy;tp Kiwiknahd;iwkuGupikahfg; ngw;wpUf;fpwJ. Fwpg;ghf> rpNu~;l ,ilepiykw;Wk; fy;Y}up epiyf; fy;tp Kiwikfs; gpupj;jhdpaKiwikapd; khjpupapNyNa mikf;fg;gl;Ls;sd. mj;NjhL[P.rP.<. rhjhuz ju kw;Wk; [P.rP.<. cau;ju jifikfs;> If;fpa,uhr;rpaj;jpd; xj;j jifikfspd; tptuf; $w;Wf;fSf;Fr;rkndhj;j KiwapNyNa tbtikf;fg;gl;Ls;sd.
2.1 cyfshtpa jifikfs; vd;w tifapy; fy;tpg;nghJj; juhjur; rhd;wpjo;fs;
,yq;ifapy; rpNu~;l ,ilepiy kw;Wk; fy;Y}upepiyf;Fupa fhyk; KOtJk; khztu;fis [P.rP.<. rhjhuzjuk; kw;Wk; [P.rP.<. cau; juk; Mfpa ,U Njrpa kl;lg;guPl;irfSf;fhfg; gapw;Wtpg;gjpNyNa nrytplg;gLfpd;wJ.
[P.rP.<. vd;Dk; fy;tpg; nghJj; juhjug;gj;jpuq;fs; Fwpj;jghlq;fisf; nfhz;l fy;tprhu; jifikfshFk;. ,it If;fpa,uhr;rpaj;jpypUe;J- Fwpg;ghf ,q;fpyhe;jpYk; Nty;]pYk; tlmau;yhe;jpYk; cs;s jifik toq;Fk; epWtdq;fspypUe;JNjhd;wpait.
[P.rP.< %d;W kl;lq;fisf; nfhz;lJ. mitahtd:VWtupirapd;gb rhjhuz juk; (OL)> cau; Jizj; juk;(AS)> cau; juk; (AL) vd;gdthFk;. 1988k; Mz;L,q;fpyhe;jpYk; Nty;]pYk; tl mau;yhe;jpYk; [P.rP.<. rhjhuzjukhdJ [P.rP.v];.<. (GCSE) vd;Dk; ,ilepiyf; fy;tpj;juhjug; gj;jpuj;jpdhy; khw;wPL nra;ag;gl;lJ.
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[P.rP.<. rhjhuz juk;> [P.rP.< cau; juk; Mfpa ,UjifikfSk; ,yq;if cl;gl gq;fshNj~;;> G&id> ,e;jpah>kNyrpah> nkhuprpa];> ghf;fp];jhd;> rPnry];> rpq;fg;g+u;>rpk;ghg;Nt Nghd;w nghJeytha ehLfspy; toq;fg;gLfpd;wd.,e;ehLfspy; ngUk;ghyhdtw;wpy; ,g;guPl;irfs; If;fpa,uhr;rpaj;jpy; mike;Js;s Cambridge International Examinations(CIC) kw;Wk; Pearson International Mfpa epWtdq;fspdhy;elhj;jg;gLfpd;wd.
[P.rP.< cau; juj;jpy; ,Wjpg; guPl;irahdJ nghJthf13 tUlg; ghlrhiyf; fy;tpapd; ,Wjpapy;> ,U tUltFg;giwf; fw;wypd; gpd;du; vOjg;gLfpd;wJ. ,Jghlrhiyia tpl;L ePq;Fk; jifikahff; fUjg;gLtNjhL>Fwpj;j ehLfspy; Fwpj;j ghlj;Jiwapy; gl;lg; gbg;igj;njhlu;tjw;Fj; jpl;lkpLk; khztu;fSf;Fj; Njitahd mwpT>jpwd;fs;> tpsf;fk; Kjypatw;wpd; milTfis kjpg;gPLnra;af;$ba tpjj;jpNyNa tbtikf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.ngUk;ghyhd gy;fiyf;fof mDkjpfs; 3 cau; jug;ghlq;fis mbg;gilahff; nfhz;bUg;gjhy; khztu;fs;nghJthf 3 cau; jug; ghlq;fSf;Fj; Njhw;Wthu;fs;.
kpFe;j MoKk; fy;tpuPjpapy; fbdj; jd;ikAk;nfhz;ljhd [P.rP.<. cau; juj;ij milAk; topahf [P.rP.<.rhjhuz juk; tbtikf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. ghlrhiyf; fy;tpapd;11 tUl ,Wjpapy; khztu;fs; ,jd; ,Wjpg; guPl;irf;Fj;Njhw;Wthu;fs;. cyfshtpa jifik vd;w tifapy; [P.rP.<.rhjhuz juj; jifikia mila ehLk; xU khztd;Ie;J my;yJ MW ghlq;fspy;5 rpj;jpailjy; Ntz;Lk;.
[P.rP.<. cau; juk; tiu jkJ fy;tpiaj; njhlu tpUk;Gk;khztu;fs;> jha; nkhop> fzpjk; vd;gd cl;gl Fwpj;jnjhifr; rpj;jpj; juq;fis [P.rP.<. rhjhuz jug; guPl;irapy;ngw;Wf; nfhs;tjd; %yk; Mff; Fiwe;j mDkjpj; NjitiaepiwT nra;jy; Ntz;Lk;.
[P.rP.<. rhjhuz juk;> [P.rP.<. cau; juk; Mfpa ,UjifikfSf;Fk; topNfhYfpd;w xt;nthU fw;if epfo;r;rpj;jpl;lKk; fw;wy; njhlu;ghd ed;F tiuaWf;fg;gl;l Ntiyr;Riknahd;iwf; nfhz;Ls;sJ. fw;wYf;fhf xU khztd;nrytpl Ntz;ba Neuj;jpd; msT> fw;wYf;Fupa ghltplaj;jpd; msT kw;Wk; mjd; fbd kl;lk; vd;gtw;wpd;mbg;gilapNyNa ,J mike;jpUf;fpwJ.
fw;if epfo;r;rpj;jpl;lj;jpw;Fupa fhyg; gFjpapy;xt;nthU ghlj;jpw ;Fk; Fwpg ;gpl;l vz;zpf;ifahdtopfhl;lYld;$ba fw;wy; kzpj;jpahyq;fs; (Guided LearningHours - GLH) fw;NghUf;F toq;fg;gLk; vd;w vLNfhspd;mbg;gilapNyNa [P.rP.<. rhjhuz ju kw;Wk; cau; juq;fspy;fw ; g pf ; fg ; gLk ; g hlq ;fs pd ; g hlj ;j pl ; lq ; fs ;tbtikf;fg;gl;Ls;sd. rPuhf;fg;gl;l jifikapd; msitf;Fwpg;gjhfNt GLH ,Uf;fpd;wJ. fw;fg;gLk; fw;wy;,yf;nfhd;W njhlu;ghff; Fwpj;j topfhl;liy toq;Ftjw;fhfMrpupau;fs; rKfkspj;jpUf;Fk; fhy msNt topfhl;lYld;$ba fw;wy; kzpj;jpahyq;fs; vd tiuaWf;fg;gLfpd;wJ.,J tFg;giwf; fw;gpj;jy;> gapw;rpfs;> fz;fhzpg;Gld; $bafw;if vd;gtw;iw cs;slf;fyhk;. Kd;dhaj;jk;> fw;wy;>kjpg;gPL vd;gtw;Wf;fhf fw;gtu; xUtu; nrytpLk; fhyj;ijkjpg;gpl;L mjid GLH cld; Nru;f;Fk; NghJ> mg;ghlj;jpw;Fupacj;Njr fw;iff; fhyj;ijf; fzpg;gpl;Lf; nfhs;syhk;. xUfw;if epfo;r;rpj; jpl;lj;jpw;fhfr; nrytpl Ntz;Lk; vdvjpu;ghu;f;fg;gLk; cj;Njr nkhj;j fw;wy; fhykhdJ Fwpj;jjifikia toq;Ftjw;Fj; Njitg;gLk; fw;wy; fdtsTvd miof;fg;gLfpd;wJ.
If;fpa ,uhr;rpaj;jpy; toq;fg;gLk; [P.rP.<. rhjhuzju kw;Wk; cau; ju jifikfSf;Fupa tptuf;$w;Wf;fspd;gbrhjhuz jug; ghlnkhd;wpd; ghlj;jpl;lk; 130 GLH6fisAk;cau; jug; ghlnkhd;wpd; ghlj;jpl;lk; 360 GLH7fisAk;Fwpg;gpl;l fw;if newpf;Fupa fhyg; gFjpapy; - nghJthfxt;nthd;Wf;Fk; ,uz;L tUl fhyj;jpy; - nfhz;bUf;fNtz;Lk;.
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2.2 ,yq;iff;Fupa jifik vd;w tifapy; fy;tpg;nghJj; juhjug; gj;jpuq;fs;
,yq;ifapy; rpNu~;l ,ilepiy tl;lkhdJ juk; 10IAk; (14-15 tajpdu;) juk; 11 IAk; (15-16 tajpdu;)nfhz;Ls;sNjhL [P.rP.<. rhjhuz jug; guPl;iriaAk;cs;slf;fpAs;sJ. mNjNtis> fy;Y}upepiy tl;lkhdJjuk; 12 IAk; (16-18 tajpdu;) juk; 13 IAk; (17-19 tajpdu;)nfhz;bUg;gNjhL [P.rP.<. cau;jug; guPl;irf;Fk; topelhj;JfpwJ.Fwpj;j jifikfis toq;Fk; Nkw;gb guPl;irfs; fy;tpmikr;rpd; guPl;irj; jpizf;fsj;jpdhy; tUle;NjhWk;elhj;jg;gLfpd;wd.
2.2.1 rpNu~;l ,ilepiyf; fiyj;jpl;lk;.
rpNu~;l ,ilepiyf; fiyj;jpl;lj;jpy; Kjd; nkhop> rkak;>fzpjk;> tpQ;Qhdk;> tuyhW> Mq;fpy nkhop Mfpa MWfUg; ghlq;fSk; gpd;tUk; %d;W njhFjpfspy;8 ,Ue;JNju;e;njLf;fg;glf;$ba %d;W tpUg;gj;Jf;Fupa ghlq;fSk;mlq;Ffpd;wd.
njhFjp 1 : Gtpapay;> Fbapay; fy;tp> Kaw;rpahz;ikf;fy;tp> gz;ila kw;Wk; etPd nkhopfs; (ghsp> rk];fpUjk;>gpnuQ;R> n[u;kd;> ̀ pe;jp> [g;ghdpa nkhop> mwG)> ,uz;lhk;nkhop (rpq;fsk;/jkpo;)
njhFjp 2: rq;fPjk; (fPioj;Nja/ Nkiyj;Nja/ fu;ehlf)>rpj;jpuk;> eldk; (RNjr/ ,e;jpa)> ehlfKk; muq;fpaYk;(rpq;fsk;/ jkpo;/ Mq;fpyk;)> ,yf;fpa eak; (rpq;fsk;/ jkpo;/Mq;fpyk;/ mwG)
njhFjp 3: jfty; njhopDl;gk;> tptrhaKk; czTj;njhopDl;gKk;> flw;nwhopYk; czTj; njhopDl;gKk;>tbtikg;Gk; njhopDl;gtpaYk;> ifj;jpwd; fiyfs;>kidg;nghUspay;> ,yj;jpudpay; vOj;Jg; gjpTk;RUf;nfOj;Jk;> RfhjhuKk; clw; fy;tpAk;> njhlu;ghlYk;Clff; fw;ifAk;
rpNu~;l ,ilepiy tFg;Gf;fspy; xd;gJ ghlq;fisAk;fw;gpg;gjw;fhf vt;tsT Neuk; xJf;fg;gl Ntz;Lk; vd;wfy;tp mikr;rpd; vjpu;ghu;g;Gf;fisAk;> mq;fPfupf;fg;gl;lghlj;jpl;lj;jpd;gb xt;nthU ghlj;ijAk; fw;gpg;gjw;FxJf;fg;gl Ntz;ba ghlNtisfspd; vz;zpf;if gw;wpaNjrpa fy;tp epWtfj;jpd; topfhl;ly;fisAk; gpd;tUk;ml;ltiz fhl;Lfpd;wJ:
rpNu~;l ,ilepiy tl;lj;jpy; fw;gpf;fg;gLk; xt;nthUghlKk; [P.rP.<. rhjhuz juj; jifikapd; $nwhd;whff;fUjg;gLfpd;wJ. ,e;j tifapy; ,yq;ifapNy rpNu~;l,ilepiyf; fy;tpahdJ [P.rP.<. rhjhuz jug; guPl;irf;Fupagapw;Wtpg;G epfo;r;rpj; jpl;lkhfNt tpsq;FfpwJ.
juk; 10 juk; 11
ghlk; xU thuj;jpw;Fupa
ghlNtisfs;
ghlj;jpl;lj;jpw;FupaghlNtisfspd;
vz;zpf;if **
1. rkak; 2 60 60
2. Kjd; nkhop 5 160 160
3. fzpjk; 6 190 190
4. tpQ;Qhdk; 6 165 164
5. Mq;fpyk; 5 90 90
6. tuyhW 3 170 177
7. Nju;T -1 3 90 80
8. Nju;T -2 3 90 90
9. Nju;T -3 3 90 90
E}yfg; gad;ghL 1
Vida njhopw;ghLfs; 3
40 1109 1101
* mikr;Rr; Rw;wwpf;ifapd; rpghuprpd;gb8
* * Njrpa fy;tp epWtfj;jhy; jahupf;fg;gl;Ls;s
Fwpj;j ghlj;jpl;lq;fspd; rpghuprpd;gb
12 13
1940fspy; fhzg;gl;l epiyik ,jpypUe ;JNtWgl;ljhf ,Uf;ftpy;iy. ,J njhlu;ghf> ,ilepiyg;ghlrhiyfisg; gw;wpf; Fwpg;gpLk; NghJ tpNrl FOtpd;mwpf;if1 gpd;tUkhW $Wfpd;wJ:
‘cupa guPl;irahdJ fiyj;jpl;lj;jpd; kPJ Mjpf;fk;nrYj;jf;$lhJ. vdpDk;> ve;j tpNrl FOkj;jpw;Fs;khztu;fs; Nrug; Nghfpwhu ;fs; vd;gij mJjPu;khdpf;fpwJ.” NkYk;>
‘vg;gbapUg;gpDk; ,yq;ifapy; ,ilepiyf; fy;tpKOikahfNt yz;ld; nkl;upFNy~d; guPl;irapd;Mjpf;fj;Jf;F cs;shfpapUf;fpwJ.”
xNu fw;if epfo;r;rpj;jpl;lj;jpy; fw;gpf;fg;gLfpd;wghlq;fspd; fbd kl;lq;fspy; NtWghLfs; fhzg;glyhk;vd;gijAk; mtw;wpd; rhu;G Kf;fpaj;Jtj;Jf;F Vw;w tifap;y;cupa ngWkjp toq;fg;gl;l gpd;dNu mtw;wpy; ngwg;gLk;juq;fs; xg;gPL nra;ag;gl Ntz;Lk; vd;gijAk; fy;tprhu;r%fk; nghJthf Vw;Wf;nfhs;fpwJ. fbd kl;lj;jpd; xUgpujhd $whf mg;ghlj;Jf;Fj; Njitahd ciog;gpd;mstpid my;yJ mjDld; njhlu ;ghd fw ;wy ;kzpj;jpahyq;fspd; vz;zpf;ifiaf; nfhs;syhk;. jw;Nghija[P.rP.< rhjhuz ju fiyj;jpl;lj;jpy; ntt;NtW ghlq;fspd;fw;gpj;jYf;Fupa fhyj;jpy; Fwpg ;gplj;jf;f khWghLfhzg;gLfpd;wJ. vdNt me;j xd;gJ ghlq;fspdJk; juq;fisxNu tpjkhd msTj;jpl;lj;jpd; fPo; kjpg;gpLtJ> khztu;miltpid mwpf;ifg; gLj;Jtjw;Fg; nghUj;jkw;wJk;epahakw;wJkhd xU KiwahFk;.
2.2.2 fy;Y}up epiyf; fiyj;jpl;lk; - fy;tprhu;ghlj;Jiwfs;
[P.rP.< rhjhuz jug; guPl;irapy; Mff; Fiwe;jJ%d;W gpujhd ghlq;fspy; jpwikr; rpj;jpAld; fzpjk;>Kjd;nkhop cl;gl MW ghlq;fspy; rpj;jpngWk; khztnuhUtu;mur my;yJ jdpahu; ghlrhiynahd;wpy; [P.rP.< cau; jutFg;igj; njhlu;tjw;Fj; jFjp ngWfpwhu;.
[P.rP.<. cau; juf; fiyj;jpl;lj;ijj; njhlu;tjw;Fkhztu;fSf;Ff; fpl;Lfpd;w ghlj;Jiwfspd; mbg;gilapNyNafy;Y}up epiyf; fy;tp tptupf;fg;gLfpd;wJ. mJ tpupthdMW ghlj;Jiwfisf; nfhz;Ls;sJ. mitahtd: fiy>tzpfk;> capupay; tpQ;Qhdk;> ngsjpf tpQ;Qhdk;>capu ;Kiwikfs; njhopDl ;gt pay ; > ve ;j p ut pay ;njhopDl;gtpay;. Fwpj;j ghlj; Jiwnahd;iwj; njupTnra;tjw;fhf khztu;fs; epiwT nra;a Ntz;ba Nkyjpfj;Njitfs; fy;tpaikr;rpd; 2008/179 Rw;wwpf;ifapy;tptupf;fg;gl;Ls;sd.
[P.rP.< cau; jug; guPl;irf;Fupa ghlq;fspd; nkhj;jvz;izf;if 63 MFk;. ,uz;L tUl fhyj;jpy;ghlj;jpl;lj;ijg; g+u;j;jp nra;tjw;fhf ghlrhiyapy; xt;nthUghlKk; nkhj;jk; 600 ghlNtisfspy; fw;gpf;fg;gl Ntz;Lk;vd vjpu;ghu;f;fg;gLfpd;wJ.
[P.rP.<. cau; jug; ghlq;fisj; njupT nra;jy; kw;Wk; ghl,izg;Gf;fs; vd;gd gw;wp fy;tpaikr;rpd; ghlrhiyr;nraw;ghl;Lg; gpuptpdhy; ntspaplg;gl;l 2016/1310 ,yf;fr;Rw;wwpf;if topfhl;Lfpd;wJ. ,r;nrad;KiwahdJ ,yq;ifg;gy;fiyf; fof khdpa Mizf;Ftpdhy; epu;zapf;fg;gl;Ls;smur gy;fiyf; fofq;fSf;fhd mDkjp tpjpKiwfspNyNaKw;whfj; jq;fpapUf;fpd;wJ. mJ kpfr; rpf;fyhdJ. juk; 12,y; rupahd ghl ,izg;igj; njupT nra;ahjjd; fhuzkhfr;rpy khztu;fs; gy;fiyf; fof mDkjp ngWtjpy; rpukj;ijvjpu;nfhz;Ls;sdu; vd me;jr; Rw;wwpf;ifNa xg;Gf;nfhz;Ls;sJ.
fle;j vOgj;J Ie;J tUlq;fshf fy;Y}upepiyf; fy;tpapy;ngupa khw;wk; vJTk; epfotpy;iy vd;gJ ftiyf;FupatplaNk. tpNrl mwpf;ifapYs;s1 gpd;tUk; fUj;Jiuiathrpf;Fk; NghJ ,jidg; Gupe;Jnfhs;s KbAk;.
‘gjpndl;L tajpy; ghlrhiyia tpl;L ePq;Fk;midtUk; gy;fiyf; fofj;jpy; Eioag; Nghtjpy;iy.mj;NjhL ghlrhiyf; fy;tpapd; ,Wjp ,uz;LtUlq;fspYk; gy;fiyf; fofj;jpw;Fupa Njitfs;Mjpf;fk; nrYj;JtJk; tpUk;gj; jf;fjy;y.”
14 15
tu ;j;jfg ; ghlj ;Jiwf;Fg; ghlq;fisj; njupT nra;tjw;fhdtopfhl;ly;:
tzpff; fy;tp> nghUspay;> fzf;fPL Mfpa ghlq;fspypUe;J Mff;Fiwe;jJ 2 ghlq;fis khztu;fs; fl;lhakhfj; njupT nra;a Ntz;Lk;.%d;whtJ ghlj;ij mtu;fs; gpd;tUk; gl;baypypUe;J njupT nra;ayhk;:tptrha tpQ;Qhdk;> Gtpapay;> tzpfg; Gs;sptpgutpay;> n[u;kd; nkhop>,ize;j fzpjk; my;yJ fzpjk;> tuyhW> murpay; tpQ;Qhdk;> Mq;fpyk;>msitapaYk; tpQ;QhdKiwAk;> gpnuQ;R> jfty; kw;Wk; njhlu;ghly;njhopDl;gk;.
capu pay ; tpQ ;Qhdg ; ghlj ;Jiwf ;Fg ; ghlq ;fisj; nju pTnra;tjw;fhd topfhl;ly;:
,g;ghlj; Jiwapy; fw;f tpUk;Gk; khztu;fs; capupaYld; gpd;tUk;gl;baypYs;s NtW ,uz;L ghlq;fisj; njupT nra;a Ntz;Lk;:,urhadtpay;> ngsjpftpay;> fzpjk;> tptrha tpQ;Qhdk;.
vdpDk; xUtu; gy;fiyf; fofj;jpy; kUj;Jtk; my;yJ gy; kUj;Jtk;,y;yJ tpyq;F kUj;Jtk; fw;f tpUk;gpdhy;> mtu; fl;lhakhf capupay;>,urhadtpay;> ngsjPftpay; ,izg;igf; fw;f Ntz;Lk;.
ngsjpf t pQ ;Qhdg ; ghlj ;Jiwf ;Fg ; ghlq ;fisj ; nju pTnra;tjw;fhd topfhl;ly;:
,g;ghlj; Jiwapy; fw;f tpUk;Gk; khztu;fs; gpd;tUk; ghlq;fspypUe;J%d;wpidj; njupT nra;jy; Ntz;Lk;: ,urhadtpay;> ngsjpftpay;>,ize;j fzpjk;> cau; fzpjk;.
vdpDk; xUtu; gy;fiyf; fofj;jpy; nghwpapay; fw;fj; jpl;lkpl;bUg;gpd;mtu; fl;lhakhf ,urhadtpay;> ,ize;j fzpjk;> ngsjpftpay; vd;Dk;,izg;igf; fw;f Ntz;Lk;.
ve;jputpay; njhopDl;gtpay; ghlj;Jiwf;Fg; ghlq;fisj; njupTnra;tjw;fhd topfhl;ly;:
,g;ghlj; Jiwapy; fw;f tpUk;Gk; khztu;fs; nghwpapy; njhopDl;gtpay;>njhopDl;gj;Jf;fhd tpQ;Qhdk; Mfpa ,U ghlq;fisAk; njupT nra;jy;Ntz;Lk;. %d;whtJ ghlj;ijg; gpd;tUk; gl;baypypUe;J njupT nra;ayhk;:nghUspay;> Gtpapay;> kidg;nghUspay;> Mq;fpyk;> njhlu;ghlYk; Clff;fw;ifAk;> jfty; kw;Wk; njhlu;ghly; njhopy;El;gk;> rpj;jpuk;> tzpff;fy;tp> tptrha tpQ;Qhdk;> fzf;fPL> fzpjk;.
capu; Kiwikfs; njhopDl;gtpay; ghlj; Jiwf;Fg; ghlq;fisj;njupT nra;tjw;fhd topfhl;ly;:
,g;ghlj; Jiwapy; fw;f tpUk;Gk; khztu;fs; capu; Kiwikfs;njhopDl;gtpay;> njhopDl;gj;Jf;fhd tpQ;Qhdk; Mfpa ,U ghlq;fisAk;njupT nra;jy; Ntz;Lk;. %d;whtJ ghlj;ijg; gpd;tUk; gl;baypypUe;JnjupT nra;ayhk;: nghUspay;> Gtpapay;> kidg;nghUspay;> Mq;fpyk;>njhlu;ghlYk; Clff; fw;ifAk;> jfty; kw;Wk; njhlu;ghly; njhopDl;gk;>rpj;jpuk;> tzpff; fy;tp> tptrha tpQ;Qhdk;> fzf;fPL> fzpjk;.
gy;NtW ghlj; Jiwfspd; fPo; gy;fiyf; fof
mDkjpf; fhfg; ghl ,izg;Gf;fisj; njupTnra;tjw;fhd top fhl;ly;fs;
fiyg; ghlj; Jiwapy; ghlq;fisj; njupT
nra;tjw;fhd topfhl;ly;
[P.rP.<. cau; jug; guPl;irf;fhf fiyg; ghlj;Jiwapy; gy ghlq;fs;
,Ug;gjdhy;> mg;ghlq;fs; ehd;F njhFjpfshf tifg;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;sd.
njhFjp 1 - r%f tpQ;Qhdq;fs;/ gpuNahf r%ftpaw; fw;iffs;:
nghUspay;> Gtpapay;> tuyhW> kidg; nghUspay;> tptrha tpQ;Qhdk;
my;yJ fzpjk; my;yJ ,ize;j fzpjk;> njhlu;ghly; kw;Wk; Clff;
fw;iffs;> jfty; njhlu;ghly; njhopDl;gk;> fzf;fPL my;yJ tzpfg;
Gs;sptpgutpay;> murpay; tpQ;Qhdk;> msitapaYk; tpQ;QhdKiwAk;>
njhopDl;gg; ghlq;fSs; xd;W (rptpy; njhopy;El;gtpay;> kpd;>
,yj;jpudpay; kw;Wk; jfty; njhopDl;gk;> tptrhaj; njhopDl;gtpay;>
nghwpKiwj; njhopDl;gk;> czTj; njhopDl;gk;> capu;tsj;
njhopDl;gk;)
njhFjp 2 - rkaq;fSk; ehfupfq;fSk;: ngsj;jk; my;yJ ngsj;j
ehfupfk;> ,e;J rkak; my;yJ ,e;J ehfupfk;> fpwp];jtk; my;yJ
fpwp];jt ehfupfk;> ,];yhk; my;yJ ,];yhkpa ehfupfk;> fpNuf;f
kw;Wk; Nuhk ehfupfk;.
njhFjp 3 - mofpaw; fw;iffs;: mofpaw; ghlq;fs; ehd;F
ghlg; gug;Gf;fisf; nfhz;Ls;sd. mitahtd: rpj;jpuk;> eldk;
(rpq;fs my;yJ guj)> rq;fPjk; (fPioj;Nja my;yJ fu;ehlf my;yJNkiyj;Nja)> ehlfKk; muq;fpaYk; (rpq;fsk; my;yJ jkpo; my;yJ
Mq;fpyk;)
njhFjp 4 - nkhopfs;: nkhopg; ghlq;fs; %d;W ghlg;gug;Gf;fisf;
nfhz;Ls;sd. mitahtd: Njrpa nkhopfs; (rpq;fsk;> jkpo;>Mq;fpyk;) > gz;ila nkhopfs; (mwG> ghsp> rk];fpUjk;)> gpwnkhopfs; (rPd nkhop> gpnuQ;R> n[u;kd;> `pe;jp> [g;ghdpa nkhop>
kyha; nkhop> u~;a nkhop)
16 17
2.3 fy;Y}upepiyf; fiyj;jpl;lk; - njhopy;rhu; ghlj;Jiw
[P.rP.<. rhjhuz jug; guPl;irf;Fj; Njhw;wpa gpd;du;,ilapy; tpyfptplhJ> fw;gtu; xt;nthUtUk; juk;-13 ,d;
,Wjptiu jkJ fy;tpiaj; njhlu topnra;Ak; tz;zk; 13
tUlf; fy;tpf;F cj;juthjkspf;Fk; murpd; nfhs;iff;Fmika> fy;Y}up kl;lj;jpy; ‘njhopy;rhu; ghlj;Jiw| vd;Dk;
Gjpa epfo;r;rpj;jpl;lk; 2016 ,y; mwpKfg;gLj;jg;gl;lJ. khztu;juk; 13 Ig; g+u;j;jp nra;Ak; NghJ njupT nra;ag;gl;l
njhopYf;Fupa Fwpj;j jpwd;fis miltjw;F topaikf;Fk;
tifapy ; ,g ; Gj pa ghlj ;Jiwapd ; fl ;likg ;Gtbtikf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. gpd;tUk; jiyg;Gf;fis cs;slf;Fk;
nkhba+y;fisf; nfhz;l nghJf;$nwhd;W njhopy;rhu;
ghlj;Jiwapy; fhzg;gLfpd;wJ: mofpay; nraw;ghLfs; %yk;,yf;fpa eak;> jfty; kw;Wk; njhlu;ghly; njhopDl;gj;
(ICT) jpwd;fs;> FbAupikf;Fupa jpwd;fs;> Rfhjhu kw;Wk;tho;f;ifj; jpwd;fs;> r%f eyd;fhf;Fk; jpwd;fs;>
Kaw;rpahz;ikj;; jpwd;fs;. juk; 12 ,d; Kjy; ,uz;L
jtizfspYk; guk;gpapUf;ff;$ba tifapy; 360 kzpj;jpahy(540 ghlNtisfSf;Fr; rkdhd) ,ilj; njhopw;ghl;Lf;
f hyj ;j py ; ,f ;$W toq ;fg ; gl Ntz ;Lk ; vd
vjpu;ghu;f;fg;gLfpd;wJ.
jw;NghJ ,g;ghlj;Jiw Kd;Ndhbj; jpl;lnkhd;whfr;
nraw;gLtNjhL khztu;fs; njupT nra;af;$ba 26 njhopy;rhu;jpwd; gug;Gf;fs; ,Uf;fpd;wd. njhopy;rhu; ghlj;Jiw epfo;r;rpj;
jpl;lj;jpw;fhf Kd;itf;fg;gl;Ls;s fl;likg;G> fiyj;jpl;lk;>
fzpg;gPl;L Kiw vd;gtw;wpd; ,ay;G fhuzkhf> [P.rP.<. cau;juj; jifikia toq;Ftjw;fhd tptuf;$w;Wf;fSf;F
,iaghdjhf ,J fhzg;gltpy;iy. Njrpa njhopy;rhu;
jifikr; (NVQ) rl;lfk; kw;Wk; ,yq;if jifikfs;rl;lfk; (SLQF) vd;gtw;wpd; topfhl;ly; Fwpg;Gf;fSf;F Vw;w
tifapy; njhopy;rhu; ghlj;Jiw epfo;r;rpj; jpl;lj;jpw;Fg;nghUj;jkhd jifikg; nganuhd;W tbtikf;fg;gl Ntz;Lk;.
juk; 12 juk; 13
ghlk; xU
thuj;jpw;Fupa
ghlNtisfs;
ghlj;jpl;lj;jpw;FupaghlNtisfspd;
vz;zpf;if **
gpujhd ghlk; 2 10 300 300
gpujhd ghlk; 3 10 300 300
nghJ Mq;fpyk; 6 325
GIT (juk; 12 kl;Lk;) 2 60
Vida njhopw;ghLfs;
juk;-12 2
juk;-13 4
nkhj;jk; 40
* mikr;Rr; Rw;wwpf;ifapd; rpghuprpd;gb10
** Njrpa fy;tp epWtfj;jhy; jahupf;fg;gl;Ls;s
Fwpj;j ghlj;jpl;lq;fspd; rpghuprpd;gb
ghl ,izg;Gf;fisj; njupT nra;tjw;fhd Nkw;gb
topfhl;ly;fs; tpiwg;Gj; jd;ik nfhz;lit. khztu;fs;jj;jkJ Mu;tq;fSf;F Vw;g ghlq;fisj; njupT nra;tjw;F
Vw;wthW Nghjpa nefpo;Tj; jd;ikia mit toq;Ftjpy;iy.
fy;Y}up epiy tFg;Gf;fspy; Fwpg;gpl;l ghlq;fisf;
fw;gpg;gjw;fhf vt;tsT Neuk; xJf;fg;gl Ntz;Lk; vd;gJgw;wpa fy;tp mikr;rpd; vjpu;ghg;Gf;fisAk;> mq;fPfupf;fg;gl;l
ghlj;jpl;lj;jpd;gb xt;nthU ghlj;ijAk; fw;gpg;gjw;F
xJf;fg;gl Ntz;ba ghlNtisfspd; vz;zpf;if njhlu;ghdNjrpa fy;tp epWtfj;jpd; topfhl;ly;fisAk; gpd;tUk;
ml;ltiz fhl;LfpwJ
18 19
* epuy; 1: [P.rP.<. rhjhuz jug; guPl;irapy; ghz;bj;jpa kl;lj;ijj;jPu;khdpg;gjw;Fupa fzpg;gPl;Lf; fl;lq;fspd; vz;zpf;if
** epuy; 2: [P.rP.<. rhjhuz jug; guPl;irapy; ghz;bj;jpa kl;lj;ijj;jPu;khdpg;gjw;fhfj; juk; 10> 11fspypUe;J vLf;fg;gl;l fzpg;gPl;Lf; fl;lq;fspd;
nkhj;j vz;zpf;if.
* epuy; 3: [P.rP.<. cau; jug; guPl;irapy; ghz;bj;jpa kl;lj;ijj;jPu;khdpg;gjw;Fupa fzpg;gPl;Lf; fl;lq;fspd; vz;zpf;if
** epuy; 4: [P.rP.<. cau; jug; guPl;irapy; ghz;bj;jpa kl;lj;ijj;jPu;khdpg;gjw;fhfj; juk; 12> 13fspypUe;J vLf;fg;gl;l fzpg;gPl;Lf;
fl;lq;fspd; nkhj;j vz;zpf;if.
ghlk; epuy; 1* epuy; 2**
rkak; 1 5
Kjd;nkhop 1 5
fzpjk; 1 5
tpQ;Qhdk; 1 5
tuyhW 1 5
njupT-1 1 5
njupT-2 1 5
njupT-3 1 5
ghlk; epuy; 3* epuy; 4**
gpujhd ghlk; 1 1 5
gpujhd ghlk; 1 1 5
gpujhd ghlk; 1 1 5
FOr; nraw;wpl;lk; — 1
njhopy;tha;g;G Nehf;fj;jpw;fhf NVQ kl;lk; 3> NVQ kl;lk;4 vd;gtw;iwg; g+u;j;jp nra;jy; KiwNa [.PrP.<. rhjhuz ju>[P.rP.<. cau; jug; guPl;irfspy; rpj;jpailtjw;Fr; rkdhdJ
vdf; fUjg;gLk; vdf; $Wk; 28/201611 ,yf;f nghJ epu;thfr;Rw;wpf;iff;F mika> Gjpa njhopy;rhu; ghlj;Jiwj;jifikahdJ - rpyNtis Nkyjpf epge;jidfSld; -
tof;fkhd [P.rP.< cau; juj; jifikf;Fr; rkdhdJ vdf;nfhs;sg;glyhk;.
2.4 ghlrhiy kl;lf; fzpg;gPl;L epfo;r;rpj; jpl;lk;
jw;NghJ rfy mur kw;Wk; jdpahu; ghlrhiyfspy;rpNu~;l ,ilepiy> fy;Y}up epiy kl;lq;fspy; ghlrhiy
kl;lf; fzpg;gPL (SBA) epfo;r;rpj; jpl;lk; nraw;gLj;jg;gl;LtUfpd;wJ. rpNu~;l ,ilepiy> fy;Y}upepiy kl;lq;fspy;SBA epfo;r ;rpj ; jpl ;lq;fspd ; juq;fs; njhlu ;ghd
mwpTWj;jy;fs; fy;tpj; jpizf;fsj;jpdhy; ntspaplg;gLk;vdf; fy;tp mikr;rpd; 23/201712 ,yf;f SBA Rw;wwpf;if$Wfpd;wJ. mj;NjhL ,e;epfo;r;rpj; jpl;lj;ij ntw;wpfukhfr;
nraw;gLj;jTk; Nkw;ghu ;it nra;aTk; mtrpakhdeltbf;iffisf; fy;tp mikr;rpd; ghlq;fSf;Fg; nghWg;ghd
gzpg;ghsu;fSk; khfhzf; fy;tpg; gzpg;ghsu;fSk; tyaf;
fy;tpg; gzpg;ghsu;fSk; Nfhl;lf; fy;tpg; gzpg;ghsu;fSk;Nkw;nfhs;s Ntz;Lk; vdTk; mJ $Wfpd;wJ.
xU jtizapy; xt;nthU ghlj;jpYk; epiwT nra;ag;glNtz;ba fzpg;gPl;L kl;lq;fspd; vz;zpf;ifiaAk;> [P.rP.<.
rhjhuz ju kw;Wk; cau; juj; Nju;r;rpfspy; ghz;bj;jpa
kl;lj;ijj; jPu;khdpg;gjpy; fUj;jpw;nfhs;sg;gl Ntz;bafzpg;gPl;L kl;lq;fspd; vz;zpf;ifiaAk; gpd;tUk;
ml;ltizfs; ,uz;Lk; fhl;Lfpd;wd. mj;NjhL fy;Y}upepiy
kl;lj;jpy; ghz;bj;jpa kl;lj;ijj; jPu;khdpf;Fk; NghJ FOr;nraw;wpl;lj;jpd; Gs;spfSk; fUj;jpw; nfhs;sg;gLk;.
20 21
%d;W jpwikr; rpj;jpfSf;Fg; gjpyhf ,uz;L jpwikr;
rpj;jpfs; kl;LNk ngw;wpUg;gpd;> [P.rP.< rhjhuz jug; guPl;irapy;xU ghlj;jpy; ngw;Ws;s rhjhuz rpj;jpNahL mg;ghlj;jpw;F
SBA,y; ngw;w jpwik my;yJ cau; Nju;r;rp kl;lj;ij
,izj;Jf; nfhs;syhk;. ,t;thW nra;tJ> [P.rP.< cau; jutFg;Gf;F mDkjp ngWk; Nehf;fj;jpw;fhf jpwikr;
rpj;jpnahd;Wf;Fr; rkdhdnjdf; fUjg;gLk;. vdpDk; ,e;jr;nrad;Kiwia Kjd; nkhop> fzpjk; Mfpa ghlq;fSf;Fg;
gpuNahfpf;f KbahJ.
2.5 Njrpa fy;tp Mizf;FOtpd; topfhl;ly;fs;
fy;tpapd; rfy mk;rq;fSk; cs;slq;Fk; tifapy;
Njrpaf; fy;tpf; nfhs;if njhlu;ghf muRf;F mwpTiu
toq;Ftjw;nfd 1991,y; epWtg;gl;l Njrpa fy;tpMizf;FO> mjd; Muk;gk; Kjy; fy;tpf; nfhs;if gw;wpa
Mtzj; njhlnuhd;iw cUthf;fp te;Js;sJ. mtw;Ws;nghJf; fy;tpAld; njhlu;Gs;s rpy mwpf;iffs; gpd;tUkhW:
1992 - Mizf;FOtpd; Njrpa mwpf;if
1995 - Njrpa fy;tpf; nfhs;iff;fhd nraw;ghl;Lj; jpir
nfhz;l mZFKiw
1997 - nghJf; fy;tp gw;wpa Njrpaf; nfhs;if
2003 - nghJf; fy;tpapy; Njrpaf; nfhs;ifr;
rl;lfnkhd;Wf;fhd Kd;nkhopTfs;
2016 - ,yq;ifapy; nghJf; fy;tp gw;wpa Njrpaf;
nfhs;ifnahd;Wf;fhd Kd;nkhopTfs;.
Njrpa fy;tp Mizf;FOtpd; Njrpa fy;tpf;nfhs;iffis> fy;tpf;Fg; nghWg;ghfTs;s mjpfhugPlq;fSk;
epWtdq;fSk; mDrupj;J elf;f Ntz;bapUg;gpDk; Nkw;nrhd;d
Fwpg;gpl;l ,U fw;if epfo;r;rpj;jpl;lq;fspdJk;
,uz;lhk; tUl ,Wjpapy; guPl;irj; jpizf;fsj;jpw;F mDg;gpitf;fg;gLk; Nkw; nrhd;d 5 fzpg;gPLfspd; Gs;spfspd;gb>
SBA Gs;spfSk; mtw;Wf;Fupa ghz;bj;jpa kl;lq;fSk;
gpd;tUk; ml;ltizf;F Vw;g jPu;khdpf;fg;gLk;.
SBA ngWNgWfis mwpf;ifg;gLj;Jk; Kiw jpUg;jp
jUtjhf ,y;iy vd;gijAk; khztu; tpUj;jpapy; mitGwf;fzpf;fj;jf;f msT jhf;fj;ijNa Vw;gLj;Jfpd;wd
vd;gijAk; Njrpa fy;tp Mizf;FOtpdhy; elhj;jg;gl;lMa;nthd;W13 fhl;Lfpd;wJ. mj;NjhL ek;gfj;jd;ik>
juf;fl;Lg;ghL vd;gd njhlu;ghd gpur;rpidfs; ,Ug;gJk;
njupa te;Js;sJ. xU ghlj;jpy; vLf;fg;gl;l xd;W jpul;baGs;spfs; mg;ghlj;jpw;fhd ,Wjpj; juj;ijj; jPu;khdpg;gjw;fhf
[P.rP.< rhjhuz jug; guPl;irapy; ngwg;gl;l Gs;spfNshL
$l;lg;gLtjpy;iy. ntt;NtW ghlq;fspy; khztu;fs; mile;jSBA kl;lq;fs;> guPl;irj; jpizf;fsj;jpdhy; ghlrhiyf;F
mDg;gp itf;fg;gLk; nghJthd ngWNgw;Wj; jhspy; mtu;fsJ[P.rP.< rhjhuz ju> cau; ju rpj;jpj; juq;fSld;
Mtzg;gLj;jg;gl;bUf;Fk;. mj;NjhL ghlrhiy mjpgupdhy;
rhd;wplg;gLk; khztu; gjpNtl;bYk; mit gjpag;gl;bUf;Fk;.
[P.rP.< cau; ju tFg;Gf;F mDkjp ngwj; Njitg;gLk;
kw ;nwy ;yh epge ;jidfisAk; e piwT nra ;Js;s
khztnuhUtu;> jFjp ngWtjw;fhd fl;lha epge;jidahd
SBA Gs;spfs; Nju;r;rp kl;lk;
9> 10 mjp rpwe;j Nju;r;rp kl;lk;
8 cau; kl;lj; Nju;r;rp
6> 7 jpwik kl;lj; Nju;r;rp
4> 5 mz;kpj;j Nju;r;rp
1> 2> 3 Nju;r;rp kl;lj;ij milahik
22 23
mj;NjhL> MSik tpUj;jpf;Fg; gq;fspg;Gr; nra;af;$ba
nghJj; jpwd;fs; njhlu;ghd kw;Wk; Ntiy cyFf;Fj;jahuhFk; Mw;wiy Nkk;gLj;JtJ njhlu;ghd Nju;r;rpfisf;
nfhz;l ,U Nkyjpf Nju;r;rpfs; mbg;gilj; Nju;r;rpfSld;
Nru;f;fg;gl;ld.
Njrpa fy;tp Mizf;FOtpd; 2016Mk; Mz;L
mwpf;ifahdJ>2 2003Mk; Mz;L mwpf;ifapy; nrhy;yg;gl;ljw;NghJ eilKiwapYs;s Njrpa Fwpf;Nfhs;fisg; gw;wp
vJTk; Fwpg ;gplhky; tpj;jpahrkhd xd;gJ Njrpa
Fwpf;Nfhs;fspd; njhFjpnahd;iw ,dq;fhl;Lfpd;wJ. mj;NjhLnghJf; fy;tpahdJ ,e;j xd;gJ Njrpa Fwpf;Nfhs;fisAk;
miltjw;Ff; fl;lhakhf topfhl;l Ntz;Lk; vdf; $Wfpd;wJ.
eilKiwapYs;s ghlrhiyf; fiyj;jpl;l Mtzq;fs;midj;Jk; Njrpa fy;tp Mizf; FOtpdhy; jkJ 2003
mwpf;ifapy; tpje;Jiuf;fg;gl;l Njrpa Fwpf;Nfhs;fisNagpd;gw;Wtjhff; $Wtjdhy; mtw;iwf; fPNo jUfpd;Nwd;.
Vnddpy; mitjhd; vdJ ciuAld; njhlu;Giladthf
,Uf;Fk;:
Njrpa Fwpf;Nfhs;fs;
i. kdpj nfsutj;ijf; fz;zpag;gLj;jy; vDk;vz;zf;fUTf;Fs; Njrpa gpizg;G> Njrpa KOik>
Njrpa xw;Wik> ,zf;fk;> rkhjhdk; vd;gtw;iw
Nkk;gLj;jy; %yKk; ,yq;ifg; gd;ikr; r%fj;jpd;fyhrhu NtWghl;bid mq;fPfupj;jy; %yKk;
Njrj;ijf; fl;bnaOg;GjYk; ,yq;ifau; vDk;milahsj;ij Vw;gLj;jYk;.
ii.. khw;wKWk; cyfj;jpd; rthy;fSf;F jf;fthWKfq;nfhLj;jNyhL Njrpa ghuk;gupaj;jpd; mjprpwe;j
mk;rq;fis mq;fPfupj;jYk; NgZjYk;.
mwpf;iffspy; Kd;nkhopag;gl;l tpje;Jiufspy; gy ,Jtiu
KOikahfr; nraw;gLj;jg;gltpy;iy.
xUtu; gad;jUk; njhopw;ghLfspy; gq;Fgw;wTk;>
jd;dpYk; r%fj;jpYk; cWjpepiyia milaTk;> KOikahd
fl;likg;Gf;fis gue;j Nehf;Fld; Gwtakhf Nehf;fplTk;>kw;wtu;fSld; gfpu;e;J nfhz;Ls;s gpuhe;jpa> Njrpa kw;Wk;
ru;tNjr fz;Nzhl;lq;fs; njhlu;ghff; $Uzu;it tsj;Jf;nfhs;sf;$ba Mw;wiyg; ngwr; nra;tjw;Fk; mbg;gilf;
fy;tp cjTtij cWjpnra;Ak; Nehf;Fld; Njrpa fy;tp
Mizf;FO ,dq;fz;Lnfhz;l Njrpa Fwpf;Nfhs;fisAk;>mbg;gilj; Nju;r;rpfisAk;14 Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;
filg ;g pbj ;J tUtJ Nghy ; nju pf pd ;wJ. vy;yh
kl;lq;fspYKs;s Njrpa fy;tp epWtfj;jpd; fiyj;jpl;lMtzq;fs;> nghJthd Njrpa Fwpf;Nfhs;fSf;Fk; Fwpj;j
ghlj;jpl;lj;jpd; Nju;r;rpfSf;Fk; ,ilapy; cs;s neUf;fkhdnjhlu;gpid Kidg;ghf vLj;Jf; fhl;Lfpd;wd.
Njrpa Fwpf;Nfhs;fSk;> mbg;gilj; Nju;r;rpfSk;
1990,y; ,isQu; Mizf;FOtpdhy; Kd;itf;fg;gl;l fy;tpr;rPu;jpUj;jq;fis (mku;twpf;if 1/1990) mbg;gilahff;
nfhz;l Njrpa fy;tp Mizf; FOtpd; 1992 mwpf;ifapy;15
ntspte;jd. ‘jdpahSf;Fg; nghUj;jkhdJk; r%fj;Jf;FKf;fpakhdJkhd| xd;gJ Njrpa Fwpf;Nfhs;fis mt;twpf;if
,dq;fz;lJ. mj;NjhL fiyj;jpl;l mgptpUj;jp kw;Wk;mKyhf;fk; cl;glf; fy;tp mgptpUj;jpf;fhd rl;lfnkhd;whf
Ie;J mbg;gilj; Nju;r;rpfs; ,dq;fhzg;gl;Ls;sd.
2003Mk; Mz;L mwpf;ifapy;14 Njrpa fy;tp Mizf;FOepiyikia kPsha;T nra;J eilKiwapYs;s Njrpa
Fwpf;Nfhs;fisAk; mbg;gilj; Nju;r;rpfisAk; rpwpa
khw;wq;fSld; kPstypAWj;jpapUf;fpwJ. ,uz;LFw pf ; Nfhs ;fis xd ;w pizg ;gjd ; %yk ; Njr pa
Fwpf;Nfhs;fspd; vz;zpf;if vl;lhff; Fiwf;fg;gl;lJ.
24 25
fy;tpapD}lhf tpUj;jp nra;ag;gLk; gpd;tUk; VO mbg;gilj;
Nju;r;rpfSk; Nkw;Fwpj;j Njrpa ,yf;Ffis miltjw;Fupambj;jskhf mikAk; vd vjpu;ghu;f;fg;gLfpwJ:
mbg;gilj; Nju;r;rpfs;
m.Nj.
1. njhlu;ghly; Nju;r;rpfs;:
njhlu;ghly; gw;wpa Nju;r;rpfs; ehd;F Jizj;
njhFjpfis mbg;gilahff; nfhz;lit.vOj;jwpT> vz;zwpT> rpj;jpu mwpT> jfty;
njhopy;El;gj; jifik.
i. vOj;jwpT: ftdkhfr; nrtpkLj;jy;>
njspthfg; NgRjy;> fUj;jwpa thrpj;jy;>rupahfTk; nrk;ikahfTk; vOJjy;>
gad;jUk; tifapyhd fUj;Jg; gupkhw;wk;.
ii. vz;zwpT: nghUs; > ,lk ; > fhyk ;vd;gtw;Wf;F vz;fisg; gad;gLj;jy;.
vz;Zjy;> fzpj;jy;> xOq;F Kiwahfmsj;jy;.
iii. rpj;jpu mwpT: NfhL> cUtk; vd;gtw;wpd;fUj;ij mwpjy;. tpguq;fs;> mwpTWj;jy;fs;>
vz;zq;fs; Mfpatw;iw NfhL> cUtk;>
tu;zk; vd;gtw;why; ntspg;gLj;jYk; gjpT
nra;jYk;.
iv. jfty; njhopy;El;gj; jifik: fzpdp mwpT
- fw;wypy;> njhopy; Rw;whlypy;> nrhe;j tho;tpy;
jfty; njhlu;ghly; njhopy;El;gq;fisg;
(ICT) gad;gLj;jy;.
iii. kdpj cupikfSf;F kjpg;gspj;jy;> flikfs;>flg;ghLfs; gw;wpa tpopg;Gzu;T> xUtu; kPJ
xUtu; nfhz;Ls;s Mo;e;j> ,ilawhj
mf;fiwAzu;T vd;gtw;iw Nkk;gLj;Jk; r%fePjpAk;> [dehaf tho;f;if Kiw epakq;fSk;
cs;slq;fpa Rw;whliy cUthf;FjYk;Mjupj;jYk;.
iv. xUtuJ cs> cly; eyidAk; kdpjtpOkpaq;fSf;F kjpg;gspg;gij mbg;gilahff;
nf hz ;l e piyNgWila tho ;f ;iff ;
Nfhyj;ijAk; Nkk;gLj;jy;.
v. ed;F xd;wpizf;fg;gl;l rkepiy MSikf;Fupa
Mf;fr;rpe;jid> jw;WzpT> Ma;e;J rpe;jpj;jy;>nghWg;G> tif$wy;> cld;ghlhd mk;rq;fis
tpUj;jp nra;jy;.
vi. jdpeguJk;> Njrj;jpdJk; tho;f;ifj; juj;ij
Ngh~pf;ff;$baJk;> ,yq;ifapd; nghUshjhu
mgptpUj;jpf;Fg; gq;fspf;ff;$baJkhd Mf;fg;gzpfSf;fhd fy;tpa+l;Ltjd; %yk; kdpjts
mgptpUj;jpia Vw;gLj;jy;.
vii. jdpegu;fspd; khw;wj;jpw;F Vw;g ,zq;fp thoTk;>
khw;wj;ij Kfhik nra;aTk;> jahu;gLj;jTk;tpiuthf khwptUk; cyfpy; rpf;fyhdJk;
vjpu;ghuhjJkhd epiyikfisr; rkhspf;Fk;
jifikia tpUj;jp nra;jy;.
viii. ePjp> rkj;Jtk;> gu];gu kupahij vd;gtw;iw
mbg;gilahff; nfhz;L ru;tNjr rKjhaj;jpy;nfsutkhdNjhu; ,lj;ijg; ngWtjw;Fg;
gq ;fs p f ; f ;$ba kdg ; g hq ;FfisAk ;jpwd;fisAk; tsu;j;jy;.
26 27
iii. ngsjpfr; #oy;: ,lk;> rf;jp> vupnghUs;>
rlg;nghUs;> nghUs;fs; gw;wpAk; mit kdpjtho;f;if> czT> cil> ciwAs;> Rfhjhuk;>
nrsfupak;> Rthrk;> epj;jpiu> ,isg;ghWjy;>Xa;T> fopTfs;> capupd fopTg; nghUl;fs;
Mfpatw;Wld; nfhz;Ls;s njhlu;G gw;wpa
tpopg;Gzu;Tk;> Ez;Zzu;Tj; jpwd;fSk;fw;wYf;Fk; Ntiy nra;tjw;Fk; tho;tjw;Fk;
fUtpfisAk; njhopDl;gq;fisAk; gad;gLj;Jk;jpwd;fSk; ,q;F cs;slf;fg;gl;Ls;sd.
m.Nj.
4. Ntiy cyfj;jpw;F jahu; nra;jy; njhlu;ghd Nju;r;rpfs;
mtu;fsJ rf;jpia cr;r epiyf;Ff; nfhz;LtUtjw;Fk; mtu;fsJ Mw;wiyg; Ngh~pg;gjw;Fk;Ntz;ba njhopy;rhu; jpwd;fs;.
i. nghUshjhu tpUj;jpf;Fg; gq;fspj;jy;.
ii. mtu ; fsJ njho py ; t pUg ; GfisAk ;csr;rhu;GfisAk; fz;lwpjy;.
iii. mtu;fsJ Mw;wy;fSf;Fg; nghUj;jkhdNtiyiaj; njupT nra;jy;.
iv. gadspf;ff; $baJk; epiyNgWilaJkhd[PtNdhghaj;jpy; <Lgly;.
m.Nj.
5. rkaKk; xOfyhWk; njhlu;ghd Nju;r;rpfs;
md;whl tho;f;ifapy; kpfg; nghUj;jkhdtw;iwj;njupT nra;aTk;> ehshe;j tho;f;ifapy; xOf;fnewp>mwnewp> rkanewp njhlu;ghd elj;ijfisg;
nghUj;jKw Nkw;nfhs;sTk; tpOkpaq;fisj;
jd;kakhf;fpf; nfhs;sYk; cs;thq;fYk;.
m.Nj.
2. MSik tpUj;jp njhlu;ghd Nju;r;rpfs;
i. Mf;fk;> tpupe;j rpe;jid> jw;WzpG> jPu;khdk;
vLj;jy;> gpur;rpid tpLtpj;jy;> EZf;fkhdkw;Wk; gFg;gha;Tr; rpe;jid> mzpapduhfg;
gzp nra;jy;> jdpahs; ,iltpidj;njhlu;Gfs;> fz;Lgpbj;jYk; fz;lwpjYk;
Kjyhd jpwikfs;.
ii. Neu;ik> rfpg;Gj; jd;ik> kdpj nfsutj;ijf;
fz;zpag;gLj;jy; Mfpa tpOkpaq;fs;.
iii. kd vOr;rpfs;> Ez;zwpT.
m.Nj.
3. #oy; njhlu;ghd Nju;r;rpfs;
,j;Nju;r;rpfs; #oNyhL (r%fk;> capupay;> ngsjpfk;)njhlu;GWfpd;wd.
i. r%fr; #oy;: Njrpa ghuk;gupak; gw;wpat po p g ; Gzu ;T > gd ;ikr ; r%fj ;j pd ;
mq;fj;jtu;fs; vd;w tifapy; njhlu;GWk;Ez;Zzu;Tj; jpwd;fSk;> gfpu;e;jspf;fg;gLk;
ePjp> r%fj; njhlu;Gfs;> jdpegu; elj;ijfs;>
ng hJthdJk ; rl ; lG + u ;tk hdJkhdrk;gpujhaq;fs;> cupikfs;> nghWg;Gf;fs;>
flikfs; > flg ;ghLfs; vd;gtw ;w py ;mf;fiwAk;.
ii capupay; #oy;: thOk; cyF> kf;fs;>capupay; #oy; njhFjp - kuq;fs;> fhLfs;>
fly;> ePu;> tsp> capupd jhtuk;> tpyq;F>
kdpj tho;T.
28 29
2.6 ,yq;if jifikr; rl;lfj;jpd; topfhl;ly;fs;“21 Mk; E}w;whz;Lf;Fupa jpwd;fs;” vd;w nrhw;nwhlu;
jw;fhyj;jpy; gpugy;ak; mile;jpUf;fpd;wJ. fy;tpiag; nghWj;jkl;by;21k; E}w;whz;Lf;Fupa jpwd;fs; vd;gJ Jupjkhf khwptUk; 21Mk;E}w;whz;L;r; r%fj;jpYk; Ntiyj; jyq;fspYk; ntw;wpfukhfr;nraw;gLtjw;F mtrpak; vd fy;tpapayhsu;fshYk;> ghlrhiyr;r Pu ;j pUj ;jthjpfshYk; tzpfj ;Jiwj; jiytu ;fshYk;fy;tpahsu;fshYk; mur Kftu;fshYk; VidNahuhYk;vjpu;ghu;f;fg;gLfpd;w mwpT> jpwd;fs;> Ntiyg; gof;fq;fs; kw;Wk;xUtupd; elj;ijapy; fhzg;gLk; tpOkpaq;fs; vd;gtw;iwNaFwpf;fpd;wJ.
rpNu\;l ,ilepiy. fy;Y}upepiy kl;lj; jifikfs; cl;gl>Kf;fpakhf ,yq;ifapd; cau; fy;tp epWtdq;fshy; toq;fg;gLk;jifikfSf ;Fg ; nghWg ;Gf ;$Wfpd ;w Njr pa u pj pa py ;khwhj;jd;ikAs;s rl;lfnkhd;whf ,yq;if jifikr; rl;lfk;(SLQF)17 tpsq;FfpwJ. jifikf;Fupatupd; gz;Gfs; vd;w tifapy;fw;if newpnahd;wpd; ,Wjpapy; khztnuhUtu; tpUj;jpnra;Jnfhz;bUf;f Ntz;Lk; vd vjpu;ghu;f;fg;gLfpd;w gue;j Mw;wy;fs;gw;wpa nghJf; $w;Wf;fspd; njhFjpnahd;iw mJ toq;FfpwJ.rpNu~ ;l ,ilepiy Kjy; fyhepjpf; fw;if kl;lk; tiujifiknfhz;Nlhuplk; ,Uf;f Ntz;ba 21Mk; E}w;whz;Lf;Fupajpwd;fs; kw;Wk; cau; fy;tpaikr;R ,dq;fz;Ls;s rpwg;Gg; NgWfs;vd;gd njhlHghd 12 $w;Wf;fis mJ gl;baw;gLj;jpAs;sJ.
fle;j %d;W jrhg;j fhyj;jpy; cyfshtpa upjpapy; gy
ehLfs; Njrpa jifikr; rl;lfq;fis (NQF) mwpKfg;gLj;jpAs;sd.xU ehl;bd; jifikfis tpj;jpahrkhd kl;lq;fspy; tifg;gLj;Jk;rhjdkhf NQF tpsq;FfpwJ. xt;nthU jifik kl;lKk;mk;kl;lj;jpy; vjpu;ghu;f;fg;gLk; fw;wy; tpisTfspd; njhFjpnahd;wpd;mbg;gilapy; tiuaWf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. jifikfis CLnjupaf;$badthf;fTk; cyfshtpa upjpapy; xg;gPL nra;aTk; NQFfs;cjTfpd;wd. xU ehl;by; xd;whfr; nraw;gLfpd;w nghJ kw;Wk;njhopy;rhH fy;tp> njhlH gapw;rp> Kjpu;e;NjhUf;fhd kw;Wk; Ntiymbg;gilahd fy;tp> cau; fy;tp Nghd;w tpj;jpahrkhd jifikKiwikfSf;fpilapy; ,izg;igAk;; njspitAk; toq;FtJ
2007 ,y; mwpKfg;gLj;jg;gl;l ghlrhiyf; fiyj;jpl;lj;jpw;Fs;
Fwpj;j Njrpa ,yf;FfSk; mbg;gilj; Nju;r;rpfSk; ve;j msTf;F
cs;thq;fg;gl;Ls;sd vd;gJ gw;wpAk; xt;nthU juj;jpYk;
xt;nthU ghlj ;j pYk ; ,t ;tpyf ;Ffs; ve ;j msTf;F
milag;gl;Ls;sd> Fwpj;j Nju;r;rpfs; ve;jsTf;F tpUj;jp
nra;ag;gl;Ls;sd vd;gJ gw;wpAk; ,yq;if fy;tp Nkk;ghl;Lf;fhd
rq;fj;jpdhy; (SLAAED) 2010,y; Ma;nthd;W16 elhj;jg;gl;lJ.
mt;twpf;if fz;lwpe;j gpujhd mtjhdq;fSs;> rpy ghlq;fspy;
Njrpa ,yf;Ffs; Fwpj;Jf; ftdk; nrYj;jg;gLtjpy;iy vd;gJk;
,d;DQ; rpy ghlq;fspy; Njrpa ,yf;Ffspy; ,Ue;J fiyj;jpl;l
,yf;FfisAk; Fwpf;Nfhs;fisAk; ngw;Wf;nfhs;tJ gw;wpf;
ftdpf;fg;gLtjpy;iy vd;gJk;; mlq;fpAs;sd.
m.Nj.
6. Xa;T Neuj;ijg; gad;gLj;jy;>tpisahl;L
gw;wpa Nju;r;rpfs;
mofpaw; fiyfs;> ,yf;fpak;> tpisahl;L>nka ;ty ;Yeu ; N g hl ; bfs ; > Xa ;T Neug ;nghOJNghf;Ffs; kw;Wk; tho;tpd; Mf;fG+u;tr;nraw;ghLfs; %yk; ntspg;gLj;jg;gLk; ,d;g Efu;r;rp>kfpo;r;rp> kdntOr;rpfs; ,itNghd;w kdpjmDgtq;fs;.
m.Nj.
7. “fw;wYf;Ff; fw;wy;” njhlHghd
Nju;r;rpfs;
tpiuthf khWfpd;w> rpf;fyhd> xUtupy; xUtu;jq;fp epw;fpd;w cynfhd;wpy; xUtu; RahjPdkhff;fw;gjw;fhd typikaspj;jYk; khw;wpaikf;Fk;nrad;Kiw Clhf> khw;wj;jpw;Nfw;g ,aq;fTk;mjid Kfhik nra;aTk; Ntz;ba czu;itAk;
ntw;wpiaAk; ngwr; nra;jy;.
30 31
SLQF,d; Kjy; ,uz;L kl;lq;fSk; (kl;lq;fs; 1-2)
KiwNa [P.rP.<. rhjhuz juk; kw;Wk; [P.rP.<. cau; juk;Mfpatw;Wf;Fr; rkdhd ,ilepiy kl;lf; fy;tpj;
jifikfshFk;. mLj;j ehd;F kl;lq;fSk; (kl;lq;fs; 3-6)
gl;lg; gbg;Gf;Fupa jifikfs;. mjw;fLj;j MW kl;lq;fSk;(kl;lq;fs; 7-12) gl;lg; gpd; gbg;Gf;Fupa jifikfs;. fw;wy;
NgWfSf;Fupa Nfs;tpAk; fw;wypd; rpf;fy; jd;ikAk; xt;nthUfl;lkhf mjpfupj;Jr; nry;fpd;wd.
SLQF,;d; fw;wy; NgWfshtd ghl newpnahd;iw
my;yJ fw;if epfo;r;rpj; jpl;lnkhd;iw epiwT nra;fpd;wfw;Nghu; vijnay;yhk; mwpe;J> Gupe;J> nra;Jfhl;lf;
$batu;fshf ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk; vd;gij tptupf;Fk;
$w ;Wf ;fshf cs;sd. jifik ngw ;Ws ;Nshu pd ;gz;GfspypUe;Nj SLQF,d; 12 fw;wy; NgWfSk;
ngwg;gl;Ls;sd. xU ghl newpapd; my;yJ fw;if epfo;r;rpj;jpl;lj;jpd; ,Wjpapy; nghJthd khztu; xUtu; ngw;Wf;nfhs;s
Ntz;Lk; vd vjpu;ghu;f;fg;gLfpd;w gue;j Mw;wy;fs; gw;wpa
nghJthd $w;Wf;fspd; njhFg;nghd;whfNt mitfhzg;gLfpd;wd.
xt;nthU fw;wy; NgWk; xt;nthU kl;lj;jpw;Fg;
nghUe;jf;$ba tifapy; NkYk; tptupf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.mt;thwhd jdpg;gaDf;FupathWk; kl;lj;jpw;Fg; nghUe;Jk;
tifapYk; mikf;fg;gl;l fw;ww;NgW tptupg;Gf;fs;> kl;ltptupg;ghd;fs; vd miof;fg;gLk;. xt;nthU kl;lj;ijAk;
tptupf;Fk; NghJ milag;glf;$ba mwpTrhu; Mw;wy;fs;>
cstpaf;f my;yJ nrad;Kiwj; jpwd;fs;> nkd;jpwd;fs;vd;gtw;wpd; msT fUj;jpw; nfhs;sg;gLfpd;wJ. vdNt> kl;l
tptupg;ghd;fs; vd;git Fwpj;j NgWf; $w;Wf;fspd;
njhFjpnahd ;whFk ; . mtw ;w pd ; milT fzpg ;g PLnra;ag;gLtNjhL> Fwpj;j jifikapd; epge;jidfis
epiwNtw;Wk; nghUl;L khztu; mtw;iwr; ntspf;fhl;lf;$batu;fshfTk; ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;. mjhtJ Fwpj;j jifik
NQF,d; ,d;ndhU gadhFk;. And];Nfhtpdhy; 2017,y;ntspaplg;gl;l NQFfspd; cyfshtpa gl;baypd;gb18 cyfk;KOtJk; 150f;F Nkw;gl;l ehLfs; jw;NghJ NQFfis tpUj;jpnra;J mKyhf;fp tUfpd;wd. ,yq;if jifikfs; rl;lfk;(SLQF) fy;tprhu; jifik kl;lq;fNshL Nru;j;J NVQ kl;lq;fspd;xg;gPLfisAk; jUtjdhy; mjid ,yq;ifapd; NQF Mff; fUjKbAk;.
cau; fy;tpj;jifik tiffSldhd ntt;NtW kl;lq;fSk;xg;gplf;$ba NVQ kl;lq;fSk; fPNo ml;ltizapy; jug;gl;Ls;sd.
SLQFkl;lk;
jifik tif xg;gPl ;lsthdNVQ kl;lk;
jj;Jtf; fyhepjp/rigr;rhd;wpjOld;$ba MD/,yf;fpaf;fyhepjp / tpQ;Qhdf; fyhepjp
jj;Jt KJkhzp
KJkhzp – ghlnewpNtiyAld; Ma;Tf; $nwhd;W
ghlnewprhu; KJkhzp
gl;lg; gpd; bg;Nshkh
gl;lg; gpd; rhd;wpjo;
,skhzp - tpNrlk;
,skhzp
caH bg;Nshkh
bg;Nshkh
cau; rhd;wpjo; ([P.rP.< cau; juk;
my;yJ mjw;Fr; rkdhdJ)
rhd;wpjo; ([P.rP.< rhjhuz juk;my;yJ mjw;Fr; rkdhdJ)
12
11
10
9
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1 3
4
5
6
7
2
32 33
vjpu ;ghu ;f ;fg;gLk; gz;Gfis fw;Nghu ; gbg ;gbahfg;ngw;Wf;nfhs;fpd;whu;fsh vd;gij cWjp nra;a ,JtoptFf;Fk;.
,Jtiu SLQF,d; Nehf;fj;ijAk; gad;fisAk;tpsf;fptpl;Nld;. mLj;J vdJ ciuAld; njhlHGila 1Mk; 2 Mk; kl;lq;fSf;Fupa kl;l tptupg;ghd;fspd;Njitfis> 2015,y; cau; fy;tp mikr;rpdhy; ntspaplg;gl;lMtzj;jpypUe;J Nkw;Nfhs; fhl;lg ; Nghfpd;Nwd; .Jujpu;~;ltrkhf> 1 Kjy; 6 tiuahd SLQF kl;lq;fSf;Fupa12 fw;wy; NgWfisAk; fhl;Lk; ml;ltizapy; 1 Mk; 2Mk; kl;lq;fSf;Fupa epuy;fs; ntWikahf tplg;gl;Ls;sd.SLQF,d; elg;G tbtj;ijj; jahupf;Fk; fhyj;jpy; cau;fy ;t p mikr ;R > fy ;t p mikr ;R Mfpa ,uz;Lmikr;Rf;fspdJk; cj;jpNahfj;ju;fSf;F ,ilapy;,iaghf;fk; ,y;yhjjdhNyNa ,J tpise;jpUf;fpwJ. ,WjpMtzj;jpy; cs;slf;fpf; nfhs;tjw;fhfj; jk;khy;jahupf;fg;gl;l fw;ww; NgWfis mikr;R mjpfhupfisf;nfhz;L nry;Ygbahf;fpf; nfhs;s Fwpj;j Mrpupau; FOtpdhy;Kbahkw; NghAs;sJ.
2015,y; mt;thrpupau; FOtpdhy; 1 Mk; 2 Mk;kl;lq;fSf;fhf tpUj;jp nra;ag;gl;l $w;Wf;fis ,q;NfKd;itf;f tpUk;GfpNwd;.
fw ;ww;NgWfspd;tiffs;
rpNu~;l ,ilepiyf; fy;tp
SLQF kl;lk; 1 SLQF kl;lk; 2
1.ghltpla /Nfhl;ghLrhH
mwpT
mbg;gil mwpit Neubg;
gpur;rpidfSf;F vt;thW
gpuNahfpf;fyhk; vd top
fhl;lYld; tpsf;Fjy;.
ghlg;gug;gpYs;s tof;fkhd
jfty;fis tpsf;Fjy;
;
ghlg; gug;gpYs;s mbg;gilf;
Nfhl;ghLfisg; gad;gLj;jp
vspa Njhw;wg;ghLfis
tpsf;fy; ghlg; gug;gpYs;s
tof;fj;Jf;F khwhd
jfty;fis tpsf;Fjy;
2.nra;Kiw
mwpTk;
gpuNahfKk;
ghlg; gug;gpDs; nghUj;j
khd jpwd;fs;> Kiwfs;>
nrad;Kiwfs; vd;gtw;iw
topfhl;lYld; njupTnra;jy;
ghlg; gug;gpDs; nghUj;
jkhd jpwd;fs;> Kiwfs;>
nrad;Kiwfs; vd;gtw;iw
topfhl;lYld; njupTnra;J
gad;gLj;jy;
toq;fg;gLtjw;fhf jifik ngWgtu; ntspf;fhl;l Ntz;ba
Fwpg;gpl;l gue;j Mw;wy;fis mit Fwpf;fpd;wd.
1 Kjy; 12 tiuapyhd kl;lq;fSf;Fupa SLQF kl;ltptupg;ghd;fspd; Nehf;fk; Fwpj;j jifikfSf;Fupavjpu;ghu;f;fg;gLk; gz;Gfis milAk; tplaj;jpy; fw;wy;nrad ;Kiw KOtj pYk ; khw hj ; jd ;ikiacWjpg;gLj;JtjhFk;. fy;tp epWtdnkhd;W ,d;ndhU fy;tpepWtdj;jhy; toq;fg;gl;Ls;s jifikfis my;yJ gFjpj;jifikfis xg;gPl;lstpy; kjpg;gPL nra;a mit cjtpnra;fpd;wd. gy tpla myFfis my;yJ nkhbA+y;fisf;nfhz;l fw;if epfo;r;rpj; jpl;lnkhd;Wf;Fupa ghlnewpr;rhjdq;fis tpUj;jp nra;tjw;Fupa topfhl;lyhfTk; ,e;jkl;l tptupg;ghd;fisg; gad;gLj;jyhk;. me;j fw;if epfo;r;rpj;jpl;lj;jpd; ,Wjpapy; Fwpj;j jifik tiff;nfd
SLQF ,d; gd;dpuz;L fw;wy; NgWfs;
1. ghltpla / Nfhl;ghLrhH mwpT
2. nrad;Kiw mwpTk; gpuNahfKk;
3. njhlHghly;
4. FONtiyAk; jiyikj;JtKk;
5. Mf;fj; jpwDk; gpur;rpid jPu;j;jYk;
6. Kfhikj;JtKk; Kaw;rpahz;ikAk;
7. jfty; gad;ghLk; KfhikAk;
8. tiyaikg;ghf;fYk; r%fj; jpwd;fSk;
9. ,irthf;fw; jpwDk; nefpo;Tj; jd;ikAk;
10. csg;ghq;Ffs;> tpOkpaq;fs;> njhopy;thz;ik
11. tho;f;if njhlu;ghd J}uNehf;F
12. RaNkk;ghL / tho;f;if KOtJk; ePbj;j fw;wy;
34 35
Nkw;nrhd;d $w;Wf;fis tpUj;jp nra;Ak;NghJ
SLQF,Ys;s gd;dpuz;L fw;ww; NgWfSk; Njrpa fy;tpMizf;FOtpd; VO mbg;gilj; Nju ;r ;r pfisAk;
cs;slf;Ftij cWjp nra;Jnfhs;s me;j Mrpupau; FO
ehbaJ. rpNu~;l ,ilepiy> fy;Y}upepiyf; fiyj;jpl;lkl;lq;fisg; nghWj;jkl;by; mbg;gilj; Nju;r;rpfSk; fw;ww;
NgWfSk; gue;j mstpyhd Mw;wy;fis tptupg;gdthfNtnfhs;sg;gLfpd;wd. vdNt mit xd;iw kw;wJ khw;wPL
nra;af;$baJ. vdpDk; fiyj;jpl;l kl;lk; jtpu;e;j Vida
kl;lq;fspy; (cjhuzkhf ghltpla kl;lj;jpy; my;yJ ghlkl;lj;jpy;) Fwpj;j> ftdf; Ftpg;Gf;Fupa Mw;wy;fshf mit
cs;sd. mit Fwpg;ghdit> mstplg;glf;$bait>
milag ; glf ;$bait> nghUj ;jkhdit > Neuf ;fl;Lg;ghLs;sit vd;fpd;w Nfhl;ghl;Lf;F ,iae;jdthff;
fhzg;gLk;. mj;NjhL G@kpd; ghFghl;bd;gbahd xt;nthUkl;lj;jpw;Fk; Vw;w tifapy; nraiyf; Fwpf;Fk; tpidr;
nrhw;fshy; Fwpf;fg;gLk;.
,e;j Kaw;rpapd; NghJ SLQF,;d; fw;ww; NgWfisNjrpa fy;tp Mizf;FOtpd; mbg;gilj; Nju;r;rpfSld;
glkhf;fpg; ghu;g;gjd; Kf;fpaj;Jtk; ftdpf;fg;gl;lJ. mt;thW
fw;ww ;NgWfs pd ;tiffs ;
rpNu~;l ,ilepiyf; fy;tp
SLQF kl ;lk; 1 SLQF kl ;lk; 2
3 .
njhl Hg hly ;
ghlg; gug;gpDs; tUk; vspa
fUj;J Kuz;ghLfis Kd;
itj;jYk; fhuzj;Jld; gjpy;
nfhLj;jYk;
ghlg; gug;gpDs; tUk; fUj;J
Kuz;ghL;fis Kd;itj;jYk;
fhuzj;Jld; gjpy;nfhLj;jYk;
4 .
FONtiyAk ;
jiyikj;JtKk;
topfhl;lypd; fPo; nghWg;Gf;
fis epiwNtw;wYk; mLj;j
tu;fspd; fUj;Jf;fisr;
rfpj;jYk;
nghWg;Gf;fis epiwNtw;wYk;
mLj;jtu;fspd; fUj;Jf;fisr;
rfpj;jYk;
5. Mf;fj;
j pwDk;
g pur ;r pid
jPu ;j ;jYk ;
ghlg;ggug;gpy; tUk;
tpguq;fisAk; tptuzq;
fisAk; njspthf vOJjy;>
thrpj;jy;
fw;ifg; gug;gpYs;s
mbg;gilf; Nfhl;ghLfs;
vz;zf;fUf;fs; vd;gtw;Wf;F
mika fUj;jhly;fis
tpUj;jp nra;jy;
6 . Kfhikj;J
tKk; Kaw;r pah
z ;ikAk ;
jpl;lkply;> Kd;Dupik
nfhLj;jy;> Neu Kfhik
vd;gtw;wpd; Kf;fpaj;Jtj;ij
mwpe;Jnfhs;sy;
tpidj;jpwDld; jpl;lkpLjy;>
Kd;Dupik nfhLj;jy; kw;Wk;
Neu Kfhik nra;jy;
7. jfty;
gad ;g hLk ;
KfhikAk ;
mbg;gilahd ICTjpwd;fis ntspf;fhl;ly;
ghlg; gug;gpDs;
nghUj;jkhd nkd;
nghUl;fisg; gpuNahfpj;jy;
8 .
tiyaikg ;ghf ;
fYk; r%fj;
j pwd ;fSk;
jkJ nrhe;j> r%f
#oypy; gaDs;s cWg;
gpduhfg; gq;Nfw;wy;
jk;Kilajw;F mg;ghw;gl;l
nghUj;jkhd r%f #oy;
fisj; Nju;e;J gq;Nfw;wy;
9. ,irthf;fw ;
jpwDk; nefpo;Tj;
jd ;ikAk ;
fhyk; #o;epiy vd;gtw;Wf;F
Vw;gr; #oy; khw;wkilAk;
vd;gij mq;fPfupj;jy;;
fhyk; #o;epiy vd;gtw;Wf;F
Vw;gr; #oy; vt;thW khw;w
kilAk; vd;gJ gw;wp
fye;Jiuahly;
10 . csg ;ghq ;F
fs;> tpOkpaq;
fs ; >njho py ;
thz ;ik
mLj;jtu;fspd; Njitfisf;
ftdpg;gjd; Kf;fpaj;Jtj;ij
mq;fPfupj;jy;
topfhl;lypd; fPo;> gzpfis
epiwNtw;Wk; NghJ Ra
nghWg;gpidr; nraw;gLj;jy;.
mLj;jtu;fs;
kPJ gr;rhjhgj;ij tpUj;jp
nra;jy;
fw ;ww ;NgWfs pd ;tiffs ;
rpNu~;l ,ilepiyf; fy;tp
SLQF kl ;lk; 1 SLQF kl ;lk; 2
11. tho ;f ;if
njhlu ; g hd
J}u Nehf ;F
tho;f;ifapy; ePz;lfhy
,yf;Ffisf; nfhz;bUg;gjd;
Kf;fpaj;Jtj;ij mwpjy;
;
jhd; vjpu;fhyj;jpy; mila
epidf;Fk; ,yf;if ,dq
;fz;L ePz;lfhy ,yf;Ffis
topfhl;lYld; tpUj;jp
nra;jy;
1 2 .
RaNkk;ghL /tho ;f ;if
KOtJk ;
fw ;wy;
ghlg; gug;igj; jOtpf;
fw;gjw;Fupa mbg;gilj;
jpwd;fis tpUj;jp nra;jy;
tho;f;ifapd; ,yf;Ffis
miltjw;Fj; njhlu;r;rpahd
fw;wYk; gapw;rpAk; Njit
vd;gij mq;fPfupg;gu;.
36 37
SLQF ehl;by; KOikahf mKy;gLj;jg;gLk; NghJ
xt;nthU jifikAk; mj; jifik kl;lj;Jf;F cupik
NfhUtjw;Fj; Njitahd epge;jidfis epiwT nra;jpUf;f
Ntz;Lk; vd vjpu;ghu;f;fg;gLk;. ,e;j tifapy; rpNu~;l
,ilepiy kw;Wk; fy;Y}upepiy tl;lq;fspd; fiyj;jpl;lf;
fl;likg;Gf;fs;> fw;Nghu; SLQF,d; 12 fw;ww; NgWfisAk;
miltjw;F trjp nra;Ak; tifapy; mikjy; Ntz;Lk;.
3 . jw;Nghija epiyikiag; gFj;jha;jy;
3.1 ghlj;jpl;l eilKiw
khztu;fspd; fy;tprhu; Ntiyg;gS gw;wpAk; ghlrhiyf;
fy;tpapYs;s fw;wy; juj;jpd; FiwghLfs; gw;wpAk;; fle;j
rpy jrhg;jq;fshf ehk; fz;Lk; Nfl;Lk; thrpj;Jk;
te;jpUf;fpNwhk;. fiyj;jpl;lr; Rik> khztu; vjpu;nfhs;Sk;
gu Pl ;irfSld ; njhlu ;ghd kd mOj;jk ; Mfpa
gpur;rpidfSf;Fj; jPu;T fhZkhW mjpfhupfisj; J}z;Lk;
gy mwpf;iffs; gy;NtW fkpl;bfshYk; FOf;fshYk;
ntspaplg;gl;Ls;sd.
vkJ ehl;bYs;s ,d;iwa fy;tp epiyia tpNrl
mwpf;ifapy;1 fUj;Jiu $wg;gl;Ls;s 1940fspd; epiyikNahL
xg;gpl;Lg; ghu;f;Fk; NghJ> fle;j 75 Mz;Lfspy; cyfk;
khw;wkile;jpUf;fpd;w NghjpYk; vkJ fy;tp Kiwikapy;
ngu pa khw ;wq ;fs ; vJTk; Vw ;gltpy ;iy vd ;gJ
njupatUfpd;wJ.
“gy khztu;fs; jkJ ghlrhiyf; fhyj;ij mjpf
mwpTlDk; Fiwe;j GupjYlDNk epiwT nra;fpd;wdu;.
mtu;fs; E}y;fis thrpj;jjpy;iy. ghlE}y;fisf;
fw;wpUf;fpd;whu;fs;. mtu;fshy; vOj KbahJ. gjpyhf>
nra;ifapy;> Njrpa fy;tp Mizf;FOtpd; mbg;gilj;
Nju;r;rpfs; midj;ijAk; nghUj;jkhd SLQF fw;ww;NgWfSld;; glkhf;f Kaw;rpf;fg;gl;lJ. rpy re;ju;g;gq;fspy;
mbg;gilj; Nju;r;rpnahd;wpd; xU gFjp Fwpj;j SLQF fw;wy;NgWld; nghUj;jpg; ghu;f;fg;gl;lJ. ,g;glkhf;fiyf; fhl;Lk;gpdtUk; ml;ltiz ghlrhiyf; fy;tpf;Fg; nghWg;ghd
FOnthd;wpdhy; ftdkhf Muhag;gl;L nry;Ygbahf;fg;glNtz;Lk;.
2.7 Njrpa fy;tp Mizf;FOtpd; mbg;gilj; Nju;r;rpfSld; (BC) glkhf;fg;gl;l SLQF fw;ww; NgWfs;;
fw;ww; NgWfs; Nj.f.M.tpd;mbg;gilj;
NjHr;rpfs; (BC)
ghltpla / Nfhl;ghLrhH mwpT BC 4, BC 1(ii)
nrad;Kiw mwpTk; gpuNahfKk; BC 4
njhlHghly; BC 1
FONtiyAk; jiyikj;JtKk; BC 6, BC 2(i)
Mf;fj; jpwDk; gpur;rpid jPu;j;jYk; BC 4, BC 2(i)
Kfhikj;JtKk; Kaw;rpahz;ikAk; BC 4
jfty; gad;ghLk; KfhikAk; BC 4, BC 3, BC 1(iv)
tiyaikg;ghf;fYk; r%fj; jpwd;fSk; BC 3, BC 2(iii)
,irthf;fw; jpwDk; nefpo;Tj; jd;ikAk; BC 3, BC 2(iii)
csg;ghq;Ffs;> tpOkpaq;fs;> njhopy;thz;ik BC 5, BC 6
tho;f;if njhlu;ghd J}uNehf;F BC 2
RaNkk;ghL / tho;f;if KOtJk; fw;wy; BC 7
38 39
Fwpj;j ghlnkhd;Wf;Fupa fy;tprhu; Ntiyg;gS
njhlu;ghd vkJ gFg;gha;T %d;W fhuzpfspy; jq;fpAs;sJ.
mit: [P.rP..<. rhjhuz juk;> cau; juk; Mfpa cyfshtpa
jifikfSf;Fupa tptuf;$w;Wf;fspd;gb Njitg;gLk; Mff;
Fiwe;j Ntiyg;gS> fy;tp mikr;rpd; Rw;wwpf;iffspd;gb
ghlrhiy Neu#rpfspy; xJf;fg;gl;Ls;s ghlNtisfspd;
vz;zpf;if> Njrpa fy;tp epWtfj;jpdhy; xg;Gjy; mspf;fg;gl;l
ghlj;jpl;lq;fspy; Fwpg ;gpl;Ls;sgb vjpHghHf;fg;gLk;
Ntiyg;gS.
ehk; Kd;du; $wpagb [P.rP..<. rhjhuz jug; ghlnkhd;Wf;F
xJf;fg;gl;Ls;s Mff; Fiwe;j fhyk; 130 kzpj;jpahyq;fs;.
mNjNtis [P.rP.<. cau; jug; ghlnkhd;Wf;F 360
kzpj;jpahyq;fs; xJf;fg;gl;Ls;sd. mj;NjhL [P.rP.<. rhjhuz
juj; jifikiag; ngWtjw;F khztnuhUtH rpj;jpaila
Ntz;ba ghlq;fspd; njhif Ie;J my;yJ MW. [P.rP.<.
cau; juj; jifikf;Fupa njhif %d;W.
,e;j mbg;gilapy; ghlNtisfisg; nghWj;jkl;by;
[P.rP.<. rhjhuz jug; ghlnkhd;Wf;F cupa Mff; Fiwe;j
fhy xJf;fPL 195 ghlNtisfs;. mNj Ntis> [P.rP.<. cau;
jug; ghlnkhd;Wf;fhd xJf;fPL 540 ghlNtisfs;. vdNt
cyfshtpa epakq;fspd;gb> ,U jifikfSf;fhfTk;
Fwpg;gpl;l ,U tUlfhy fw;if epfo;r;rpj; jpl;lj;jpw;F
xJf;fg;gl Ntz;ba nkhj;j tFg;giw Neuk; KiwNa
19 5x6=1 1 7 0 g hlNtisfSk ; 5 4 0 x3 = 1 6 2 0
ghlNtisfSkhFk;. ,jd;gb xUtUlj;jpy; xJf;fg;gLk;
tFg;giw Neuq;fs; KiwNa 1170/2=585 kw;Wk; 1620/2=810
ghlNtisfshFk;. MfNt> [P.rP.<. rhjhuz juk;> cau;
juk; Mfpa ,U jifikfSf;Fk; toptFf;Fk; ,U fw;if
xU Fwpj;j ghzpapy; fl;Liufis cUthf;Ffpd;wdu;.
mtu;fshy; Nfs;tpfSf;F tpilaspf;f KbAk;. Mdhy;>
tpilfs; gw;wpf; Nfs;tp Nfl;f KbahJ. jkJ mwpit
eilKiwg; gpur;rpidfSf;F gpuNahfpf;Fk; Mw;wYk;
mtu;fsplk; nrhw;gkhfNt ,Uf;fpd;wJ. mtu;fSila
fw;gid tsu;r;rp Fd;wpAs;sJ. mry; jd;ik
eRf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. mtu;fsJ rpe;jidahw;wy; tpUj;jp
nra;ag;gltpy;iy. mtu;fSila kdntOr;rpfs;
jLf;fg;gl;bUf;fpd;wd. Gj;jprhypfshd khztu;fs;
cUthf;fg;gLfpd;whu;fs; vd;gjpy; Iakpy;iy. Mdhy;>
nghJr; ruhrupapdupd; juk; NghjpasT cau;e;jjhf
,y;iy. fy;tp Kiwiknahd;wpw;Fupa rpwe;j Nrhjid
mjd; nghJr; ruhrupapdupd; gz;GfNsad;wp> rpwg;Gj;
juj;jpdupd; gz;Gfsy;y.”
xt;nthU fl;lj;jpYk; khztnuhUtUf;F ,Uf;Fk;
fy;tprhu; Ntiyg;gSit fUj;Js;s Kiwapy; Gupe;J
nfhs;tjw ;F ftdj;Jld; $ba gFg ;gha;nthd ;W
Njitg;gLfpd;wJ.
fy;tpaikr;rpd; topfhl;Ljypd; gb tUlnkhd;wpy;; 210
ghlrhiy ehl;fs; ,Uf;Fk;. ,J 42 thuq;fSf;Fr; rkd;.
xU ehisf;F 40 epkplg; ghlNtisfs; 8 cs;sd. ghlrhiy
tUlnkhd;wpypUf;Fk; nkhj;jg; ghlNtisfs; 210 x 8 =
1680 MFk;. ,jd;gb khztnuhUtu; ghlrhiy tUlnkhd;wpy;
fw;wYf;fhfr; nryT nra;Ak; fhyk; (1680 x 40) / 60 = 1120
kzpj;jpahyq;fs;.
40 41
eilKiwahdJ fy;tpf; Nfhl;ghLfs; midj;ijAk;
rpijg;gjhf ,Uf;fpwJ. khztupd; Ntiyapd; xU
gFjp Nrhjpf;fg;glf; $ba tifapy; rpNu~;l
ghlrhiyr; rhd;wpjo; (SSC) tbtikf;fg;gl Ntz;Lk;.
Mdhy; mg;gupl;ir fiyj;jpl;lj;jpy; jq;fpapUf;f
Ntz;LNkad;wp fiyj;jpl;lk; mg;gupl;irapy;
jq;fpapUf;ff; $lhJ, mj;NjhL mg;gupl;irf;F
ephzapf;fg;gLk; ghlq;fspd; vz;zpf;iff;F khj;jpuk;
fiyj;jpl;lk; tiuaWf;fg;glf; $lhJ.”
xt;nthU ghlrhiy tUlj;jpYk; Fwpj;j ,U
gupl;irfSf;Fk; cupa ghlq;fisf; fw;gjw;F Njrpa fy;tp
epWtdj;jpdhy; mq;fPfupf;fg;gl;l ghlj;jpl;lq;fSf;Fj;
Njitg;gLtijtplf; $Ljyhd ghlNtisfs; ghlrhiy
Neu #rpfspy; xJf;fg;gLfpd;wd (1100f;Fg; gjpyhf 1512
kw;Wk; 900f;Fg; gjpyhf 1260) vd;gij vkJ Ma;T Rl;bf;
fhl;LfpwJ.
,uz;L guPl;irfSf;Fk; Njitahd ghlq;fspd;
ghlj;jpl;lq;fis toq;Ftjw;F ghlrhiy Neu#rpfspy;
Vuhskhf Neuk; ,Ug;gjdhy;> khztu;fSf;F Nkyjpf
Ntiyg;gS Rkj;jjg;gLfpd;wJ vd;w $w;Wf;F NtW
fhuzq;fs; ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;.
Nkw;nrhd;d gFg;gha;tpNy khztnuhUtupd ;
Ntiyg;gSitj; jPu;khdpf;Fk; NghJ ehk; ghlnkhd;Wf;F
mjd; ghlj;jpl;lj;jpy ; xJf;fg;gl;Ls;s fw;gpj ;jy;
ghlNtisfspd; vz;zpf;ifia kl;LNk Nehf;fpNdhk;. vdpDk;
ehk; fUj;jpw;nfhs;s Ntz;ba> njhlu;Gs;s fhuzpfs; NtW
gyTk; ,Uf;fpd;wd. Mrpupau; toq;Fk; tPl;L Ntiyfisr;
newpfSf;Fk; nkhj;j tFg;giwf; fw;gpj;jy; Neuj;jpy; KiwNa
(585/1680)x100=35% ck; (810/1680)x100=48% ck; khj;jpuNk
Njitg;gLfpd;wd.
Njrpa fy;tp epWtf Mtzq;fspd;gb> ,U fw;if
newpfspdJk; ghlj;jpl;l cs;slf;fq;fisf; fw;gpj;J
Kbg;gjw;F ghlrhiy tUlnkhd;wpy; KiwNa ~1100
ghlNtisfSk; 900 ghlNtisfSk; Njit. ,jd;gb ,U
fw;if newpfSf;FKupa nkhj;j Neuj;jpy; KiwNa (1100/
1680)x100=65% ck; (900/1680)x100=54% ck; vd;gdNt Njit.
[P.rP.<. rhjhuz juj; jifikiag; ngWtjw;fhf epakj;
Njitia tpl 85% $Ljyhd fhyj;ijr; nrytpl
Ntz;bAs;sJ vd;gij ,e;jg; gFg;gha;T fhl;LfpwJ.
mNjNtis [P.rP.<. cau; juj; jifikf;F 13% $Ljyhd
fhyk; khj;jpuNk Njit. vdpDk; ajhu;j;j epiyik mjpfk;
NtWgl;ljhfNt fhzg;gLfpwJ. Vnddpy;> [P.rP.<. cau; jug;
gu Pl ;irf;fhfg; gpujhd ghlq;fisf; fw;gpg ;gjw;Fk;
khztu;fisg; gapw;Wtpg;gjw;Fk; ngUk;ghyhd ghlrhiyfs;>
epakpf;fg;gl;lijtplf; $Ljyhd fhyj;ijr; nrytpLfpd;wd.
ghlrhiyf; fy;tpapd; ,f;fl;lj;jpy; ,t;thwhd
epiyikfisj; jtpu;g;gjd; Kf;fpaj;Jtk; 75 tUlq;fSf;F
Kd;dNu fd;dq;fu mwpf;ifapy;1 milahsq; fhzg;gl;Ls;sJ.
“vg;gbapUg;gpDk;> ghlrhiyfspd; fiyj;jpl;lq;fs;
gupl;irfshy; jPu;khdpf;fg;glf; $lhJ. khztnuhUtupd;
fy;tpia nkl;upFNy~d; gupl;iria Nehf;fp
KOikahfj; jpirg;gLj;jp mjd; gpd;du; yz;ld;
,z;lu;kPbaw; gupl;irf;Fupa ehd;F ghlq;fSf;Fk;
mtu;fsJ Ntiyia kl;Lg;gLj;Jfpd;w ,d;iwa
42 43
xU ghlrhiy tUlj;jpy; xU ghlj;jpw ;fhf
xJf;fg;gl;Ls;s ghlNtisfspd; vz;zpf;ifAk;> xt;nthU
40 epkplg ; ghlNtisapy; mu ;j ;jKs;s Kiwapy;
khztu;fSf;Fr; rku;g;gpf;fg;glf;$ba ghltplaKNk
mg;ghlj;jpw;Fupa fw;ifr; rhjdq;fspd; cs;slf;fj;ijAk;
kl;lj;ijAk; jPHkhdpf;f Ntz;Lk;. ehl;bYs;s mjpfhupfshy;
gpd;gw;wg;gLk; jw;Nghija eilKiw ,jw;F Kw;wpYk;
Kuzhdjhf ,Uf;fpwJ.
xU ghlj;jpw;Fupa Fwpj;j fw;ww;NgWfis milAk;
nghUl;L Nkw;nrhd;d nraw;ghLfisnay;yhk; ruhrupahd
khztnuhUtu; nra;tjw;F vLf;Fnkd kjpg;gPL nra;ag;gl;l
nkhj;j NeukhdJ> nkhj;jf; fiyj;jpl;lj;jpy; mg;ghlj;jpw;fhf
xJf;fg;gl;l ‘cj;Njr fw;wy; kzpj;jpahyq;fs;’ vd
miof;fg;gLk;. xU ghlj;jpw ;Fupa cj;Njr fw;wy;
kzpj;jpahyq;fs; vg;NghJNk fUJNfhs;uPjpahdJ. mJ
jpUj;jkhd mstPnlhd;wy;y. vdpDk; fiyj;jpl;lj;ij tpUj;jp
nra;jtu;fshy; vjpHghHf;fg;gLk; fw;wypd; msT> <Lghl;L
kl;lk; vd;gd gw;wp khztu;f;Fr; Rl;bf; fhl;Ltjhf mJ
,Uf;fpd;wJ.
Njrpa fy;tp epWtfj;jpdhy; mq;fPfupf;fg;gl;l xt;nthU
ghlj;jpw;Fupa ghlj;jpl;lKk; epak tbtnkhd;iwf;
nfhz;bUf;Fk;. mjpy; jfty;fs; ml;ltizahfj;
jug;gl;bUf;Fk;. mjd; epuy;fs; Nju;r;rp> NjHr;rp kl;lk;> tpla
cs;slf;fk;> fw;wy; NgWfs;> ghlNtisfspd; vz;zpf;if
vdj; jiyg;gplg;gl;bUf;Fk;. ,f;$WfSf;fpilapyhd njhlHG
gpd;tUkhW tptupf;fg;gl;bUf;Fk;: “khztHfs; NjHr;rpfisj;
Nju;r;rp kl;lq;fspD}lhf miljy; Ntz;Lk;. ,it xt;nthU
fw;wy; Ngwpd; fPOk; Fwpg;gplg;gl;bUf;Fk;. mj;NjhL ,e;jj;
nra;tjd; %yk; tFg;giwapy; fw;gpf;fg;gl;ltw;iw
kPstypAWj;jpf;nfhs;tjw;F khztu;f;Fj; Njitg;gLk; Neuk;>
fw;wy; rhjdj;jpd; fbd kl;lk;> gupl;irfSf;F Maj;jk;
nra;jy; Nghd;w fhuzpfSk; cz;ikahd Ntiyg;gSit
ephzapg;gjpy; fUj;jpw;nfhs;sg;gl Ntz;Lk;.
ghlq;fSf;Fupa ghlj;jpl;lq;fisj; jpUj;jpaikf;Fk;
Ntiy vl;L tUl fhyj;Jf;F xU jlit ,lk; ngWfpd;wJ.mLj;jLj;j xt;nthU jpUj;jpaikj;jypd; NghJk;
ghlj;jpl;lj;jpy; nra;ag;gLk; khw;wq;fs; ahTk; nghJthf
Fwpj;j ghlj;jpw;fhf Njrpa fy;tp epWtfj;jpdhy;Nju;e;njLf;fg;gLk; epGzu; FOtpd; tpUg;gj;Jf;F Vw;gNt
jPu;khdpf;fg;gLfpd;wd. [P.rP.<. cau; jug; ghlq;fisg;
nghWj;jkl;by; ,e;epGzu;fs; nghJthfg; gy;fiyf;fofq;fspy; jw;NghJ gzpGupfpd;w my;yJ Xa;Tngw;w
fy;tpahsu;fshf ,Ug;ghu;fs;. tFg;giwr; #oy; gw;wpamtu;fsJ mwpTk; ruhrup khztu;fspd; kl;lk; gw;wpa GupjYk;
ngUk;ghYk; Mrpupau;fs; rpyUld; mtu;fs; elhj;jpa
njhlu;ghlYf;F kl;Lg;gLj;jg;gl;ljhfNt ,Uf;Fk;. ,jd;tpisthf> tFg;giwapy; xU Fwpj;j ghl tplaj;ijf;
fw;gpf;Fk; NghJ Mrpupau;fs; vjpu;nfhs;Sk; rpukq;fis
,e;epGzu; FOtpdu; Gupe;J nfhs;shky; ,Uf;fyhk;. ,d;ndhUtpjj;jpy; $Wtjhdhy;> ruhrup khztu; xUtUf;F
nrsfupakhd Ntfj;jpy; ruhrup Mrpupau; xUtupdhy;tpsf;fkspf;ff; $ba cs;slf;fj;jpd; msT gw;wp mtu;fs;
Gupe;J nfhs;shky; tplyhk;. ghlj;jpl;lj;ij KOikahff;
fw;gpf;ifapy; vy;yhg; gFjpfisAk; xd;W jpul;Lk; NghJ
Njhd;Wk; Ntiyg;gStpd; nkhj;jr; Rikia Fwpj;j
epGzu;fshy; kjpg;gPL nra;Jnfhs;s Kbahkw; NghtJk;
xU ghlj;jpy; fiyj;jpl;l kpifr; Rikf;F xU fhuzkhf
mikaf;$Lk;.
44 45
,d;W ghijfspy; fhzg;gLk; Nghf;Ftuj;J neupry;
fhuzkhf khztnuhUtu; ghlrhiy nrd;Wtu vLf;Fk; Neuk;
fzprkhd msTf;F NtWglyhk;. thj;jpaf; FO>
tpisahl;Lf;fs;> ,yf;fpa> eld> ehlf> rq;fPj kw;Wk;
fyhr;rhu epfo;r;rpfs; Nghd;w ghlrhiy Neuj;Jf;Fg; gpd;duhd
Gwf; fiyj;jpl;lj; njhopw ;ghLfspy; <LgLjyhdJ
khztu;fSf;Fj; jkJ jdpg;gl;l tho;f;ifapYk; NrkeydpYk;
vjpu;fhyj; njhopy; tha;g;Gf;fspYk; ngupJk; gad;jUtjhf
,Uf;Fk; . ,t;thwhd njhopw ;ghLfspy; njhlu ;e ;J
gq;Fgw;Wtjw;F Neuk;; Njitg;gLk;. Nkyjpf thrpg;ghdJ –
mJ ehty;fshfNth nra;jpfshfNth tpQ;Qhdf;
fl;LiufshfNth ftpijj; jpwdha;TfshfNth ,Ug;gpDk;-
gjpd;ktaJ khztu;fspy; Gyf;fhl;rpfis cUthf;fTk;
mwpthw;wiy Nkk;gLj;jTk; rpe;jdh jpwid tYg;gLj;jTk;
cjTk;. MfNt> jpde;NjhWk; Nkyjpf thrpg;gpy; rpwpjsT
Neuj;ijj;jhd; fopj;jhYk; mJ xUtUila tho;f;ifapy;
rhjfkhd tpisTfis Vw;gLj;Jk;.
cyfpYs;s midj;Jf; fy;tpapayhsu;fshYk;
Vw;Wf;nfhs;sgglhtpbDk;> tPl;LNtiy vDk; nraw;ghLkhztu;fSf;Fg; gy topfspy; mtrpakhdJ> Kf;;fpakhdJvdg; gyUk; ek;Gfpd;wdu;. Fwpf;NfhSld; $ba tPl;LNtiyfs;cz;ikahfNt khztu;fisf; fw;wypy; <Lglr; nra;J Gjpavz;zf;fUf;fisg; Gupe;Jnfhs;tij Cf;Ftpg;gNjhL tplacs;slf;fk; gw;wpa Mokhd Gupjiy mtu;fsplk; Vw;gLj;Jk;.mj;NjhL Rakhff; ifahsf;$ba jpwd;fis tpUj;jpnra;Jnfhs;s mtu;fSf;Fr; re;ju;g;gk; toq;Fk;. NYk;xOq;fhf tPl;L Ntiyfisr; nra;tjhdJ gupl;irfspy;khztu;fspd; nray;jpwid Nkk;gLj;JtJ epr;rak;.
ngw;Nwhu;fSld; ,ize;J gz;Gj;juKs;s tpjj;jpy; FLk;gkhfNeuj;ijf; fopf;Fk; gps;isfs; ngUksT ed;ikfisg;
Nju;r;rp kl;lq;fis miltjw;fhf khztu;fSf;Fj;
Njitg;gLk; tpla cs;slf;fj;ijAk; Fwpj;Jf; fhl;Lk;. fw;wy;-
fw;gpj;jy;-fzpg;gPL nrad;Kiwia eilKiwg;gLj;jj;
Njitahd ghlNtisfspd; vz;zpf;ifAk; ghlj;jpl;lj;jpy;
Fwpg;gplg;gl;bUf;Fk;.” ,Wjp epuypd; $l;Lj;njhifia
mg;ghlj;jpd; gUkdhff; fUjyhk;.
ehd; mwpe;j tifapy; tpj;jpahrkhd ghlq;fSf;Fupa
cj;Njr fw;gpj;jy; kzpj;jpahyq;fs;> Fwpj;j ghlj;jpl;lq;fis
tpUj;jp nra;tjpy; <Lgl;l FOf;fshy; fzpf;fg;gl;ljpy;iy.
,e;jj; jfty; vkf;Ff; fpl;bapUe;jhy;> xt;nthU jifikf;Fk;
cupa nkhj;jg; ghlq;fisf; fUj;jpw;nfhz;L jw;Nghija
khztu;fspd; fy;tprhH Ntiyg;gS gw;wpa mwpTg+u;tkhd
Kbnthd;iw ehk; Nkw;nfhz;bUf;fyhk;.
3.2 fiyj;jpl;lj;jpw;Fupa fw;wy;
rpNu~;l ,ilepiy kw;Wk; fy;Y}upepiy khztu;fs;
jkJ Neuj;ijg; gy gzpfSf;fhfr; nrytpl Ntz;bAs;sJ.
ghlrhiy ehnshd;wpy; ,j;jifa khztnuhUtuplk; ,Ue;J
vjpu;gu;f;fg;gLk; tof;fkhd njhopw;ghLfSs;> ghlrhiyr;
nraw;ghLfs;> ghlrhiyf;Fr; nrd;WtUjy;> ghlrhiyf;Fg;
gpd;duhd Gwf;fiyj;jpl;lj; njhopw;ghLfs;> Nkyjpf thrpg;G>
tPl;LNtiy> FLk;gj;jpdNuhL fhyk; fopj;jy;> rpghupR
nra;ag;gll msT epj;jpiu vd;gd mlq;Fk;. ,q;F jdpahu;
upA+~d; tFg;Gf;fSf;Fr; nry;tJ fUj;jpy; vLf;fg;gltpy;iy.
46 47
rpNu~;l ,ilepiy khztnuhUtuplk; ghlrhiy
ehnshd;wpy; tof;fkhf vjpu;ghu;f;fg;gLk; njhopw;ghLfSf;fhfr;nrytpLtjw;F xU ehspd; 24 kzpj;jpahyq;fs; NghjhJ
vd;gijNa ,J fhl;Lfpd;wJ. ,r;Rikiaf; Fiwg;gjw;Fupa
xNu top tFg;G Ntiyia kPl;LtjpYk; tPl;LNtiynra;tjpYk; nrytplg;gLk; Neuj;ijf; Fiwg;gNj.
,j;njhopw;ghLfs; Fwpj;j fw;if newpapYs;s ghlq;fspd;vz;zpf;iff;F Neu;tpfpj rkdhf ,Uf;Fk;.
,jpy; Rthu~;ak; vd;dntdpy; tPl;LNtiyf;fhfr;
nrytplg ;gLk ; Neuk ; gw ;w pa tplak; 1940fspYk;ru;r;irf;FupajhfNt ,Ue;jpUf;fpwJ. tpNrl mwpf;if1 mJ
njhlu;ghf ,g;gbg; gjpT nra;jpUf;fpwJ:
“,d;ndhU nghJg; gpur;rpid tPl;LNtiy gw;wpaJ.guPl ;irfspd; kPJ toq;fg;gLk; mOj;jKk;>
guPl;irfspy; rpj;jpailtjd; %yk; fpilf;Fk;nghUshjhu mD$yq;fSk; vkJ ghlrhiy
khztu ;fs ; k PJ ngUQ ; Riknahd ;iwr ;
Rkj;jpapUf;fpd;wd. tPl;L Ntiyapd; RikahdJmtu;fsJ cly;$w;iw eyptilar; nra;tNjhL
mtu;fsJ KidT Mw;wiyAk; ehrkhf;FfpwJ.”
“ghlrhiy ehnshd;wpy; 17 my;yJ 18 taJilakhztnuhUtUf;F tPl;L Ntiyf;nfd mJ rpghupR
nra;Ak; fhyk; 2 kzpj;jpahyq;fNs. mj;NjhL thu,Wjpnahd;wpy; Xuputpy; nra;ag;gl Ntz;ba msT
NtiyNa nra;ag;gl Ntz;Lk;.”
3.3 fiyj;jpl;lf; fzpg;gPL
[P.rP.<. cau;jug; guPl;irapy; vkJ khztHfs; fhl;Lk;
nray;jpwid Vida ehLfspd; rkndhj;j guPl;irfspy;
khztu;fspd; nraw;wpwNdhL xg;gpl;L mtjhdpg;gJRthu~;akhdJ. ,e;j tifapy; If;fpa ,uhr;rpaj;jpYs;s
ngWfpd;wdu; vd;gijr; rpy ehLfspy; nra;ag;gl;l Ma;Tfs;fhl;Lfpd;wd. ngw;whu;fSf;Fk; gps;isfSf;Fk; ,ilapy;epiyNgwhd gpizg;nghd;iw cUthf;Fjy;> FLk;gmq;fj;jtu;fs; jkJ vz;zq;fisAk; czu;TfisAk;ntspg;gLj;j trjpaspj;jy;> ghlrhiyapy; cau; jukhdfy;tprhu; nray; jpwid ntspg;gLj;jy; vd;gd ,tw;Ws;mlq;Fk;.
gjpd;k tajpdiug; nghWj;jkl;by; mtu;fsJ cupaKiwapyhd tsu;r;rpf;Fg; NghjpasT epj;jpiu kpf kpfKf;fpak; vd epGzu;fs; $Wfpdwdu;. rhjhuz gjpd;k tajpdu;xUtu; xt;Nthu; ,utpYk; Mff;Fiwe;jJ 8.5 Kjy; 9kzpj;jpahyq;fs; tiu epj;jpiunfhs;s Ntz;Lk;.
Nkw ; nr hd ;d fhuz pfs pd ; mbg ; gila py ;fUJNfhs;upjpahd rpNu~;l ,ilepiy khztu; xUtupd;Ntiyg; gSit ehd; gpdtUkhW fzpg;gpl;Nld;::
fUJNfhs; uPjpahd rpNu~;l ,ilepiy khztu;
xUtupd; Ntiyg;gS
1. Maj;jkhtJk; fhiyAzTk; - 30 epkplq;fs;
2. ghlrhiyf;Fr; nry;Yjy; - 45 epkplq;fs;
3. ghlrhiy Neuk; - 6 kzpj;jpahyq;fs;
4. Gwf;fiyj;jpl;lj; njhopw;ghLfs; - 2.5 kzpj;jpahyq;fs;
5. ghlrhiyapypUe;J tPL nry;yy; - 45 epkplq;fs;
6. FLk;gj;jpdUld; Neuk; fopj;jy;> ,uTzT
– 1 kzpj;jpahyk;
7. tFg;G Ntiyia kPl;lYk; tPl;LNtiy nra;jYk; -
4.5 kzpj;jpahyq;fs; (30 epkplk; tPjk; 9 ghlq;fs;)
8. epj;jpiuf; fhyk; - 9 kzpj;jpahyq;fs;
nkhj;jk; - 25 kzpj;jpahyq;fs;
48 49
ml;ltiz -1 ml;ltiz -2khztu;fs; njhlu;ghfr; nra;ag;gl;l Xu; Ma;T gpd;tUk;
ngWNgWfisf; fhl;Lfpd;wJ::
2016Mk; Mz;L [P.rP.<. cau;jug; guPl;irapy;21 capupay;
tpQ;Qhdg; ghlj;Jiwapy; Fwpj;j rpj;jpj; juf; $l;Lfis
my;yJ mijtplr; rpwe;j juq;fisg; ngw;Ws;stu;fspd;jpus; rjtPjj;ij ml;ltiz-1 fhl;Lfpd;wJ. If;fpa
,uhr;rpaj;jpd; NARIC mikg;gpdhy; 2004 ,y; ntspaplg;gl;lmwpf;ifnahd;wpd;19 RUf;fj;jij ml;ltiz-2 fhl;LfpwJ.
,J If;fpa ,uhr;rpaj;jpd; [P.rP.<. cau;jug; guPl;irapd;
Fwpj;j NARIC jPu;itg; Gs;spfspd; jpul;Lg; gutiyj;jUfpd;wJ.
If;fpa ,uhr;rpaj;jpy; gy tUlq;fshf [P.rP.< cau;jug;
ngWNgWfs; rhu;gstpy; khwhj; jd;ik nfhz;ldthf
,Ug;gjdhy; ,t;tpU juTj; njhFjpfisAk; gad;gLj;jp
,U KiwikfisAk; xg;gpLtJ XusT epahakhdNj.
ml;ltiz-2 ,y; NARIC jPu ;itg; Gs;spfs;
tpj;jpahrkhd rpj;jpj; juq;fSf;F toq;fg;gl;Ls;s gpd;tUk;
vz; ngWkhdq;fisf; nfhz;L fzpf;fg;gl;Ls;sd. A=5.
B=4, C=3. D=2, E=1, U/N = 0
jpus;
E}w;WtPjk; %
,yq;if [P.rP.<. c.juk;.
AAA 1.4033ABBAAC
BBB
ABC
BBC
ACC
BCC
CCC
AAS
ABS
BBS
3.92506.2414
6.8308
10.2848
14.2074
14.7798
19.958525.3327
25.3545
25.4776
26.0139
ACS
BCS
CCS
ASS
BSS
CSS
SSS
FFF
26.1660
28.8568
37.4774
37.4943
38.1368
48.5206
58.1097
100
jur;
Nru ;khdk; jpus;
guk;gy; (%)
I.,uh. [P.rP.<. cau;juk;
15 0.580851413
12
11
10
9
8
7
6
5
4
2.434816.48042
13.39496
23.25652
35.79982
49.61072
63.2670175.35651
84.93429
91.79783
96.0428
3
2
1
0
98.38670
99.48015
99.88688
100
NARIC jPu;itg;Gs;spfs;
50 51
1943,d; tpNrl fy;tp mwpf;if1 md;iwa fy;tp
KiwikapypUe;j rpy FiwghLfisr; Rl;bf; fhl;baJ:
“fiyj;jpl;lj;jpd; kPjhd guPl;irapd; Mjpf;fk;>
Fwpg;ghf ,ilepiyg; ghlj; jpl;lq;fspd; FWfpa
jd;ik> ntspthupg; guPl;irfspd; nghUe;jhj;
jd;ikfs;..”
mf;fhyj;jpy; eilKiwapypUe;j rpNu~;l ghlrhiyr;
rhd;wpjo; (SSC)> cau; ghlrhiyr; rhd;wpjo; (HSC) Mfpa
guPl;irfisg; gw;wpf; Fwpg;gpLifapy;>
“,g;gu Pl ;irfs; ntWkNd epidthw ;wiyr;
Nrhjpg;gdthfTk; tplaj; jpzpg;ig Cf;Ftpg;
gdthfTk; khWkhapd; mit gadw;wjhfptpLk;.
vdNt mwpitg ; Gjpa e piyikfSf;Fg ;
gpuNahfpg;gJ njhlu;ghd tpdhf;fisg; Nghjpa
mstpy; mikj;Jf;nfhs;Sk; tplaj;jpy; guPl;rfu;fs;
ftdk; nrYj;j Ntz;Lk;.”
mg;NghjpUe;j fzpg;gPl;L Kiwik gw;wpAk; mt;tpNrl
mwpf;if gFg;gha;T nra;jJ:
“,yq;ifapy; fw ;wYf;Fk; fw;gpj ;jYf;Fk;
,ilapYs;s njhlu ;G mupjhfNt Gupe ;J
nfhs;sg;gl;bUf;fpwJ vd;w re;Njfk; vOfpd;wJ.
cz;ikapNyNa guPl;irfSf;fhfg; gapw;Wtpf;Fk;
gof;fk; gutyhff; fhzg;gLtJ ,t;tplak;
Gupe;Jnfhs;sg;gltpy;iy vd;gijNa fhl;Lfpd;wJ.
,t;tifahd gapw;Wtpj;jy; fy;tpia kWjypg;Gr;
nra;fpd;wJ. jFjpaw;w khztDf;F milTg;
,t;tpuz;L ml;ltizfspYk; cs;s jfty;fspd;
mbg;gilapy; capupay; tpQ;Qhdg; ghlj;Jiwapy; vkJ
khztu;fspd; milT kl;lq;fis mtu;fsJ If;fpa ,uhr;;rpa
rfhf;fspd; milNthL xg;gPL nra;J ehk; gy;NtW
mtjhdq;fisg; ngw;Wf; nfhs;syhk;. cjhuzkhf ,yq;if
khztu;fspy; 25%I tplr; rw;Wf; $ba njhifapdNu 3Cfis
my;yJ mjw;F Nkw;gl;l militg; ngw;Ws;sdu;. mNjNtis
If;fpa ,uhr;rpaj;jpy; 9 NARIC jPu;itg; Gs;spfSf;Fr;
rkdhfg; ngw;wtu;fspd; njhif ,U klq;fhf – 50% I
neUq;fpf; fhzg;gLfpd;wJ.
khztu;fisf; fzpg;gPL nra;Ak; jw;Nghija
eilKiwia fyhe pj p Fztu ;jd 24 r pwg ; g hf
tptupj;jpUf;fpd;whu;:
“khztnuhUtiug; gue;j Nehf;Fld; kjpg;gPL nra;Ak;
tplaj;jpy; [P.rP.<. rhjhuz ju kw;Wk; [P.rP.<. cau; jug;
guPl;irfSf;Fupa Mw;wy; Nfs;tpf;FupaNj. xNu mku;tpy;
Njhw;Wk; guPl;irnahd;wpy; khztu; fhl;Lk; nraw;wpwid
itj;J fiyj;jpl;lnkhd;wpdhy; tpUj;jpnra;ag;gl
Ntz;Lnkd vjpu;ghu;f;fg;gLk; ngWkjpahd jpwd;fs;
gytw;iwf; fzpg;gPL nra;a KbahJ. ,J khztu;
gyUf;Fj; jPq;F gaf;fpd;wJ. rkepiyahd tpUj;jpAlDk;
njhopy; tha;g;Gld; njhlu;Gila Nju;r;rpfSlDk;
,izg;Gila mwpTrhuhj; jpwd;fis tpUj;jp nra;a
cjTk; ,izf; fiyj;jpl;lj; njhopw;ghLfs; tplaj;jpy;
,g;gu Pl;irfs; kl;Lg;gLj;jg;gl;l jhf;fj;ijNa
nfhz;Ls;sd.”
52 53
4. rhj;jpakhd jPHTfs;
Muk;gj;jpy; vOg;gg;gl;l ,uz;L gpur;rpidfSf;Fk;
rhj;jpakhd jPu;Tfis ,t;Tiuapd; ,Wjpg; gFjpapy;
Kd;itg;gNj vdJ Nehf;fkhFk;. mg;gpur;rpidfSs;
KjyhtJ khztu;fspy; fy;tprhu; kd mOj;jj;ij
Vw;gLj;JtNjhL mtu;fsJ cs> cly; MNuhf;fpaj;ijg;
ghjpf;fpd;w msTf;Fg; ghlrhiyf; fiyj;jpl;lk; kpifr;
RikAs;sjhf ,Uf;fpwJ vd;w fz;ldk;. mLj;jJ> 21Mk;
E}w;whz;by; fw;Nghupd; Njitfis ntw;wpfukhf vjpu;nfhs;Sk;
tifapy ; jw ;Nghija ghlrhiyf; fiyj;j pl ;lk ;
khztu;fSf;fFg; gue;j jpwd; njhFjpnahd;iw toq;Ffpd;wjh
vd;gjhFk;.
ehd; Gyik ngw;Ws;s Jiw fzpjj; JiwNaad;wpf;
fy;tpj; Jiway;y. vdpDk; fy;tpaikr;R> cau; fy;tp
mikr;R Mfpa ,uz;bd; fPOKs;s gy;NtW epWtdq;fshy;
Vw;ghL nra;ag;gl;l njhopw;ghLfspy; gq;Fgw;Wtjd; %yKk;
fy;tpapd; jw;Nghija cyfshtpa Nghf;Fj; njhlu;ghf
ehd; nra;j jdpg;gl;l Ma;Tfspd; %ykhfTk; ngw;Wf;nfhz;l
mwpT fhuzkhf fy;tp njhlHghd gpur;rpidfspy; vdf;F
Mu;tk; Vw;gl;lJ. Nkw;Fwpj;j mk;rq;fs; njhlu;ghf ehd;
rku;g;gpf;fg; NghFk; Kd;nkhopTfs; me;j mDgtj;jpypUe;Nj
ngwg;gl;Ls;sd. ,e;j Kd;nkhopTfspy; rpy Vw;fdNt nghJ
Mtzq;fspy; ,lk;ngw;wpUf;ff; $Lk;.
eilKiwapYs;s Kiwik gw;wp Kd;nkhopag;gLk;
rPu;jpUj;jq;fs; xNuabahftd;wp gbg;gbahf epiwNtw;wg;gl
Ntz;bait vd;gNj vd; vjpu;ghu;g;G. vdpDk; ,tw;wpd;
xl;Lnkhj;j tpisT> Njrpa fy;tp Mizf;FO vjphgu;g;gJ
Gs;spnahd;iwg; ngw;Wf; nfhLg;gjw;fhf guPl;ir
Kiwikapy; fhzg;gLk; gytPdq;fisj; jtwhfg;
gad;gLj;jpf; nfhs;Sk; xU Kaw;rpNa mJ.
khztd; njupe;Jnfhz;bUf;f Ntz;ba mwpit
myl;rpak; nra;Jtpl;L> guPl;rfu; vd;d tpilia
mtdplk; vjpu;ghu;f;fpd;whu; vd;gjpNyNa mJ
ftdQ; nrYj;JfpwJ. tuf;$ba tpdhf;fs;
,dq;fhzg;gl;L mtw;Wf;Fupa tplaq;fs;
nju pTnra ;ag ; gLf pd ; wd . mtw ; w pd ;
nghUj;jg;ghl;ilg; gw;wpf; ftdpahJ mtw;iw
cs;thq;fp kPs ntspg;gLj;JtNj ,q;F Nehf;fkhf
,Uf;fpd;wJ. epidtpy; itf;Fk; Nehf;fj;jpw;fhf
vspikf;F Kd;Dupik nfhLj;J> jpUj;jkhd mwpT
g pd ;js ;sg ; gLf pd ; wJ . fUj ;Jf ;fs ;
fUj;Jf;fshdtd;wp ntWk; tplaq;fshf
khw;wg;gLfpd;wd. khztd; rpe;jpg;gjw;Fupa tpjj;jpy;
fw;gpf;fg;gLtjpy;iy. mtd; Gupe;Jnfhz;bUf;fpwhd;
vdg; guPl;rfiug; Nghypahf ek;gr; nra;Ak; tpjj;jpy;
kdg;ghlk; nra;tjw;F mtd; fw;gpf;fg;gLfpd;whd;.”
epfo;e;J tUk; njhopy;El;g kw;Wk; fyhr;rhu Kd;Ndw;wq;fSf;F
Vw;w tifapy; fy;tpAk; njhlHe;J gupzhk tsu;r;rp fhz
Ntz;Lk; vd ehk; vjpu;ghu;j;j NghjpYk; ,d;W fhzg;gLfpd;w
fw;gpj;jy;> fw;wy;> fzpg;gPL njhlu;ghd nrad;Kiwfs; vkJ
ngw;whu; - ghl;ld;khH fhyj;jpy; ,Ue;jtw;iwg; Nghd;Nw
,Uf;fpd;wd.
54 55
fw;gpg;gNj ghlrhiyapd; Nehf;fk;. tPl;bdJk;
ghlrhiyapdJk; $l;L eltbf;ifapd; %yk; gps;is
xU r%fg; gpwtpahf cUthf;fg;gl Ntz;Lk;.”
“thog ; Nghf pd ;w r pwg ; G tho ;f ;iff ;Fg ;
nghUj;jKilajhfg; gps;isia cUthf;Fk; xU
nrad;Kiw vd Muk;gg; gpd; fy;tpia tptupf;fyhk;
vd;w fUj;ij ehk; Vw;Wf; nfhs;fpNwhk;.”
4.1 Kd;nkhopT : rpNu~;l ,ilepiy> fy;Y}up
epiy Mfpatw;wpd; KOf; fiyj;jpl;lj;ijAk;
kPs; tiuaiw nra;jy;.
ghlrhiyf; fy;tpahdJ rk;gpujha uPjpahd ghlq;fis
khj;jpuk; fw;fpd;w epiyikia tpl;L mg;ghy; efu Ntz;Lk;vd;gjpy; ve;jf; fUj;J Kuz;ghLk; ,y;iy. ehd; Kd;du;Rl ;bf ; fhl;baJ Nghy rpNu~;l ,ilepiyapYk;fy;Y}upepiyapYk; Njrpa fiyj;jpl;lkhdJ [P.rP.<. rhjhuzjuk; [P.rP.<. cau; juk; Mfpa jifikfSf;F ,l;Lr; nry;Yk;fw;if newpfspd; ,Wjpapy; elf;Fk; gu Pl;irfspy;Nrhjpf;fg;gLk; ghlq;fisNa KOikahff; nfhz;Ls;sJ.NtW tpjj;jpy; nrhy;tjhdhy; ,k;kl;lq;fspy; Njrpafiyj;jpl;lkhdJ kpfg; ngupjhf ,Ug;gNjhL mjidtoq;Ftjw;fhfg; ghlrhiy Neu#rpapd; fhyj;jpy; ngUk;ghYk;100% ck; Njitg;gLfpd;wJ. ,t;thwhd Kiwiknahd;wpd;jhf;fq;fs; gw ;w p fyhepjp fd;dq;fu1 gpdtUkhW
tptupj;jpUe;jhu;:
“tho;f;if KOtjpYk; csKk; clYk; xd;wd;kPJ xd;W jhf;fk; nrYj;Jfpd;wd. fy;tprhu;ghlq;fspd; kPJ khj;jpuk ; ftdq;Ftpf;Fk;
gapw;Wtpg;ghdJ miuFiwahd> xU gf;fr; rhu;ghd
tpUj;jpiaNa Vw;gLj;Jk;.”
Nghy1 vkJ ,sk; rpwhu;fspd; fy;tpg; ngWNgWfis
Nkk;gLj;Jtjpy; fzprkhd Kd;Ndw;wj;ij Vw;gLj;Jk;.
‘mDgtuPjpahd fw;wypD}lhf Xu; mzpapd;
cWg;gpduhfr; nraw;glTk;> gfpu;e;J nfhs;sTk;fuprid fhl;lTk;> kw;wtu;fspd; cupikfis
rfpj;Jf;nfhs;sTk; kjpf;fTk; $Uzu;Tld;ghugl;rkw;w Kiwapy; el;GwNthLk; fUizNahLk;
ele;Jnfhs;sTk; $ba tpjj;jpy; gps;isnahd;W
ghlrhiyia t pl ;L e Pq ;Fk ; fl ;lj ;j py ;tpUj;jpailtjw;F Mw;wy; toq;fg;gLtJk;
Cf;Ftpf;fg;gLtJk; mtrpak;. nra;KiwuPjpapYk;
njhopDl;guPjpapYk; gps;is gue;j mstpy; jpwd;ngw ; w pUf ; f Ntz ;Lk ; . e piyikfisg ;
Gupe;Jnfhs;tjw;Ff; Nfhl;ghLfis cgNahfpf;fTk;>tpku;rd uPjpapYk; ju;f;f uPjpapYk; xg;gPl;L uPjpapYk;
ca;j;jwpAk; tpjj;jpYk; gFg;gha;T KiwapYk;
KOikf; fz;Nzhl;lj;Jld; rpe;jpf;ff; $bajhf,Uj;jy; Ntz;Lk;. mj;NjhL csuPjpapYk; cly;
uPjpapYk; MNuhf;fpakhf ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;.”
,Nj vz;zf;fUit fyhepjp fd;dq;fuTk;
nfhz;bUe;jhu;:
“fy;tpnad;gJ fy;tprhu; kw;Wk; nra;Kiwupjpahd
mwpTf;Fupa mk;rq;fisg; ngw;Wf;nfhs;tJ
khj;jpuky;y vd;w vkJ fUj;Jf;F ehk; NghjpasT
mOj;jk; nfhLj;jpUf;fpd;Nwhk;. njhopy;tha;g;Gg;
ngWtjw;fhfNth my;yJ guPl;irapy; rpj;jp
ngWtjw;fhfNth gps;is gapw;Wtpf;fg;gltpy;iy.
kdpjd; vd;w tifapYk; Fbkfd; vd;w tifapYk;
KOikahd tho;f;ifnahd;iw tho;tjw;Ff;
56 57
tpUg;gj;Jf;Fupa gFjpia ntw;wpfukhf mKy; elj;jy;>Nkw;ghu;it nra;jy;> rhd;Wg;gLj;jy; Nghd;w nghWg;Gf;fiskhfhz kl;lf; fy;tp mikr;Rf;fsplk; xg;gilf;fyhk;.
ghlk;thuj;jpw ;Fcupa ghlNtisfs;
Fwpg;Gf;fs;
1
2
3
4
5
6
rkaKk; tpOkpaf; fy;tpAk;
[P.rP.<. rhjhuz juj;
jifik ,e;j MW
nghJg; ghlq;fisAk;
nfhz;bUf;Fk;;
Kjd; nkhop
fzpjk;
tpQ;Qhdk;
Mq;fpyk;
tuyhWk; r%ff; fy;tpAk;
Vida ghlq;fs; /njhopw;ghLfs; mofpay;
fw;iffs; / Vidankhopfs; (njhFjp I)
njhopy;El;gtpaw;
fw;iffs;(njhFjp II)
,uz;lhk; nkhop
RfhjhuKk; clw; fy;tpAk;
jfty; njhlu;ghly;
njhopy;El;gk;
,izg;ghl tpjhdr;
nraw;ghLfs;
,it [P.rP.<. rhjhuz
juj; jifikapd; xU
gFjpay;y. ,it
SBAapD}lhff;
fzpg;gPL nra;ag;gLk;
5
5
5
5
5
5
10
40nkhj;jg; ghl Ntisfs;
Vida
ghlq;fs;
/nraw;
ghLfs;
rpNu~;l ,ilepiy tl;lj;jpw;F (juk; 10>11)
Kd;nkhopag;gLk; fl;likg;G21
nghUk;ghyhd ehLfspy; G+uzf; fiyj;jpl;lk; vd
miof;fg;gLk; ghlrhiyf; fiyj;jpl;lj;jpd; Xu; cg gFjpahf
kl;LNk Njrpa fiyj;jpl;lk; tpsq;FfpwJ. gps;isfSf;F
xd;w pize;j MSikia toq;Ftjw ;fhf Njrpa
fiyj;jpl;lj;jpw;F Nkyjpfkhf> fiyj;jpl;lq;fSf;F
,ilapyhd mk;rq;fSk; fiyj;jpl;lj;jpw;Fg; Gwk;ghd
njho pw ; g hLfSk ; G + uzf ; fiyj ;j pl ; lj ; j py ;
cs;slf;fg;gl;Ls;sd.
,e;j tifapy;> rpNu~;l ,ilepiy> fy;Y}upepiy
Mfpa ,U kl;lq;fspYk; g+uzf; fiyj;jpl;lkhdJ fUg;
gFjpnahd;iwAk; tpUg;gj;jpw;Fupa gFjpnahd;iwAk;
nfhz;bUf;f Ntz;Lk;. rpf;fw; jd;ik mjpfupj;J tUfpd;w>
,af;fk; kpf;f vjpu;fhyr; r%fj;jpy; capu;g;Gld; nraw;glf;
$ba Fbkf;fspd; tpUj;jpf;F ,itapuz;Lk; Nru;e;J
gq;fspg;Gr; nra;Ak;. mg;gbahd fl;likg;nghd;wpy; fUg;
gFjpahdJ [P.rP.<. rhjhuz juk;> [P.rP.<. cau; juk; Mfpa
jifikfSf;Fj; Njitahd ghlq;fisf; nfhz;bUf;Fk;.
mLj;j $whdJ> rk;gpujha uPjpahd ghlq;fspD}lhfg;
ngw;Wf;nfhs;s Kbahj njhlu;ghly;> jPhkhdk; Nkw;nfhs;sy;>
Mf;fj ;jpwd; > gad;jU rpe ;jid> jiyikj;Jtk; >
Ml;fSf;fpilahdJk; jd;dfj;Jf;FupaJkhd jpwd;fs;
Nghd;w gy;NtW jpwd;fisg; ngw;Wf;nfhs;tjw;Fupa fw;wy;
tha;g;Gf;fis toq;Fk;. NkYk; ,t;thwhd g+uzf;
fiyj;jpl;lnkhd;W> SLQF,d; 12 fw;wy; NgWfisAk; Njrpa
fy;tp Mizf;FOtpd; VO mbg;gilj; Nju;r;rpfisAk;
fw;Nghu; mile;Jnfhs;s topnra;Ak;. [P.rP.<. rhjhuz ju
kw;Wk; [P.rP.<. cau; jug;; guPl;irfspy; Nrhjpf;fg;gLk; Mrpupau;ika> tFg;giwia mbg;gilahff; nfhz;l fw;ww; #oyhdJnghJthd jpwd;fis tpUj;jpnra;aj; jtwp tpLfpd;wd.
58 59
nra;tNjhL [P.rP.<. rhjhuz juj; jifikapd; cyfshtpamq;fPfhuj;ijAk; Ngzpg; ghJfhf;Fk;. ‘,yq;ifapd; nghJf;fy;tpf;fhd Gjpa fy;tpr; rl;l%yk;’ vd;Dk; Njrpa fy;tpMizf;FOtpd; mwpf;ifapy;20 Kd;nkhopag;gl;Ls;sgb rpf;fw;jd;ik mjpfupj;J tUfpd;w ,af;fg;gz;G kpf;f vjpu;fhyr;r%fj;jpy; capu;g;Gld; nraw;glf;$ba gpui[nahUtiutpUj;jp nra;tjw;Fj; Njitahd gq;fspg;igAk; mJ toq;Fk;.
fy;Y}upepiy tl;lj;jpy; (juk; 12> 13) [P.rP.<. cau;
jug; ghlj;JiwfSf;fhf Kd;itf;fg;gLk; fl;likg;G
ghlk;thuj;jpw ;Fcupa ghlNtisfs;
Fwpg;Gf;fs;
1
2
3
gpujhd ghlk; 1[P.rP.<. cau;juj; jifik
,k;%d;W ghlq;fisAk;
nfhz;bUf;Fk;gpujhd ghlk; 2
gpujhd ghlk; 3
Kjd; nkhop
tzpf Mq;fpyKk;
njhlu;ghly; jpwd;fSk;
mofpaw; fw;iffs; %yk;
,yf;fpa eak;
jfty; njhlu;ghly;
njhopy;El;gk;
Fbapay;rhu; jpwd;fs;
r%f ey;tho;Tf;fhd
RfhjhuKk; tho;f;ifj;
jpwd;fSk;
Kaw;rpahz;ikj; jpwd;fs;
,izg;ghl tpjhdr;
nraw;ghLfs;
,J njhopy;rhu; ghlj;
Jiwapd; nghJf;
$wpidf; nfhz;Ls;sJ.
,J SBA Kiwikapd;
%yk; fzpg;gPL
nra;ag;gLk;
10
10
10
10
40nkhj;jg; ghl Ntisfs;
Vida
nkhbA+y;
fSk;
njhopw;
ghLfSk;
Kd;nkhopag;gl;l fl;likg;gpd;gb tpUg;gj;jpw;FupagFjpapd; fPo; mofpaw; fw;iffs;> njhopy;El;gf; fw;iffs;>Vida nkhopfs; vd;gtw;wpy; jhk; tpUk;Gk; ghlq;fisf;fw;f khztu;fs; J}z;lg;gLthu;fs;. mj;NjhL> ,uz;lhk;nkhop> RfhjhuKk; clw; fy;tpAk;> jfty; njhlu;ghly;njhopy;El;gk; vd;gtw;iwj; juk; 10> 11fspy; fw;gjw;Fupatha;g;Gfs; toq;fg;gLk;. ,g;ghlq;fspd; fw;wy; SBAapD}lhff;fzpg;gPL nra;ag;gLtNjhL mit [P.rP.<. rhjhuzjuj;jifikapd; xU gFjpahff; fUjg;gl khl;lh.
rpNu~;l ,ilepiy kl;lj;jpy; ,t;thwhdnjhUrPu;jpUj;jk; khztu; kPJs;s fy;tprhu; Rikiaf; Fiwf;fcjTk;. mNjNtis fw;wypd; gz;Gj; juj;ij mjpfupf;fr;
njhFjp I – rq;fPjk; (fPioj;Nja/Nkiyj;Nja/
fu;ehlf)> rpj;jpuk;> ehl;bak; (fPioj;Nja/ guj)>
ehlfKk; muq;fpaYk; (rpq;fsk/jkpo; /Mq;fpyk;)>
Mq;fpy ,yf;fpag; ghlE}y;fis eaj;jy;> rpq;fs
,yf;fpag; ghlE}y;fis eaj;jy;> jkpo; ,yf;fpag;
ghlE}y;fis eaj;jy;> mwG ,yf;fpag; ghlE}y;fis
eaj;jy;> nkhopfs;> ,uz;lhtJ Njrpa nkhop/
RfhjhuKk; clw;fy;tpAk;.
njhFjp II – tptrhaKk; czTj; njhopy;El;gKk;>
flw;nwhopYk; czTj; njhopy;El;gKk;> tbtikg;Gk;
njho pDl ; gKk ; > ifj ;j p wd ; fiyfs ; >
kidg;nghUspay;> tzpf kw;Wk; fzf;fPl;Lf;
fw;iffs;> Kaw;rpahz;ik kw;Wk; mbg;gilg;
nghUspay;> jfty; kw;Wk; njhlu;ghly; njhopy;El;gk;>
njhlu;ghlYk; Clff; fw;ifAk;2 (Nj.f.M. 2016)
60 61
nghWj;jkl;by; fw;wyhdJ ngUk; rthYf;FupajhfNt,Uf;fpd;wJ. mj;NjhL> epu;zapf;fg;gl;Ls;s vz;zpf;ifiatpl 40% $Ljyhd ghlNtisfs; ghlrhiy Neu#rpapy;xJf;fg;gl;Ls;s NghjpYk; cupa fhyj;jpy; ghlj;jpl;lq;fisepiwT nra;a Kbahky; Mrpupau;fs; jpz;lhLfpd;wdu;.
vdNt jw;Nghija ghlj;jpl;lq;fspy; fiyj;jpl;lr;Rik vJTk; fhzg;gLkhapd; ghlj;ijf; fw;gpg;gjw;Ff;fpilf;ff;$ba Neuj;ijf; fUj;jpw; nfhz;L mtw;wpd;cs;slf;fj;ij kPsha;T nra;j gpd;dNu ,g;gpur;rpidf;Fj;jPu;T fhzg;gl Ntz;Lk;. ,jd; %yk; ruhrup khztnuhUtu;ghlj;jpl;lj;jpy; Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;s fw;ww; NgWfismile;Jnfhs;tJ rhj;jpakhf ,Uf;Fk;. mu;j;jKs;s tifapy;ghlj;jpl;lnkhd;iwj; jahupg;gJ mjpf Neuk; Njitg;gLfpd;w>ftdj;NjhL nra;ag;gl Ntz;ba njhopy;thz;ikf;Fupanraw;ghL vd;gij ,J fhl;LfpwJ. ,jidg; gFjp Neug;gzpahf epiwNtw;w KbahJ.
4.3 Kd;nkhopT : tpdhj;jhs;fis fw;ww; NgWfSld;nghUe;jr; nra;jy;
ghlj; jpl;lq;fspy; $wg;gl;Ls;s vjpu;ghu;f;fg;gLk; fw;ww;
NgWfSld; tpdhj;jhs;fisg; nghUe;jr; nra;tJ khztupd;fw;wiyf; fzpg;gPL nra;tjpy; Kf;fpaj;Jtk; ngWfpd;wJ.jhk; fw;wtw;Ws; vtw;iw ntspg;gLj;jf; $batu;fshfkhztu;fs; ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk; vd;gijf; fw;ww; NgWfs;Fwpf;fpdwd. jhk; fw;wtw;iw khztu;fs; vt;thW ntspf;fhl;lNtz ;Lk ; vd ; gijf ; fz pg ; g P l ; bd ; tbtikg ; GcWjpg;gLj;JfpwJ.
xt;nthU ghlj;Jf;Fnkd guPl;irj; jpizf;fsj;jpdhy;epakpf;fg;gLk; tpdhj; jahupf;Fk; FOnthd;W Njrpa fy;tpepWtfj;jhy; jahupf;fg;gl;l ghlj;jpl;lj;jpy; $wg;gl;Ls;svju;ghu;f;fg;gLk; fw;wy; NgWfs; njhlu;ghf khztu;fisf;
ehk; Vw;fdNt fz;lJ Nghd;W rpy ghlj;Jiwfspy;
%d;W ghlq;fspd; njupT kpFe;j tpiwg;Gj; jd;ik nfhz;ljhf,Uf;fpwJ. mq;F khztu;fspd; cz;ikahd Nju;Tf;F,lkpy;iy. 2003,d; ‘Njrpa Nfhl;ghl;L Mtzk;’14> 2014,d;‘,yq;ifapd; nghJf; fy;tpapy; fiyj;jpl;l mgptpUj;jpgw;wpa Ma;T’22 Mfpa Njrpa fy;tp Mizf;FOtpd;Ma;Tfs;> cau; juj;jpy; %d;W ghlq;fisj; Nju;e;njLg;gjpy;khztu;f;F mjpf Rje;jpuj;ij toq;Ftjd; Kf;fpaj;Jtj;ij,dq;fz;Ls;sd. njupT nra;ag;gl;l rpwg;Gf; fw;ifj;JiwapypUe;J Mff; $baJ ,uz;L ghlq;fisg;gy;fiyf;fofg; gPlnkhd;W epu;zapf;fyhk; vd;Wk; %d;whtJghlk; Vida ghlq;fisf;nfhz;l KO tPr;rpypUe;Jk; njupTnra;ag;glf;$bajhf ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk; vd;Wk; mt;tha;Tfs;tpje;Jiuj;Js;sd.
,e;j tpje;Jiuapd; mwpKfKk;> Kjd; nkhop> tzpfMq;fpyKk; njhlu;ghlw; jpwd;fSk;> mofpaw; fw;iffspd;Clhf ,yf;fpa eak;> jfty; njhlu;ghly; jpwd;fs;> r%feytho ;Tf ;fhd RfhjhuKk; tho ;f ;ifj ; jpwd ;fSk; >Kaw;rpahz;ikj; jpwd;fs;> fiyj;jpl;l ,izj; njhopw;ghLfs;vd;gtw;iwf; nfhz;l nghJf; $Wk; 13 tUlg; ghlrhiyf;fy;tpapd; gpd;du; 21 Mk; E}w;whz;by; ntw;wpngwj; NjitahdmwpitAk; jpwd;fisAk; ngw;wtu;fshf khztu;fs; nghJf;fy;tp Kiwikia tpl;L ePq;f cjTk;.
4.2 Kd;nkhopT : fiyj;jpl;l kpifr; Rikf;Fj; jPu;T fhzy;
jw;Nghija [P.rP.<. cau; jug; ghlq;fspd; ghlj;jpl;lq;fs;
gy;fiyf; fofq;fSf;F mDkjp ngWfpd;w nrhw;g rjtPjkhdkhztu ;fs ; gw ;w p mOj ;jk ; nfhLj ;Nj t pUj ;j pnra;ag;gl;Ls;sd vd;gJ Gydhfpd;wJ. ,jd; tpisthff;fy;Y}upe piy khztu;fSs; ngUk;ghd;ikapdiug ;
62 63
gFjp-1:
nkhoprhu; $W. fl;Liunahd;iw my;yJ mwpf;ifnahd;iwg;Gupe;Jnfhs;tjw;Fk; vOJtjw;Fk; cs;s Mw;wiy ,JNrhjpf;Fk;. gFjp-2: nghJ csr; rhu;Gf; $W. gFj;jhAk;jpwd;> thOk; #oy;gw;wpa tpopg;Gzu;T> r%f kw;Wk; nrhy;rhuhj;jpwd;fs; vd;gtw;iw ,J Nrhjpf;Fk;.
CGTI NkYk; mu;j;jKs;sjhf;Ftjw;fhf Nkw;Fwpj;j,uz;L gFjpfspYk; Mff; Fiwe;j Nju;r;rpfisr; Nrhjpf;Fk;$nwhd;Wk; cau; mwpTrhu; Mw;wy;fisr; Nrhjpf;Fk;,d;ndhU $Wk; cs;slq;f Ntz;Lk;. rpNu~;l ,ilepiy>fy;Y}up epiy Mfpa ,U kl;lq;fspYk; mwpKfg;gLj;jg;gLk;mt;thwhd Nrhjid> gps;isfSf;F Mff; Fiwe;jstpyhdNju;r ;rpfis toq;Ftjd; %yk; mtu;fs; fw;wypy;Kd;NdWtij cWjpnra;fpd;w jkJ mbg;gil tfpghfj;ijg;ghlrhiyfs; epiwNtw;Wfpd;wdth vd;gijf; fzpg;gPL
nra;af;$ba nghwpKiwahfTk; mikAk;.
4.5 Kd;nkhopT : khztu ;fs pd ; ngWNgWfisAk ;ghlrhiyf; fzpg;gPLfisAk; gjpT nra;tjw;fhdxU Gjpa Kiwghlrhiyia tpl;L ePq;FNthu; Neue;jtwhik> elj;ijg;
gz;Gfs;> ciuahLk; Mw;wy; Nghd;w mbg;gilj; jpwd;fs;$l
,y;yhky; ntWkNd jkJ [P.rP.<. rhjhuz ju> cau; jug;ngWNgWfspd; gyj;jpy; Ntiyj;jyq;fSf;Fs; Eiofpd;wdu;
vd;gJ> njhopy; toq;FNthupd; fUj;Jg;gb gfpuq;fcz;iknahd;whFk;. ,jd; tpisthf> kpf vspa gzpfisr;
nra;tjw ;Fupa Nju;r ;rp$l ,y;yhj epiyapy; kpf
mbg;gilahd EioT kl;l njhopy;fSf;Fj; jk;ik,irthf;fpf;nfhs;s Kbahky; vkJ gjpd;k tajpdu;
jLkhWfpd;wdu;.
rpNu~;l ,ilepiy> fy;Y}upepiy Mfpa ,Ukl;lq;fspYk; KOikf; fiyj;jpl;lj;jpw;F Kd;itf;fg;gl;Ls;s
khw;wq;fspd; mwpKfj;Jld; ,e;epiyik khw;wkilAk; vd
fzpg;gPL nra;af;$ba tpdhj;jhs;fisj; jahupg;gNj jw;NghJehl;bYs;s eilKiwahFk;.
vjpu;ghu;f;fg;gLk; fw;ww; NgWfis tpdhj;jhs;fs; cupakl;lj;jpy; fzpg;gPL nra;fpd;wdth vd;gijr; RahjPdkhfr;rupghu;g;gjw;Fupa Gjpa juf; fl;Lg;ghl;Lg; nghwpKiwnahd;iwj;Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk; mwpKfk; nra;tNj rpwe;j eilKiwahf,Uf;Fk;. vjpu;ghu;f;fg;gLk; fw;wy; NgWfNshL [P.rP.<. rhjhuzju> [P.rP.<. cau; ju tpdhj;jhs;fs; nghUe;jpg; NghFk; tpjk;gw;wp kjpg;gPL nra;j gpd;du; Njrpa fy;tp epWtfj;jpd;gzpg;ghsu; ehafk;> guPl;irfs; Mizahsu; ehafj;jpw;FtUlhe;j mwpf;ifnahd;iwr; rku;g ;gpg ;gjd; %yk;,e;eltbf;ifia Kiwikg;gLj;j KbAk;. ,t;thwhdnghw pKiwnahd ;iwg; gu Pl ;irr ; nrad;KiwNahLxd;wpizg;gjd; %yk; fhyg;Nghf;fpy; tpdhj;jhs;fspd;gz;Gj;juj;ij Nkk;gLj;jpf;nfhs;syhk;.
4.4 Kd;nkhopT : rpNu\;l ,ilepiy kl;lj;jpYk;fy;Y}up epiy kl;lj;jpYk; khw;wpaikf;fg;gl;lnghJr; rhjhuzg; guPl;irnahd;iw mwpKfg;gLj;jy;
gy;fiyf; fofq;fspypUe;J gadiltjw;fhfkhztu;fsplk; cs;s Mw;wy; tsj;ijAk; jpwikiaAk;mstpLk; Nehf;fj;NjhL 2000,y; fy;Y}up epiy khztu;fSf;FnghJr; rhjhuzg; guPl;ir (CGT) mwpKfg;gLj;jg;gl;lJ. 1997brk;gupy; ntspaplg;gl;l Njrpar; nrayku;T mwpf;ifapy;tpje;Jiuf;fg;gl;lgb mJ gpd;tUk; ehd;F $Wfisf;nfhz;lJ. nghJ tpopg;Gzu;T> fhuzk; $Wk; Mw;wy;>gpur;rpid tpLtpf;Fk; Mw;wy;> fpufpj;jYk; njhlu;ghlYk;.
jw;Nghija CGT mjd; Nehf;fj;ij epiwNtw;wtpy;iyvdf;$wp mJ kPsf; fl;likf;fg;gLjy; Ntz;Lk; vd 2016Mk;Mz ;bd ; Njr pa fy ;t p Mizf ;FO mw pf ;if2
tpje;Jiuj;Js;sJ. Njrpa fy;tp Mizf;FO Kd;itj;jkPs;fl;likf;fg;gl;l CGT ,uz;L gFjpfisf; nfhz;bUf;Fk;.
64 65
tpUJ $Wfs;
rpNu~;l
,ilepiy
ghlrhiyr;
rhd;wpjo;
gpd;tUk; 6 [P.rP.<. rh. jug; ghlq;fspd; rpj;jpj; juq;fSk;
SBA Gs;spfSk;: rkaKk; tpOkpaf; fy;tpAk;> Kjd; nkhop>
fzpjk;> tpQ;Qhdk;> Mq;fpyk;> tuyhWk; r%ff; fy;tpAk;
Vida ghlq;fs; /njhopw;ghLfspy; milT; mofpaw;
fy;tp/ Vida nkhopfs; (njhFjp 1)> njhopy;El;gtpay;
fw;iffs; (njhFj 2)> ,uz;lhk; nkhop> RfhjhuKk; clw;
fy;tpAk;> jfty; njhlu;ghly; njhopy;El;gk;
CGT - juk; 11
tpUJ $Wfs;
cau; rpNu~;l
,ilepiy
ghlrhiyr;
rhd;w pjo;
gpd;tUk; 6 [P.rP.<. rh. jug; ghlq;fspd; rpj;jpj; juq;fSk;
SBA Gs;spfSk;: rkaKk; tpOkpaf; fy;tpAk;> Kjd; nkhop>
fzpjk;> tpQ;Qhdk;> Mq;fpyk;> tuyhWk; r%ff; fy;tpAk;
Vida ghlq;fs; /njhopw;ghLfspy; milT; mofpaw;
fy;tp/ Vida nkhopfs; (njhFjp 1)> njhopy;El;gtpay;
fw;iffs; (njhFjp 2)> ,uz;lhk; nkhop> RfhjhuKk; clw;
fy;tpAk;> jfty; njhlu;ghly; njhopy;El;gk;
CGT - juk; 12
%d;W [P.rP.<. cau; jug; ghlq;fspd; rpj;jpj; juq;fSk;
SBA Gs;spfSk;:
CGT - juk; 13
Vida ghlq;fs; /njhopw;ghLfspy; milT; Kjd; nkhop>
tzpf Mq;fpyKk; njhlu;ghlw; jpwd;fSk;> mofpaw;
fw;iffspd; Clhf ,yf;fpa eak;> jfty; njhlu;ghly;
jpwd;fs;> r%fey tho;Tf;fhd RfhjhuKk; tho;f;ifj;
jpwd;fSk;> Kaw;rpahz;ikj; jpwd;fs;> fiyj;jpl;l ,izj;
njhopw;ghLfs;
ek;gg;gLfpd;wJ. mjd; gpd;du; gue;j tPr;rpidf; nfhz;l
njhopw;ghLfspYk; Nju;r;rpfspYk; khztnuhUtupd; tpupthdrhjidf;Fr; rhd;W toq;ff;$ba kjpf;fj;jf;fJk;
cj;jpNahfG+u;tkhdJkhd ghlrhiy tpLifr; rhd;wpjo;23
xd;W cUthf;fg;gl Ntz;Lk;. fiyj;jpl;lj;jpw;Fg; Gwk;ghdnjhopw;ghLfspy; mtu;fspd; <LghLk; rhjidfSk; cl;gl
njhopy; tha;g;Gg; ngWtjw;fhd jpwd;fspYk; gz;GfspYk;juk; 10 Kjy; 13 tiu mtu;fs; ngw;w milTfSk; mjpy;
mlq;f Ntz;Lk;. njhopy; toq;FNthuhy; Ntz;lg;gLk; vy;yh
tifahd nra;Kiwj; jpwd;fs;> nkd;jpwd;fs; cl;glmidj;Jj; jpwd;fSf;Fkhd ,r;rhd;wpjohdJ [P.rP.<. rhjhuz
ju kw;Wk; cau; ju rpj;jpj; juq;fshy; toq;fg;gLfpd;w
fy;tprhu; Mw;wy; njhlu;ghd nghJ mstPl;iltpl mjpfgadspg;gjhf ,Uf;Fk;.
fy;tpia juk; 11 cld; Kbj;Jf; nfhs;gtu;fSf;Fk;juk; 13,y; epiwT nra;gtu;fSf;Fk; KiwNa ‘rpNu~;l
,ilepiyg; ghlrhiyr; rhd;wpjo;’> ‘cau;ju rpNu~;l
,ilepiyg; ghlrhiyr; rhd;wpjo;’ vd;Dk; ghrhiy tpLifr;rhd;wpjo;fs; toq;fg;glyhk;. kl;lk; 1> 2 Mfpatw;Wf;Fupa
SLQF ngaupl;L tof;Ff;F mikthf ,it ,Uf;fpd;wd.
,t;tpU jifikfspdJk; $Wfs; gpd;tUkhW mikAk;:
66 67
GupaTk; thoTk; khztu;fisj; jahu; nra;tjw;Fj; Jiz
GupAk; tifapy; nghUe;jpg; Nghf Ntz;Lk;.
,e;j ciuapNy> rpNu~;l ,ilepiy> fy;Y}up epiy
Mfpa ,U tl;lq;fspYk; ,d;iwa fy;tp Kiwikapy;
nraw;gLj;jntd Kd;nkhopag;gl;Ls;s> epiyNgwhf Kd;Ndwpr;
nry;y Ntz;ba khw;wq;fis mbg;gilahff; nfhz;L
Nkw;nrhd;dthwhd khw;wr; nrad;Kiwfis mKy;gLj;jyhk;.
,e;j Kd;nkhopTfs; mKy;gLj;jg;gl;lhy; mtw;wpd; $l;L
tpisthdJ vkJ fy;tp Kiwikia khw;wpaikj;J mjid
mLj;j Afj;Jf;F ,l;Lr; nry;Yk; vd ek;gyhk;.
gz;ila rPdg; gonkhopnahd;W gpd;tUkhW $WfpwJ:
“kunkhd;iw eLtjw;Fupa rpwe;j jUzk; ,UgJ
tUlq;fSf;F Kd;ghFk;. ,uz;lhtJ rpwe;j
jUzk; ,d;whFk;.”
me;j kuj;ij eLtjw;F ehk; gy jrhg;jq;fshfj; jtwptpl;Nlhk;.
vdNt> xU fzg;nghOijNaDk; tPzhf;fhky; ,g;NghNj
ehk; mjid elj; njhlq;f Ntz;Lk;.
{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{
vy;yh khztu;fSf;Fk; ,g;gbahd rhd;wpjnohd;iw
toq;Ftjd; nkhj;j Nehf;fk; vjpu ;fhyj; njhopy;
toq;Fdu ;fSf;Fk; > Nkyjpf kw ;Wk; cau ; fy;tp
epWtdq;fSf;Fk; ghlrhiyia tpl;L ePq;Fk; ,sk;
re;jjpapdupd; mwpT> jpwd;fs;> Nju;r;rpfs; njhlu;ghf tpupthd
tpguj;jpul;nlhd;iw toq;FtNj. rk;gpujhaG+u;tkhd [P.rP.<.
rhjhuz ju> [P.rP.<. cau; ju rpj;jpj; juq;fNshL kl;Lk;
epd;Wtplhky;> rpNu~;l ,ilepiy kw;Wk;fy;Y}up epiyf;
fy;tpf; fhyg;gFjpapd; Vida gy milTfisAk;
,r;rhd;wpjo ; milahsq; fhl;Ltjhy; > ghlrhiyf;
fy;tpapypUe;J cr;r mstpy; gad; ngw;Wf;nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;
vd;w Cf;fKk; khztupilNa mjpfupf;Fk;.
5. KbTiu
vkJ ehl;by; ,d;Ws;s fy;tp KiwikahdJ nlhd%u;
kw;Wk; Nrhy;gup fhyk; Kjy; ngUkstpy; Kd;Ndw;wk;
fz;Ls;sJ. fyhepjp fd;dq;fu mtu;fspd; Kd;Ndhb
Kaw;rpfNs ,jw;F Kjd;ikf; fhuzk;.
vdpDk; ehl;bd; mLj;j re;jjpapdiu 21 Mk; E}w;whz;by;
ntw;wpfukhf thor; nra;tjw;fhd fy;tp Kiwiknahd;iw
cupa Kiwapy; jahupg;gjw;fhf ehk; nra;a Ntz;bad
epiwa cs;sd. GJ Kiwahd khw;wq;fspD}lhf mjpf
khw;wj;jd;ik nfhz;l khjpupnahd;iw Nehf;fp ehk; kpf
tpiutpy; efu Ntz;b Vw;glyhk;. ,jidr; rhjpf;f
Ntz;Lkhapd; ehk; vkJ mZFKiwfis xOq;fhd tpjj;jpy;
jpl;lkpl;Lf;nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;. mj;NjhL vkJ fy;tp
Kiwikapd; vy;yh mk;rq;fspYk; Vw;gLj;jg;gLk; khw;wq;fs;
,d;iwa cyfpYk; ehisa cyfpYk; fw;fTk; njhopy;
68 69
13. Study on Evaluation & the Assessment System in
General Education in Sri Lanka, National Education
Commission, Research Series (2014) - No. 03
14. Envisioning Education for Human Development:
Proposals for a National Policy Framework on
General Education in Sri Lanka, National Education
Commission, 2003
15. First Report of the National Education Commission of
Sri Lanka, National Education Commission, 1992
16. A Study on the Current School Curriculum and its
Contribution Towards the Achievement of National
Goals and Basic Competencies Identified by the
National Education Commission, Sri Lanka
Association for the Advancement of Education
(SLAAED), 2010
17. The Sri Lanka Qualification Framework (SLQF),
Updated Version, September 2015, University Grants
Commission
18. Global inventory of national and regional
qualifications frameworks 2017, The European
Centre for the Development of Vocational Training
(Cedefop) and the UNESCO Institute for Lifelong
Learning
19. UK NARIC, Increasing Transparency of Access
Qualifications for Higher Education in Europe, 2004,
Cheltenham, England
20. New Education Act for General Education in Sri Lanka:
Context, Issues and Proposals, Final Report, National
Committee for Formulating a New Education Act for
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Reforms in the post Kannangara Era
4. Dr. Upali M. Sedere (2016). Educational Reforms
Beyond Kannangara for the 21st Century
5. University of Cambridge International Examinations
website: https://www.cambridgeinternational.org/
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brochure-us.pdf
6. Cambridge Assessment Website: https://
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NgUiuahsu; njhlu;ghf…
fyhepjp cghyp khk;gpl;ba mtu;fs; jw;NghJ ,yq;ifj;jpwe;j gy;fiyf;fofj;jpy; ,aw;if tpQ;Qhdq;fs; gPlj;jpy;
fzpjj; Jiwapy; rpNul;l tpupTiuahsuhf (juk; - 1)
flikahw;Wfpd;whu;. fsdpg; gy;fiyf;fof tpQ;QhdgPlj;jpy; fzpjj;Jiwapy; 25 tUl fhyk; Nritahw;wpf;
fy;tpkhdhfg;gl;ilj; jPl;lg;gl;L tsu;r;rp ngw;w gpd;dNu
mtu; ,yq;ifj; jpwe;j gy;fiyf;fofj;jpy; Nru;e;jhu;.
fhyp khefupy; upr;kd;l; fy;Y}upapy; Muk;gf; fy;tpiaAk;
,ilepiyf; fy;tpiaAk; G+u;j;jp nra;j mtu;> fsdpg;
gy;fiyf;fofj;jpy; fzpjj;jpy; Kjyhk; tFg;G> tpQ;Qhd,skhzp (rpwg;G) gl;lj;ijg; ngw;whu;. gpd;du; fdlhtpd;
xl;lhthg; gy;fiyf;fofj;jpy; Nru;e;J tpQ;Qhd KJkhzpg;gl;lj;ijAk; fzpjj;jpy; fyhepjpg; gl;lj;ijAk; ngw;whu;.
fyhepjp khk;gpl;ba mtu;fspd; gzp gy;fiyf;fof
Kiwikf;F khj;jpuk; tiuaiwg;gl;Ltpltpy;iy. mtu;jw;NghJ ,yq;ifapy; ; ngupJk; Ntz;lg;gLk; xU
fy;tpj;Jiwr; rpwg;gwpQuhf tpsq;Ffpd;whu;. mtu; gpd;tUk;
Njrpa epWtdq;fspYk; mikg;Gf;fspYk; cWg;Gupik ngw;Wghlrhiyf; fy;tp kw;Wk; cau;fy;tpr; nraw;ghLfspd;
Clhfg; ngUk; gq;fhw;wp tUfpd;whu;.
ju cWjpg;ghl;L epiyapaw; FO / gy;fiyf;fof
khdpaq;fs; Mizf;FO nghJf;fy;tp epiyapaw; FO/ Njrpa fy;tp
Mizf;FO (NEC) cau;fy;tp epiyapaw; FO / Njrpa fy;tp
Mizf;FO (NEC) ,yq;ifr; rhd;wspg;Gr; rigapd; fl;Lg;ghl;Lg;
Nguit (SLAB) Njrpa fy;tp Muha;r;rp> kjpg;gPl;L ikak; (NEREC)
General Education Chaired by Dr. G. B. Gunawardena,
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of Examination, 2017
24. Dr. G. B. Gunawardena (2012): Kannangara vision:Challenge in Reforming Education
Acknowledgments
1. Prof. Gominda Ponnamperuma (University of
Colombo) for helping the SLQF editorial team to
develop the learning outcomes statements for levels 1
& 2
2. The Commissioner General of Examinations for
providing the data of GCE (AL) Examination 2016
3. Prof. Leslie Jayasekara (University of Ruhuna) for the
assistance in preparing Table 1 (section 3.3)
4. Dr. Romaine Jayewardene (University of Colombo) for
reviewing the manuscript
5. Mr. M. H. M. Yakooth and Mrs. S. k. Gunawardhana for
Tamil and Sinhala translations.
72 73
jifikfs; rl;lfk; - Updated Sri Lanka Qualification Framework”,dJ gjpg;ghrpupauhfTk; nraw;gl;Ls;shu;.
2014 ,y; ,tu;> mLj;j jrhg;jj;Jf;fhd ,yq;ifg;
nghJf;fy;tp njhlu;ghd Njrpa nfhs;iff;Fupa
Kd;nkhopTfs; nfhz;l xU $whd ~~,yq;ifapy; nghJf;fy;tpapy; fiyj;jpl;l tpUj;jp” gw;wpa Muha;r;rpia elj;jpa
FOtpd; Xu; mq;fj;jtuhfg; gq;Nfw;W Njrpa fy;tp
Mizf;FOTf;Fj; Jiz Gupe;jhu;. mJ jtpu;e;jtplj;JmNj tUlj;jpy;> ~~fzpjf;fy;tp : fle;jfhyk; - epfo;fhyk;- vjpu;fhyk;” vDk; jiyg;gpy; N[.<. [a#upa Qhgfhu;j;jg;NgUiuiaAk; Mw;wpdhu;.
fd;dq;fuhtpdJ J}uNehf;fpd; Ngwhff; fpilj;j
cz;ikahd xU ngWNgwhfpa fyhejp cghyp khk;gpl;bamtu;fis> 30 MtJ rp. lgps;A. lgps;A. fd;dq;fuh epidTg;
NgUiuia Mw ;w miog ; gj py ; ngUikAk ;
kfpor;rpAkilfpd;Nwhk;.
gPl rig ntspthup cWg;gpdu;> fy;tpg;gPlk;>
nfhOk;Gg; gy;fiyf;fofk;
2015 – 2018 tiuapyhd fhyg; gFjpapy; gpd;tUk;
gjtpfis tfpj;Js;shu;.
jiytu; - fy;tprhu; mYty;fs; rig/Njrpafy;tpepWtfk; (NIE)
cWg;gpdu; - rhd;wspg;G kw;Wk; ju cWjpg;ghl;L
epiyapaw; FO (SACQA) /fy;tp mikr;R
mj;NjhL> Njrpa jifikfs; rl;lfj;ij tpUj;jp
nra;tjw;fhd And];Nfh ,dJ Mrpa grpgpf;F topg;gLj;jw;
FOtpd; cWg;gpduhf 2015 Mf];l; njhlf;fk; 2016 brk;gu;tiuapy; Nritahw;wpAs;shu;.
2015 A+iyapy; And];Nfh ,dJ ghq;nfhf; mYtyfk;>ghq;nfhf;fpy; eilngw;w> gpuhe;jpa topfhl;ly;fis tpUj;jp
nra;tjw;fhd rpwg;gwpQu; FOtpy; gzpahw;WkhWk;>
mwpf;iffs; nra;AkhWk; 2016 ,y; Nlhf;fpNah ag;ghdpy;eilngw;w ERI – Net Mz;Lf;$l;lj;j py ;> Mrpah
grpgpf;Ff;fhd Njrpa jifikfs; rl;lfk; njhlu;ghd tpla
Ma;Tfis mwpf;iffs; nra;AkhWk; miog;G tpLj;jJ.NkYk; 2018 ,y; nra;ag;gl;l Guidelines on Developing andStrengthening Qualification Frameworks in Asia and the Pacific: Buildinga Culture of Shared Responsibility”
(~~Mrpah kw;Wk; grpgpf;fpy; jifikr;rl;lfq;fis tpUj;jp
nra;jy; kw;Wk; tYg;gLj;jYf;fhf topfhl;ly;fs;:nghWg;Gf;fisg; gfpu ;e ;J nfhs;Sk; gz;ghl;ilf;
fl;bnaOg;Gjy;”) vDk; And];Nfh ntspaPl;bw;Fk;
gq;fspg;Gr; nra;Js;shu;.
,tw;Wf;F Nkyjpfkhf cau;fy;tp mikr;rpdhy; 2015
bnrk;gupy; ntspaplg;gl;l “,w;iwg;gLj;jg;gl;l ,yq;ifj;
74 75
15. Susil Siriwardana (2004). The Kannangara Legacy- As Source Text for
Re-Constructing Sri Lanka Society and State
16. Mr. M. C. Pant (2005). Open Schooling Concept, Evolution Application
(Indian Perspective)
17. Deshamanya H. L. de Silva (2006). Envisioning a Sri Lankan Identity
in a Multicultural Society
18. Dr. A. G. Hussain Ismail (2007). Equal Opportunity in Education
between Communities A Vision Of Kannangara. Some Reflections on
the Education of the Muslim Community in Sri Lanka
19. Prof. Narada Warnasuriya (2008). The Kannangara Legacy in Today’s
Context: The Role of the State in Higher Education
20. Prof. Carlo Fonseka (2009). Reforming Education: Finishing the
Unfinished Task
21. Prof. Gamini Samaranayake (2010). Problems and Challenges in
University Education in Sri Lanka: An Overview
22. Prof. A.V. Suraweera (2011). Dr. Kannangara’s Fee Education Proposals
in relation to the subsequent expansion of the Tuition Industry
23. Dr. G. B. Gunawardena (2012). Kannangara vision: Challenge in
Reforming Education
24. Prof. A. K. W. Jayawardane (2013). Towards knowledge Hub and
Citizen Attributes Aimed Education through Education Reforms
25. Mr. R. S. Medagama (2014). A Review of Educational Reforms in
the post Kannangara Era
26. Mr. S. Sandarasegaram (2015). Dr. Kannangara’s Reforms and
Emerging Knowledge Economy in Sri Lanka
27. Dr. Upali M. Sedere (2016). Educational Reforms Beyond Kannangara
for the 21st Century
28. Prof. Sujeewa Amarasena (2017). Medical Education and Kannangara
Philosophy
29. Dr. Sunethra Karunaratne (2018). Equality versus Equity
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Contribution of Dr. C. W. W. Kannangara
02. Prof. Swarna Suraweera (1989). Extension of Educational Opportunity
- The Unfinished Task.
03. Prof. K. W. Gunawardena (1990). Dr. C. W. W. Kannangara’s Vision of
the Past- Education, Religion, Culture and Society under Colonial
Rule
04. Deshabandu Bogoda Premaratne (1991). Free Education Redefined:
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05. Dr. Ananda W. P. Guruge (1992). Control of Education: Implications
for Quality and Relevance
06. Prof. G. L. Peiris (1993). The Kannangara Reforms: A Foundation for
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of Development, Individual Goals and Social Priorities
08. Prof. W. Ariyadasa de Silva (1995). The Concept of National System
of Education.
09. Prof. Chandra Gunawardena (1996). Education in Sri Lanka: A Tool
for Empowerment or an Instrument of Society Mobility
10. Mr. D. A. perera (1997). The Freedom to Teach and the Freedom to
Learn
11. Ms. Sivanandiri Duraiswamy (1998). Hindu Perspectives on
Education and Dr. Kannangara’s Educational Philosophy
12. Dr. Premadasa Udagama (2001). Colonialism, Globalization and
Education
13. Prof. J. B. Dissanayake (2002). A Language at the Crossroads: The
Case of Sinhala
14. Prof. A. V. D. De S. Indraratna (2003). Education and Development
Role of C. W. W. Kannangara