ecologically and socio -economically sound coastal...
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ECOSYSTEMS AND LIVELIHOODS GROUP, ASIA
Ecologically and socio-economically sound coastal ecosystem rehabilitation and conservation in Thailand & Sri Lanka
‘The BMZ Project’
ECOSYSTEMS AND LIVELIHOODS GROUP, ASIA
Why ‘The BMZ Project’
Federal Ministry of Economic Cooperation and Development or
Bundesministerium für wirtschaftliche Zusammenarbeit und Entwicklung (BMZ)
ECOSYSTEMS AND LIVELIHOODS GROUP, ASIA
Background:
Project duration: Jan 1 2007- Dec 31 2009Countries & Sites: • Phang Nga & Ranong, Thailand• Puttalam Lagoon, Sri Lanka
ECOSYSTEMS AND LIVELIHOODS GROUP, ASIA
Long-term project goal
To conserve and restore degraded and threatened coastal ecosystems as key assets which support human well being and security
ECOSYSTEMS AND LIVELIHOODS GROUP, ASIA
Issues & Threats to Coastal & Marine Ecosystems in the two sites
Habitat loss & conversion
• coastal development
• conversion to aquaculture ponds, salt pans
• coastal deforestation
• reclamation• mining
Habitat Degradation
• eutrophication • pollution • alien species invasion• erosion & siltation• destructive fishing
practices• salinization (estuaries
& lagoons)
Overexploitation
• unsustainable levels of fishing pressure
• incidental take or by-catch
• Cutting of mangrove
ECOSYSTEMS AND LIVELIHOODS GROUP, ASIA
Issues & Threats to Coastal & Marine Ecosystems in the two sites
Institutional, Policy & Legal
• Lack of integrated approach to development
• Lack of stakeholder participation in management decision making
• Weak enforcement of existing regulations
Socio economic
• Access to social services, land tenure, livelihood opportunities, political influence
ECOSYSTEMS AND LIVELIHOODS GROUP, ASIA
Stage 1 Inception
Establish project management & field staff
Selection of Coastal Stretch in two countries
Stage 4Adoption & Implementation
Investment plans (contracts)Ecosystem conservation plansDevelop sustainable financing
& equity in benefit sharing strategy
Stage 5Monitoring & EvaluationAdaptive Management
Stage 2Integrated assessment
GIS mappingPilot site/
management site selectionStakeholder & Institutional mapping
Stage 3 Planning & appraisal of interventionsInvestment Options/ Investment plans
Ecosystem Conservation Plans
BMZ Project Activities
ECOSYSTEMS AND LIVELIHOODS GROUP, ASIA
Immediate results
• Assessment & Mapping: Ecological and socio-economic status, threats, vulnerability and ecosystem management needs
• At least a third of the land area of at least two priority and critically degraded or endangered ecosystems rehabilitated and/or conserved
• The participation of communities in ecosystem restoration activities is enhanced, striving for at least 50% women’s participation
• Multi-stakeholder partnership agreements for coastal ecosystem management established and operational
• Sustainable financing and local benefit-sharing mechanisms identified to meet at least 25% of the direct and/or indirect costs of coastal ecosystem conservation activities in at least two sites
ECOSYSTEMS AND LIVELIHOODS GROUP, ASIA
The key elements:
Institutional capacity development
& partnership building
Ecosystem/ habitat conservation & restoration
Strengthening local Livelihoods
ECOSYSTEMS AND LIVELIHOODS GROUP, ASIA
Integrated Management Strategy for Puttalam Lagoon: Experiences from
the BMZ project
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Threats & Issues Facing Puttalam Lagoon
Habitat & species destruction:• Loss of mangroves, sea grass beds, mudflats, marshland & other types of wetland• Erosion and sedimentation• Deterioration of the aesthetic quality of the environment
Land use conflicts:• Prawn farm development - Unauthorized & unregulated shrimp farm development• Salterns – Unauthorized salt pan and unregulated development
Pollution & waste management• effluent discharge from prawn farms• agricultural run off/ seepage into ground water sources
Over exploitation of natural resources:• Unregulated lagoon fishing including use of illegal fishing gears• Over exploitation & poor management of natural water sources
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Threats & Issues Facing Puttalam Lagoon
Poor management mechanisms and approaches:• Poor institutional management mechanisms and participation from
stakeholders• Lack of integrated approach to development• Weak enforcement of existing regulations
Social-economic & Socio-Political Issues:• Issues related to social positioning – access e.g. tenure, livelihood, social
services, education, political influence• Livelihood security issues
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The project’s approach or strategy
• Improving livelihood opportunities as a strategy for reducing dependency on lagoon resources – village level approach
• Education & awareness program• Pollution prevention – solid & sewerage waste management• Lagoon management as part of landscape management ‘ecosystem’
management – Biodiversity Conservation and Habitat Ecosystem Restoration;– Fisheries Management Plan – enforcement of fisheries existing
regulations by– Fisheries Management Authority – a multi- stakeholder
governance mechanisms
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Sustainable Livelihoods Development/ Social Empowerment• Fisher women training in sewing and provision of sewing
machines;• Assistance in poultry farming at homestead level;• Assistance to small-scale dry fish producers for improvement of
product quality; and• Assistance to fishermen to set up drip-irrigated home gardens. • Provision of facilities for crab fattening and establishment of a
demonstration seaweed culture plot at Tirikkapallama;
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Sustainable Fisheries Management
• Development of the fish Landing sites at Thirikkapallama and other areas
• Strengthening of the District Fisheries Office, Puttalam;• Capacity building of Fisheries CBOs of the Lagoon Area;• Strengthening existing 5 CBOs around the Lagoon;• Awareness creation on impact of destructive fishing activities and
provision to CBOs of legal fishing gear; and • Formation of a Puttalam Lagoon Management Authority.
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Biodiversity Conservation and Ecosystem Restoration• Biodiversity and land use assessment – Development of
GIS maps as key management-decision making tools & the Puttalam lagoon atlas.
• Mangrove habitat restoration project in abandoned prawn farms– supreme court decision
• Greening Human settlements:– Energy efficient stoves;– Greening home gardens;– Supply of water facilities;– School home Ecological Park
• Installation of display boards about protected forest areas
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Pollution prevention
• Establish a Solid Waste Management plant in the Kalpitiya Pradeshiya sabha.
• Village water & sanitation project
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Communication, Education and Creation of Awareness.• Conducting environmental awareness programme around the
Lagoon area; and • Communication and general and creation of awareness about
ecosystem management in schools;
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What worked?
• Used a process-oriented approach that focused on addressing ground level needs and strengthening existing formal and informal governance process to achieve this.
• From village to lagoon level management• Took a list of seemingly unrelated activities and developed an
integrated, holistic approach (ICZM model).• Establishment of the DLCC.• This is just the first cycle of Integrated Coastal Zone Management;
ICZM is designed to be implemented in cycles, achieving a greater and greater sphere of influence as time moves on and capacity for strengthening governance.
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Stage 1 Inception
Establish project management & field staff
Selection of Coastal Stretch in two countries
Stage 4Adoption & Implementation
Investment plans (contracts)Ecosystem conservation plansDevelop sustainable financing
& equity in benefit sharing strategy
Stage 5Monitoring & EvaluationAdaptive Management
Stage 2Integrated assessment
GIS mappingPilot site/
management site selectionStakeholder & Institutional mapping
Stage 3 Planning & appraisal of interventionsInvestment Options/ Investment plans
Ecosystem Conservation Plans
BMZ Project Activities
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What were the key findings?• Habitat destruction is by far the greatest threat in the Lagoon area.
Vast areas of mangroves and salt marsh habitats continue to be cleared for haphazard development activities such as salterns, prawn farms, coconut cultivation and temporary settlements.
• There is a lack of coordination between relevant institutions – for example, under whose authority can mangroves be cleared?
• The productivity of the lagoon is being slowly choked by the development of shrimp farms, expansion of salterns, unsustainable fishing practices, extensive solid waste and chemical pollution and unplanned development, sedimentation.
• There is a large extent of abandoned prawn farms that can be restored to its natural habitat.
• There are areas with high resource use conflicts – these are also the areas of high biodiversity and must be protected
• Pristine and varying habitats – such as the mangrove of Mi-oya that provide vital services of preventing floods and serving to balance the salinity of the Lagoon – need immediate conservation action.
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KEY MESSAGE 1.
Human well-being and economic development is dependent on the health, well-being &
productive potential of the environment of the ecosystem as a whole
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• There are 709,677 people who live in the Puttalam district and who need food, clean water, clothing, shelter, good health and other basic amenities.
• These are provided by the goods and services that ecosystems give us.
• Goods - such as food, fuel, medicines, clothes and shelter.• Services such as food production, balancing gases in the
atmosphere, flood prevention and climate regulation. • When we damage these ecosystems, we damage these services,
and this, in turn affects the well-being of humans. • For example, if fish production in the lagoon is affected through
over-fishing, pollution and sedimentation, then this will affect livelihoods.
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KEY MESSAGE 2
Fisheries management has been the central focus for Puttalam Lagoon management
but Fisheries cannot be managed in isolation and must be integrated into development planning at local/ district, provincial & national
policies.
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Key players in the Puttalam lagoon area (not in order)• Fisheries ministry• Land use planning • UDA• Forest dept• Wildlife dept• Coast conservation dept• Tourism authority• Road Development Authority• National water supply and drainage board• Water resources board• Northwestern Environmental Authority• District secretariat • Civil society• Private sector
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Mechanism to achieve key message 2
• Mobilization of the Fisheries Management Authority (Fisheries Management Act)
• Provincial government support• Recognising the value of the DLCC as ‘the essential glue’• Transforming the DLCC from a project management body to a
Lagoon Resource Management body.• Changing the DLCCs mandate from the BMZ project coordinating
committee mechanism to a functional governing body. • An advisory body for integrated and sustainable development of
Puttalam Lagoon and the surrounding area
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KEY MESSAGE 3
Unless people – all stakeholdershave a sense of ownership and a long-term stake and incentive to invest and protect the local resources for the future management will fail and the services/ productivity will be
lost forever
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IUCN is interested to support the next stage of this development
• DFID – governance project• MFF grants program• Private sector• Government
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From the project to a programme approach with local governance mechanism at the helm of decision making for
long-term gains
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Strategic Actions for Puttalam Lagoon
– Development of an Integrated land and sea use plan (zonation plan)– Habitat protection of seagrass, salt marsh, mud flats, mangroves, deltaic areas and most
importantly the two estuaries Kala Oya and Meo Oya and the catchment surrounding them –Declaration of protected areas for threatened habitats and species
– Habitat restoration and protection plan as part of overall management plan – Restoration of degraded mangrove & salt marsh
– Regulation and enforcement of aquaculture activities, agriculture activities, salt production activities – strict control and planned development
– Promotion of participatory management mechanisms to enhance active stakeholder engagement in resource lagoon management decisions - Mobilization of the Fisheries Management Authority to engage community groups directly in the planning and implementation of lagoon management strategies.
– Development of a Lagoon fisheries management plan – regulations and enforcement – strict management of fisheries activities and elimination of destructive fishing methods
– Designation of protected areas for biodiversity ‘hot spots’ including habitats important for endangered and threatened species
– Sustainable tourism development plan to maximize on natural assets in a non-destructive manner– Education and awareness programme / and soft advocacy plan– Opportunities to strengthen livelihoods – reduce dependence on lagoon resources– Waste management action plan – solid and liquid effluent waste management– Coastal erosion control– Promotion of nature based tourism as part of the tourism development considerations for Puttalam.
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Priority Strategies to be Taken Forward in the Post Project Period
– Integrated Resource Management Strategy for Puttlam –Lagoon and land surrounding Formalization and mobilization of the Fisheries
Management Area for Puttlam and through facilitation by the Puttlam Fisheries Office (Mr. Fernando’s FM strategy)
Mobilization of relevant governance structures in order to progress this – Fisheries Management Authority
Development of the integrated land and lagoon management plan to be adopted – identifying conservation and restoration of lagoon and estuarine flora such as mangroves, sea grass beds, and salt marshes and special management areas for the two estuaries as a critical part of this.
DFID governance project and the specific role that it can play in this respect. Diana to add detail/ Diana and Thushara to add detail re sustainable financing and benefit sharing mechanism
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Priority Strategies to be Taken Forward in the Post Project Period
– Promotion of successful sustainable livelihoods projects that have been demonstrated under the project as part of an on going effort to reduce overall fishing pressure on the lagoon fisheries and particularly targeting ‘lean’ periods. Kapila with support. What are the sustainable financing mechanisms that we can encourage investment by –government, private sector, MFF grants etc.
– Building on the solid waste management initiative at Kalpitya – develop further a strategic waste management plan for the wider Puttlam area
– Water Conservation/ Management Strategy – The BMZ project has not been directly involved in this issue – but in terms of the sustainability of the life in the Puttalam area – it is a high priority to be addressed
– Promoting local eco-tourism opportunities as part of wider tourism development agenda for the Puttalam area