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Bavarian Center for Applied Energy Research
- ZAE Bayern -
Andreas Hauer
Thermal Energy Storage –Technologies & Applications
Energy Storage –
Basic Definitions
Definitions „Energy Storage“
What is energy storage?
An energy storage system can take up energy and deliver it at a later point in time. The storage process itself consists of three stages: The charging, the storage and thedischarging. After the discharging step the storage can be charged again.
Charging Storage Discharging
HeatInput
ChargingProcess
Storage DischargingProcess
User
Ambience
Energy is supplied as heat,
is stored in some way,
is supplied as heat to a user.
Thermal Energy Storage Process
HeatOutput
T
S
Ta
T
S
Ta
T
S
Ta
T
S
Ta
Heat from heat source
Heat to storage
Heat to user Heat to ambience
Energy is conserved Exergy is „consumed“!
Conversion of heat in a storage process
Q = T * S
T
S
T
S
T
S
Ta Ta TaTa
T
SHeat from heat source
Heat to storage
Heat to user Heat to ambience
Temperature (quality of energy stored) can rise!
Conversion of heat in a storage process
Energy is conserved Exergy is „consumed“!
Motivation for the Storage of
Thermal Energy
Final Energy Demand (Germany)
Final Energy Demand (Germany)
The Role of Thermal Energy Storage
IEA Energy Storage Technology Roadmap
Roadmap Key Findings
• Storage can support energy system decarbonisation
• Some technologies already competitive, others (particularly electricity storage) still too expensive
• Additional R&D still needed to reduce costs
• Optimal role for storage varies widely across regions
• Power markets are ill-equipped to compensate storage for suite of services they can provide
• Thermal energy storage systems could make better use of wasted heat
The Role of Thermal Energy Storage
The Power of Transformation - Wind, Sun and the Economics of Flexible Power Systems
• DSI (in particular distributed thermal storage) showed significant promise, as suggested by its superior cost-benefit performance compared to other flexibility options. However, a degree of uncertainty exists regarding its full potential in real-life applications.
• Cost-benefit profiles …..
• The cost-effectiveness of distributed thermal storage points to the importance of coupling the electricity sector with other sectors of the energy system to achieve cost-effective VRE integration.
• In addition to coupling the heat and electricity…
Technologies for Thermal Energy Storage
Thermal Energy Storage
Thermal Energy Storage Technologies:
• Storage of Sensible Heat
• Thermochemical Heat Storage
• Storage of Latent Heat
∆T
Temperature
Ther
mal
En
ergy
(Sto
red
)
∆QWater∆QPCM
Melting Temperature
Tm
Sensible / Latent Heat Storage
++ heatheat
DISCHARGEDISCHARGE
CHARGECHARGE
STORESTORE
+ + heatheat
++ heatheat
DISCHARGEDISCHARGE
CHARGECHARGE
STORESTORE
+ + heatheat
Chemical Reactions:
Example:
© ECN
Thermochemical Storage
AB + Heat A+B Charging: Heat Engine
c=1-Tamb/Tchar
Discharging: Heat Pump
d= 1/(1-Tamb/Tdischar)
Applications for Thermal Energy Storage
Integration of Renewable Electricity
• Grid Stability
Frequency regulation
Voltage support
T&D congestion relief
Black start• Grid balancing
Fast power reserve
Peak Shaving
Self-consumption, Off-grid• Demand Side Integration
Dispatchable Load Power-to-Gas Power-to-Heat
Integration of Renewable Thermal Energy
• Concentrated Solar Power
• Solar-thermal Process Heat
• Solar-thermal Heating & Cooling
Industral Processes
• Waste Heat Utlization
• Recuperation of Mech. Energy
Buildings
• Heating & Cooling
Day/Night-Balancing
Summer/Winter-Balancing
Electricity Production
• Fossil Thermal Power Plants
• Heat Utilization of CHP
• …
Mobility• Propulsion• Heating / Air Conditioning
Renewable Energies Energy Efficiency
Integration of Renewable Electricity
• Grid Stability
Frequency regulation
Voltage support
T&D congestion relief
Black start• Grid balancing
Fast power reserve
Peak Shaving
Self-consumption, Off-grid• Demand Side Integration
Dispatchable Load Power-to-Gas Power-to-Heat
Integration of Renewable Thermal Energy
• Concentrated Solar Power
• Solar-thermal Process Heat
• Solar-thermal Heating & Cooling
Industral Processes
• Waste Heat Utlization
• Recuperation of Mech. Energy
Buildings
• Heating & Cooling
Day/Night-Balancing
Summer/Winter-Balancing
Electricity Production
• Fossil Thermal Power Plants
• Heat Utilization of CHP
• …
Mobility• Propulsion• Heating / Air Conditioning
EES – TES – EES/TES/CES
Renewable Energies Energy Efficiency
Thermal Energy Storage and Power Generation
© Solar Millennium
Molten Salt Storage forConcentrated Solar Power
High-Temperature ConcreteStorage for Electricty
Generation
© DLR
Seasonal Storage of Solar Thermal Energy
Hot Water Storage at Ackermannbogen, München
Solar Community & Borehole UTES at Drake
Landing, Canada
© ZAE Bayern
© Solarthermalworld
Waste Heat Utilization / Process Heat
Waste Heat Utilization in a Iron Foundry by a Combined Oil & Rock Storage
Mobile Sorption Storage forWaste Heat from an
Incineration Plant
© ZAE Bayern
© ZAE Bayern
„Passive Cooling“
„Phase Change Slurries“
Open „Desiccant“-Systems
Buildings: Air Conditioning & Cooling
Hot Water Storages
Subcooled PCM
Buildings: Heating & Domestic Hot Water
Chemical Reaction: Magnesium-Chloride
Thermal Energy Storage and CombinedHeat & Power
© ASUE e.V. / SenerTec Kraft-Wärme-
Energiesysteme GmbH
© DLR & STEAG New Energies GmbH
Latent Heat Storage forCombined Heat and Power
Plant
CHP with Hot Water bufferStorage
Leveled Playing Field!
• No Subsidies necessary!
• Flexibility has to be remunerated!
Japan:
Ice Storage for
Air Conditioning
due to high electricity
Fees at peak hours
Thermal Energy Storagein Economic Suitable Application
Conclusions:
Thermal Energy Storage
A number of different applications for the impovement of energyefficiency or the integration of renwable energy can be approached bythermal energy storage
The chosen thermal energy storage technology has to matchthe actual application
Thermal energy storages can help integrating renewableelectricity, in particular for cooling applications!
Different thermal energy storage technologies are
available or subject to R&D activities
Conclusions
© Bayerisches Zentrum für Angewandte Energieforschung e. V.
Alle Rechte vorbehalten, auch bezüglich jeder Verfügung, Verwertung, Reproduktion, Bearbeitung und Weitergabe sowie für den Fall von Schutzrechtanmeldungen.
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