einführung in die internationalen beziehungen
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Einführung in die Internationalen Beziehungen. Internationale Menschenrechtspolitik Menschenrechte als Rechte von Individuen 1) Liberale Abwehrrechte (negative Freiheitsrechte) Grundrechte. Einführung in die Internationalen Beziehungen. 2) Politische Teilhaberechte - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
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Einfhrung in die Internationalen BeziehungenInternationale Menschenrechtspolitik
Menschenrechte als Rechte von Individuen1) Liberale Abwehrrechte(negative Freiheitsrechte) Grundrechte
Ruprecht-Karls-Universitt Heidelberg
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Einfhrung in die Internationalen Beziehungen2) Politische Teilhaberechte(positive Freiheitsrechte I) Brgerrechte
3) Soziale und konomische Teilhaberechte(positive Freiheitsrechte II) Subsistenzrechte
Ruprecht-Karls-Universitt Heidelberg
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Einfhrung in die Internationalen BeziehungenMenschenrechte als internationales Recht
Vorlufer
z.B. Sklavereiverbot (Wiener Kongress 1815; Internationales Abkommen ber das Verbot von Sklaverei und Zwangsarbeit 1926)
z.B. humanitres Kriegsvlkerrecht (Haager Landkriegsordnung 1907; Genfer Konventionen zum Schutz von Kriegsopfern)
Ruprecht-Karls-Universitt Heidelberg
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Einfhrung in die Internationalen BeziehungenEntwicklung seit 19451945 UN Charta: Anerkennung der universalen Menschenrechte
1947 UN-Menschenrechtskommission
1948 Allgemeine Erklrung der Menschenrechte
1966/76 Internationale Menschenrechtscharta Zivilpakt + Sozialpakt
Ruprecht-Karls-Universitt Heidelberg
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Einfhrung in die Internationalen Beziehungen1966 Konvention gegen Rassendiskriminierung
1979 Konvention gegen Frauendiskriminierung
1984 Anti-Folter Konvention
1988 Anti-Vlkermord Konvention
1989 Kinderrechtskonvention
Ruprecht-Karls-Universitt Heidelberg
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Einfhrung in die Internationalen Beziehungen
Ruprecht-Karls-Universitt Heidelberg
Konvention
Zivilpakt (CCPR)
Sozialpakt (CESCR)
Anti-Folter-Konvention (CAT)
Konvention gegen Rassendiskriminierung (CERD)
Konvention gegen Diskriminierung der Frau (CEDAW)
Kinderrechtskonvention (CRC)
Verfahrensart
Staatenberichte
Zwingend, regelmig
Zwingend, regelmig
Zwingend, regelmig
Zwingend, regelmig
Zwingend, regelmig
Zwingend, regelmig
Staatenbeschwerde
Bedarf Zustimmungserklrung
Nicht vorgesehen
Bedarf Zustimmungserklrung
Zwingend
Nicht vorgesehen
Nicht vorgesehen
Individualbeschwerde
Bedarf Ratifikation des Ersten Zusatzprotokolls
Nicht vorgesehen
Bedarf Zustimmungserklrung
Bedarf Zustimmungserklrung
Nicht vorgesehen
Nicht vorgesehen
Prfung anderer Informationen (z.B. von NGOs)
Nicht vorgesehen
Nicht vorgesehen
Vorgesehen, durch Ablehnungserklrung ausschliebar
Nicht vorgesehen
Nicht vorgesehen
Nicht vorgesehen
Schaubild: Die bestehenden UN-Menschenrechtskonventionen mit Schutzverfahren
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Einfhrung in die Internationalen BeziehungenRegionale MR-AbkommenEuropa: Europarat (1949); Europische Menschenrechtskonvention (1950); Europische Gerichtshof fr MenschenrechteNord- und Sdamerika: Amerikanische Menschenrechtserklrung (1948), Inter-Amerikanische Menschenrechtskonvention (1969), Inter-Amerikanische Menschenrechtskommission der OAS, Inter-Amerikanischer Menschenrechtsgerichtshof (1979)Afrika: Afrikanische Charta der Rechte der Menschen und Vlker (1981), Afrikanische Menschenrechtskommission
Ruprecht-Karls-Universitt Heidelberg
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Einfhrung in die Internationalen BeziehungenDie internationale Verregelung der Menschenrechte
zunehmende Dichte von internationalen und regionalen Menschenrechtsabkommen
zunehmende Zahl von Ratifikationen
erweitertes berwachungsinstrumentariumz.B. Hochkommissar/in fr Menschenrechte 1993z.B. Zusatzprotokoll zum EGMRz.B. Internationaler Strafgerichtshof 2000
Ruprecht-Karls-Universitt Heidelberg
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Einfhrung in die Internationalen Beziehungen
Ruprecht-Karls-Universitt Heidelberg
Diagramm1
154
151
169
175
144
195
191
CESCR = Sozialpakt; CCPR = Zivilpakt; CERD = Konvention gegen Rassendiskriminierung; CEDAW = Konvention gegen Diskriminierung der Frau; CAT = Anti-Folter-Konvention; CRC = Kinderrechtskonvention
Zahl der aktuellen Vertragsstaaten der bestehenden UN-Menschenrechtskonventionen
Tabelle1
Konvention
CESCRCCPRCERDCEDAWCATCRCAnzahl aller UN-Mitgliedstaaten
Vertragsparteien (meist mit Ratifizierung)154151169175144195191
Tabelle2
Diagramm3
Jahr1Jahr
196721967
196871968
1969101969
1970141970
1971191971
1972251972
1973301973
1974361974
1975411975
1976461976
1977581977
1978631978
19796611
19807132
19817544
19828052
19838363
38583
188890
319193
419294
509499
5798103
66105110
73119120
82129130
88134138
95137151
103139154
107141161
114143163
121146165
129149166
135151168
142152170
144154175
Summe CAT
Summe CESCR
Summe CEDAW
Vertragsparteien
"Normenkaskade": Vertragsparteien von 3 Konventionen pro Jahr
Tabelle3
CATCESCRCEDAWJahrCATSumme CATCESCRSumme CESCRCEDAWSumme CEDAW
CountryCountryCountry196711
196812
Afghanistan1/4/1987Afghanistan1/24/83Afghanistan5 Mar 2003196957
1970310
Albania11 May 1994Albania4 Oct 1991Albania11 May 19941971414
1972519
Algeria12/9/1989Algeria9/12/89Algeria22 May 19961973625
1974530
AndorraAndorraAndorra1/15/971975636
1976541
AngolaAngola1/10/92Angola9/17/861977546
19781258
Antigua & Barbuda19/7/1993Antigua & BarbudaAntigua & Barbuda1 Aug 19891979563
19803661111
Argentina24/9/1986Argentina8/8/86Argentina7/15/8519815712132
19824751244
Armenia13/9/1993Armenia9/13/93Armenia9/13/931983580852
19843831163
Australia8/8/1989Australia10 Dec 1975Australia7/28/831985332852083
19861518388790
Austria29/7/1987Austria9/10/78Austria31 Mar 198219871331391393
19881041192194
Azerbaijan16/8/1996Azerbaijan8/13/92Azerbaijan7/10/951989950294599
19907574984103
BahamasBahamasBahamas8 Oct 1993199196671057110
19927731411910120
Bahrain6 Mar 1998BahrainBahrain6/18/0219939821012910130
199468851348138
Bangladesh5 Oct 1998Bangladesh5 Oct 1998Bangladesh11/6/841995795313713151
1996810321393154
BarbadosBarbados1/5/73Barbados16 Oct 19801997410721417161
1998711421432163
Belarus13 Mar 1987Belarus11/12/73Belarus2/4/811999712131462165
2000812931491166
Belgium25/6/1999Belgium4/21/83Belgium7/10/852001613521512168
2002714211522170
Belize17 Mar 1986BelizeBelize16 May 19902003214421545175
Benin12 Mar 1992Benin12 Mar 1992Benin12 Mar 1992
BhutanBhutanBhutan8/31/81
Bolivia12/4/1999Bolivia8/12/82Bolivia6/8/90
Bosnia & Herzegovina1/9/1993Bosnia & Herzegovina9/1/93Bosnia & Herzegovina9/1/93
Botswana8/9/2000BotswanaBotswana8/13/96
Brazil28/9/1989Brazil1/24/92Brazil2/1/84
Brunei DarussalamBrunei DarussalamBrunei Darussalam
Bulgaria16 Dec 1986Bulgaria9/21/70Bulgaria2/8/82
Burkina Faso4/1/1999Burkina Faso1/4/99Burkina Faso14 Oct 1987
Burundi18/2/1993Burundi9 May 1990Burundi1/8/92
Cambodia15 Oct 1992Cambodia26 May 1992Cambodia15 Oct 1992
Cameroon19 Dec 1986Cameroon6/27/84Cameroon8/23/94
Canada24/6/1987Canada19 May 1976Canada10 Dec 1981
Cape Verde4/6/1992Cape Verde8/6/93Cape Verde5 Dec 1980
Central African RepublicCentral African Republic8 May 1981Central African Republic6/21/91
Chad9/6/1995Chad6/9/95Chad6/9/95
Chile30/9/1988Chile2/10/72Chile7 Dec 1989
China4 Oct 1988ChinaChina11/4/80
Colombia8 Dec 1987Colombia29 Oct 1969Colombia1/19/82
ComorosComorosComoros31 Oct 1994
Congo30/7/2003Congo5 Oct 1983Congo7/26/82
Cook IslandsCook IslandsCook Islands
Costa Rica11/11/1993Costa Rica11/29/68Costa Rica4/4/86
Cte d'Ivoire18 Dec 1995Cte d'Ivoire26 Mar 1992Cte d'Ivoire18 Dec 1995
Croatia12 Oct 1992Croatia12 Oct 1992Croatia9/9/92
Cuba17 May 1995CubaCuba7/17/80
Cyprus18/7/1991Cyprus4/2/69Cyprus7/23/85
Czech Republic22/2/1993Czech Republic2/22/93Czech Republic2/22/93
Democratic People's Republic of KoreaDemocratic People's Republic of Korea9/14/81Democratic People's Republic of Korea2/27/01
Democratic Republic of the Congo18 Mar 1996Democratic Republic of the Congo11/1/76Democratic Republic of the Congo17 Oct 1986
Denmark27 May 1987Denmark1/6/72Denmark4/21/83
Djibouti5/11/2002Djibouti11/5/02Djibouti2 Dec 1998
DominicaDominica6/17/93Dominica9/15/80
Dominican RepublicDominican Republic1/4/78Dominican Republic9/2/82
Ecuador30 Mar 1988Ecuador6 Mar 1969Ecuador11/9/81
Egypt25/6/1986Egypt1/14/82Egypt9/18/81
El Salvador17/6/1996El Salvador11/30/79El Salvador8/19/81
Equatorial Guinea8 Oct 2002Equatorial Guinea9/25/87Equatorial Guinea23 Oct 1984
EritreaEritrea4/17/01Eritrea9/5/95
Estonia21 Oct 1991Estonia21 Oct 1991Estonia21 Oct 1991
Ethiopia14 Mar 1994Ethiopia6/11/93Ethiopia9/10/81
FijiFijiFiji8/28/95
Finland30/8/1989Finland8/19/75Finland9/4/86
France18/2/1986France11/4/80France14 Dec 1983
Gabon8/9/2000Gabon1/21/83Gabon1/21/83
GambiaGambia29 Dec 1978Gambia4/16/93
Georgia26 Oct 1994Georgia3 May 1994Georgia26 Oct 1994
1 Oct 199017 Dec 19737/10/85
Ghana7/9/2000Ghana9/7/00Ghana1/2/86
Greece6 Oct 1988Greece16 May 1985Greece6/7/83
GrenadaGrenada9/6/91Grenada8/30/90
Guatemala5/1/1990Guatemala19 May 1988Guatemala8/12/82
Guinea10 Oct 1989Guinea1/24/78Guinea8/9/82
Guinea-BissauGuinea-Bissau7/2/92Guinea-Bissau8/23/85
Guyana19 May 1988Guyana2/15/77Guyana7/17/80
HaitiHaitiHaiti7/20/81
Holy See26/6/2002Holy SeeHoly See
Honduras5 Dec 1996Honduras2/17/81Honduras3 Mar 1983
Hungary15/4/1987Hungary1/17/74Hungary22 Dec 1980
Iceland23 Oct 1996Iceland8/22/79Iceland6/18/85
IndiaIndia4/10/79India7/9/93
Indonesia28 Oct 1998IndonesiaIndonesia9/13/84
Iran (Islamic Republic Of)Iran (Islamic Republic Of)6/24/75Iran (Islamic Republic Of)
IraqIraq1/25/71Iraq8/13/86
Ireland11/4/2002Ireland8 Dec 1989Ireland23 Dec 1985
Israel3 Oct 1991Israel3 Oct 1991Israel3 Oct 1991
Italy12/1/1989Italy9/15/78Italy6/10/85
JamaicaJamaica3 Oct 1975Jamaica19 Oct 1984
Japan29/6/1999Japan6/21/79Japan6/25/85
Jordan13/11/1991Jordan28 May 1975Jordan7/1/92
Kazakhstan26/8/1998KazakhstanKazakhstan8/26/98
Kenya21/2/1997Kenya1 May 1972Kenya9 Mar 1984
KiribatiKiribatiKiribati
Kuwait8 Mar 1996Kuwait21 May 1996Kuwait9/2/94
Kyrgyzstan5/9/1997Kyrgyzstan7 Oct 1994Kyrgyzstan2/10/97
Lao Peoples Democratic RepublicLao Peoples Democratic RepublicLao Peoples Democratic Republic8/14/81
Latvia14/4/1992Latvia4/14/92Latvia4/14/92
Lebanon5 Oct 2000Lebanon11/3/72Lebanon4/16/97
Lesotho12/11/2001Lesotho9/9/92Lesotho8/22/95
LiberiaLiberiaLiberia7/17/84
Libyan Arab Jamahiriya16 May 1989Libyan Arab Jamahiriya15 May 1970Libyan Arab Jamahiriya16 May 1989
Liechtenstein2/11/1990Liechtenstein10 Dec 1998Liechtenstein22 Dec 1995
Lithuania1/2/1996Lithuania11/20/91Lithuania1/18/94
Luxembourg29/9/1987Luxembourg8/18/83Luxembourg2/2/89
MadagascarMadagascar9/22/71Madagascar17 Mar 1989
Malawi11/6/1996Malawi22 Dec 1993Malawi12 Mar 1987
MalaysiaMalaysiaMalaysia7/5/95
MaldivesMaldivesMaldives7/1/93
Mali26/2/1999Mali7/16/74Mali9/10/85
Malta13/9/1990Malta9/13/90Malta8 Mar 1991
Marshall IslandsMarshall IslandsMarshall Islands
MauritaniaMauritaniaMauritania10 May 2001
Mauritius9 Dec 1992Mauritius12 Dec 1973Mauritius7/9/84
Mexico23/1/1986Mexico23 Mar 1981Mexico23 Mar 1981
MicronesiaMicronesiaMicronesia
Monaco6 Dec 1991Monaco8/28/97Monaco
Mongolia24/1/2002Mongolia11/18/74Mongolia7/20/81
Morocco21/6/1993Morocco3 May 1979Morocco6/21/93
Mozambique14/9/1999MozambiqueMozambique4/21/97
MyanmarMyanmarMyanmar7/22/97
Namibia28/11/1994Namibia11/28/94Namibia11/23/92
NauruNauruNauru
Nepal14 May 1991Nepal14 May 1991Nepal4/22/91
21 Dec 1988Netherlands11 Dec 19787/23/91
New Zealand10 Dec 1989New Zealand28 Dec 1978New Zealand1/10/85
NicaraguaNicaragua12 Mar 1980Nicaragua27 Oct 1981
Niger5 Oct 1998Niger7 Mar 1986Niger8 Oct 1999
Nigeria28/6/2001Nigeria7/29/93Nigeria6/13/85
NiueNiueNiue
Norway9/7/1986Norway9/13/72Norway21 May 1981
OmanOmanOman
PakistanPakistanPakistan12 Mar 1996
PalauPalauPalau
Panama24/8/1987Panama8 Mar 1977Panama29 Oct 1981
Papua New GuineaPapua New GuineaPapua New Guinea1/12/95
Paraguay12 Mar 1990Paraguay6/10/92Paraguay4/6/87
Peru7/7/1988Peru4/28/78Peru9/13/82
Philippines18/6/1986Philippines6/7/74Philippines8/5/81
Poland26/7/1989Poland18 Mar 1977Poland7/30/80
Portugal9/2/1989Portugal7/31/78Portugal7/30/80
Qatar11/1/2000QatarQatar
Republic of Korea9/1/1995Republic of Korea4/10/90Republic of Korea27 Dec 1984
Republic of Moldova28/11/1995Republic of Moldova1/26/93Republic of Moldova7/1/94
Romania18 Dec 1990Romania9 Dec 1974Romania1/7/82
Russian Federation3 Mar 1987Russian Federation16 Oct 1973Russian Federation1/23/81
RwandaRwanda4/16/75Rwanda2 Mar 1981
Saint Kitts & NevisSaint Kitts & NevisSaint Kitts & Nevis4/25/85
Saint LuciaSaint LuciaSaint Lucia8 Oct 1982
Saint Vincent & the Grenadines1/8/2001Saint Vincent & the Grenadines11/9/81Saint Vincent & the Grenadines8/4/81
SamoaSamoaSamoa9/25/92
San MarinoSan Marino18 Oct 1985San Marino
Sao Tome & PrincipeSao Tome & PrincipeSao Tome & Principe6/3/03
Saudi Arabia23/9/1997Saudi ArabiaSaudi Arabia9/7/00
Senegal21/8/1986Senegal2/13/78Senegal2/5/85
Seychelles5 May 1992Seychelles5 May 1992Seychelles5 May 1992
Sierra Leone25/4/2001Sierra Leone8/23/96Sierra Leone11/11/88
SingaporeSingaporeSingapore5 Oct 1995
Slovakia28 May 1993SlovakiaSlovakia28 May 1993
Slovenia16/7/1993Slovenia7/6/92Slovenia7/6/92
Solomon IslandsSolomon Islands17 Mar 1982Solomon Islands6 May 2002
Somalia24/1/1990Somalia1/24/90Somalia
South Africa10 Dec 1998South AfricaSouth Africa15 Dec 1995
Spain21 Oct 1987Spain4/27/77Spain1/5/84
Sri Lanka3/1/1994Sri Lanka6/11/80Sri Lanka5 Oct 1981
SudanSudan18 Mar 1986Sudan
SurinameSuriname28 Dec 1976Suriname1 Mar 1993
SwazilandSwazilandSwaziland
Sweden8/1/1986Sweden6 Dec 1971Sweden7/2/80
Switzerland2 Dec 1986Switzerland6/18/92Switzerland27 Mar 1997
Syrian Arab RepublicSyrian Arab Republic4/21/69Syrian Arab Republic28 Mar 2003
Tajikistan11/1/1995Tajikistan1/4/99Tajikistan26 Oct 1993
ThailandThailand9/5/99Thailand8/9/85
The Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia12 Dec 1994The Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia1/18/94The Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia1/18/94
Timor-Leste16/4/2003Timor-Leste4/16/03Timor-Leste4/16/03
Togo18/11/1987Togo24 May 1984Togo9/26/83
TongaTongaTonga
Trinidad & TobagoTrinidad & Tobago8 Dec 1978Trinidad & Tobago1/12/90
Tunisia23/9/1988Tunisia18 Mar 1969Tunisia9/20/85
Turkey2/8/1988Turkey9/23/03Turkey20 Dec 1985
Turkmenistan25/6/1999Turkmenistan1 May 1997Turkmenistan1 May 1997
TuvaluTuvaluTuvalu6 Oct 1999
Uganda3/11/1986Uganda1/21/87Uganda7/22/85
Ukraine24/2/1987Ukraine11/12/73Ukraine12 Mar 1981
United Arab EmiratesUnited Arab EmiratesUnited Arab Emirates
United Kingdom of Great Britain & N. Ireland8 Dec 1988United Kingdom of Great Britain & N. Ireland20 May 19764/7/86
United Republic of TanzaniaUnited Republic of Tanzania6/11/76United Republic of Tanzania8/20/85
United States of America21 Oct 1994United States of AmericaUnited States of America
Uruguay24 Oct 1986Uruguay4/1/70Uruguay9 Oct 1981
Uzbekistan28/9/1995Uzbekistan9/28/95Uzbekistan7/19/95
VanuatuVanuatuVanuatu9/8/95
Venezuela29/7/1991Venezuela10 May 1978Venezuela2 May 1983
Viet NamViet Nam9/24/82Viet Nam2/17/82
Yemen5/11/1991YemenYemen
Zambia7 Oct 1998Zambia4/10/84Zambia6/21/85
ZimbabweZimbabwe13 May 1991Zimbabwe13 May 1991
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Einfhrung in die Internationalen Beziehungen
Ruprecht-Karls-Universitt Heidelberg
Diagramm1
154
151
169
175
144
195
191
CESCR = Sozialpakt; CCPR = Zivilpakt; CERD = Konvention gegen Rassendiskriminierung; CEDAW = Konvention gegen Diskriminierung der Frau; CAT = Anti-Folter-Konvention; CRC = Kinderrechtskonvention
Zahl der aktuellen Vertragsstaaten der bestehenden UN-Menschenrechtskonventionen
Tabelle1
Konvention
CESCRCCPRCERDCEDAWCATCRCAnzahl aller UN-Mitgliedstaaten
Vertragsparteien (meist mit Ratifizierung)154151169175144195191
Tabelle2
Diagramm3
Jahr1Jahr1
1967219672
1968719684
19691019695
19701419707
19711919719
197225197211
197330197311
197436197411
197541197514
197646197615
197758197720
197863197821
1979661124
1980713226
1981754427
1982805230
1983836333
3858335
18889037
31919339
41929442
50949947
579810350
6610511058
7311912065
8212913073
8813413879
9513715186
10313915488
10714116192
11414316393
121146165954
12914916610135
13515116810555
142152170010978
1441541752210986
Parteien CAT
Parteien CESCR
Parteien CEDAW
Parteien CAT OPT
Parteien CCPR OPT
Parteien CEDAW OPT
Vertragsparteien
"Normenkaskade": Vertragsparteien von 3 Konventionen sowie Zusatzprotokollen pro Jahr
Tabelle3
CATCESCRCEDAWCEDAW OPTCAT OPTCCPR OPTJahrCATParteien CATCESCRParteien CESCRCEDAWParteien CEDAWCEDAW OPTParteien CEDAW OPTCAT OPTParteien CAT OPTCCPRParteien CCPR OPTCEDAW OPTParteien CEDAW OPTCEDAW OPT
CountryCountryCountryCountryCountryCountry19671111Country
19681212
Afghanistan1/4/1987Afghanistan1/24/83Afghanistan5 Mar 2003AfghanistanAfghanistanAfghanistan19695724Afghanistan
197031015
Albania11 May 1994Albania4 Oct 1991Albania11 May 1994Albania6/23/03Albania01 Oct 2003Albania197141427Albania6/23/03
197251929
Algeria12/9/1989Algeria9/12/89Algeria22 May 1996AlgeriaAlgeriaAlgeria9/12/891973625211Algeria
1974530011
AndorraAndorraAndorra1/15/97Andorra14 Oct 2002AndorraAndorra1975636011Andorra14 Oct 2002
1976541314
AngolaAngola1/10/92Angola9/17/86AngolaAngolaAngola1/10/921977546115Angola
19781258520
Antigua & Barbuda19/7/1993Antigua & BarbudaAntigua & Barbuda1 Aug 1989Antigua & BarbudaAntigua & BarbudaAntigua & Barbuda1979563121Antigua & Barbuda
19803661111324
Argentina24/9/1986Argentina8/8/86Argentina7/15/85ArgentinaArgentinaArgentina8/8/8619815712132226Argentina
19824751244127
Armenia13/9/1993Armenia9/13/93Armenia9/13/93ArmeniaArmeniaArmenia6/23/931983580852330Armenia
19843831163333
Australia8/8/1989Australia10 Dec 1975Australia7/28/83AustraliaAustraliaAustralia9/25/911985332852083235Australia
19861518388790237
Austria29/7/1987Austria9/10/78Austria31 Mar 1982Austria9/6/00AustriaAustria10 Dec 198719871331391393239Austria9/6/00
19881041192194342
Azerbaijan16/8/1996Azerbaijan8/13/92Azerbaijan7/10/95Azerbaijan6/1/01AzerbaijanAzerbaijan11/27/011989950294599547Azerbaijan6/1/01
19907574984103350
BahamasBahamasBahamas8 Oct 1993BahamasBahamasBahamas199196671057110858Bahamas
19927731411910120765
Bahrain6 Mar 1998BahrainBahrain6/18/02BahrainBahrainBahrain19939821012910130873Bahrain
199468851348138679
Bangladesh5 Oct 1998Bangladesh5 Oct 1998Bangladesh11/6/84Bangladesh9/6/00BangladeshBangladesh1995795313713151786Bangladesh9/6/00
1996810321393154288
BarbadosBarbados1/5/73Barbados16 Oct 1980BarbadosBarbadosBarbados1/5/731997410721417161492Barbados
1998711421432163193
Belarus13 Mar 1987Belarus11/12/73Belarus2/4/81BelarusBelarusBelarus9/30/9219997121314621651129544Belarus
2000812931491166313261013135
Belgium25/6/1999Belgium4/21/83Belgium7/10/85BelgiumBelgiumBelgium17 May 19942001613521512168205241052055Belgium
20027142115221702375041092378
Belize17 Mar 1986BelizeBelize16 May 1990Belize9 Dec 2002BelizeBelize200321442154517588322220109886Belize9 Dec 2002
Benin12 Mar 1992Benin12 Mar 1992Benin12 Mar 1992BeninBeninBenin12 Mar 1992Benin
BhutanBhutanBhutan8/31/81BhutanBhutanBhutanBhutan
Bolivia12/4/1999Bolivia8/12/82Bolivia6/8/90Bolivia9/27/00BoliviaBolivia8/12/82Bolivia9/27/00
Bosnia & Herzegovina1/9/1993Bosnia & Herzegovina9/1/93Bosnia & Herzegovina9/1/93Bosnia & Herzegovina9/4/02Bosnia & HerzegovinaBosnia & Herzegovina1 Mar 1995Bosnia & Herzegovina9/4/02
Botswana8/9/2000BotswanaBotswana8/13/96BotswanaBotswanaBotswanaBotswana
Brazil28/9/1989Brazil1/24/92Brazil2/1/84Brazil6/28/02BrazilBrazilBrazil6/28/02
Brunei DarussalamBrunei DarussalamBrunei DarussalamBrunei DarussalamBrunei DarussalamBrunei DarussalamBrunei Darussalam
Bulgaria16 Dec 1986Bulgaria9/21/70Bulgaria2/8/82BulgariaBulgariaBulgaria26 Mar 1992Bulgaria
Burkina Faso4/1/1999Burkina Faso1/4/99Burkina Faso14 Oct 1987Burkina FasoBurkina FasoBurkina Faso1/4/99Burkina Faso
Burundi18/2/1993Burundi9 May 1990Burundi1/8/92BurundiBurundiBurundiBurundi
Cambodia15 Oct 1992Cambodia26 May 1992Cambodia15 Oct 1992CambodiaCambodiaCambodiaCambodia
Cameroon19 Dec 1986Cameroon6/27/84Cameroon8/23/94CameroonCameroonCameroon6/27/84Cameroon
Canada24/6/1987Canada19 May 1976Canada10 Dec 1981Canada18 Oct 2002CanadaCanada19 May 1976Canada18 Oct 2002
Cape Verde4/6/1992Cape Verde8/6/93Cape Verde5 Dec 1980Cape VerdeCape VerdeCape Verde19 May 2000Cape Verde
Central African RepublicCentral African Republic8 May 1981Central African Republic6/21/91Central African RepublicCentral African RepublicCentral African Republic8 May 1981Central African Republic
Chad9/6/1995Chad6/9/95Chad6/9/95ChadChadChad6/9/95Chad
Chile30/9/1988Chile2/10/72Chile7 Dec 1989ChileChileChile28 May 1992Chile
China4 Oct 1988ChinaChina11/4/80ChinaChinaChinaChina
Colombia8 Dec 1987Colombia29 Oct 1969Colombia1/19/82ColombiaColombiaColombia29 Oct 1969Colombia
ComorosComorosComoros31 Oct 1994ComorosComorosComorosComoros
Congo30/7/2003Congo5 Oct 1983Congo7/26/82CongoCongoCongo5 Oct 1983Congo
Cook IslandsCook IslandsCook IslandsCook IslandsCook IslandsCook IslandsCook Islands
Costa Rica11/11/1993Costa Rica11/29/68Costa Rica4/4/86Costa Rica9/20/01Costa RicaCosta Rica11/29/68Costa Rica9/20/01
Cte d'Ivoire18 Dec 1995Cte d'Ivoire26 Mar 1992Cte d'Ivoire18 Dec 1995Cte d'IvoireCte D'IvoireCte d'Ivoire5 Mar 1997Cte d'Ivoire
Croatia12 Oct 1992Croatia12 Oct 1992Croatia9/9/92Croatia7 Mar 2001CroatiaCroatia12 Oct 1995Croatia7 Mar 2001
Cuba17 May 1995CubaCuba7/17/80CubaCubaCubaCuba
Cyprus18/7/1991Cyprus4/2/69Cyprus7/23/85Cyprus4/26/02CyprusCyprus4/15/92Cyprus4/26/02
Czech Republic22/2/1993Czech Republic2/22/93Czech Republic2/22/93Czech Republic2/26/01Czech RepublicCzech Republic2/22/93Czech Republic2/26/01
Democratic People's Republic of KoreaDemocratic People's Republic of Korea9/14/81Democratic People's Republic of Korea2/27/01Democratic People's Republic of KoreaDemocratic People's Republic of KoreaDemocratic People's Republic of KoreaDemocratic People's Republic of Korea
Democratic Republic of the Congo18 Mar 1996Democratic Republic of the Congo11/1/76Democratic Republic of the Congo17 Oct 1986Democratic Republic of the CongoDemocratic Republic of the CongoDemocratic Republic of the Congo11/1/76Democratic Republic of the Congo
Denmark27 May 1987Denmark1/6/72Denmark4/21/83Denmark31 May 2000DenmarkDenmark1/6/72Denmark31 May 2000
Djibouti5/11/2002Djibouti11/5/02Djibouti2 Dec 1998DjiboutiDjiboutiDjibouti11/5/02Djibouti
DominicaDominica6/17/93Dominica9/15/80DominicaDominicaDominicaDominica
Dominican RepublicDominican Republic1/4/78Dominican Republic9/2/82Dominican Republic8/10/01Dominican RepublicDominican Republic1/4/78Dominican Republic8/10/01
Ecuador30 Mar 1988Ecuador6 Mar 1969Ecuador11/9/81Ecuador2/5/02EcuadorEcuador6 Mar 1969Ecuador2/5/02
Egypt25/6/1986Egypt1/14/82Egypt9/18/81EgyptEgyptEgyptEgypt
El Salvador17/6/1996El Salvador11/30/79El Salvador8/19/81El SalvadorEl SalvadorEl Salvador6/6/95El Salvador
Equatorial Guinea8 Oct 2002Equatorial Guinea9/25/87Equatorial Guinea23 Oct 1984Equatorial GuineaEquatorial GuineaEquatorial Guinea9/25/87Equatorial Guinea
EritreaEritrea4/17/01Eritrea9/5/95EritreaEritreaEritreaEritrea
Estonia21 Oct 1991Estonia21 Oct 1991Estonia21 Oct 1991EstoniaEstoniaEstonia21 Oct 1991Estonia
Ethiopia14 Mar 1994Ethiopia6/11/93Ethiopia9/10/81EthiopiaEthiopiaEthiopiaEthiopia
FijiFijiFiji8/28/95FijiFijiFijiFiji
Finland30/8/1989Finland8/19/75Finland9/4/86Finland29 Dec 2000FinlandFinland8/19/75Finland29 Dec 2000
France18/2/1986France11/4/80France14 Dec 1983France6/9/00FranceFrance2/17/84France6/9/00
Gabon8/9/2000Gabon1/21/83Gabon1/21/83GabonGabonGabonGabon
GambiaGambia29 Dec 1978Gambia4/16/93GambiaGambiaGambia6/9/88Gambia
Georgia26 Oct 1994Georgia3 May 1994Georgia26 Oct 1994Georgia8/1/02GeorgiaGeorgia3 May 1994Georgia8/1/02
1 Oct 199017 Dec 19737/10/851/15/02GermanyGermany8/25/931/15/02
Ghana7/9/2000Ghana9/7/00Ghana1/2/86GhanaGhanaGhana9/7/00Ghana
Greece6 Oct 1988Greece16 May 1985Greece6/7/83Greece1/24/02GreeceGreece5 May 1997Greece1/24/02
GrenadaGrenada9/6/91Grenada8/30/90GrenadaGrenadaGrenadaGrenada
Guatemala5/1/1990Guatemala19 May 1988Guatemala8/12/82Guatemala9 May 2002GuatemalaGuatemala11/28/00Guatemala9 May 2002
Guinea10 Oct 1989Guinea1/24/78Guinea8/9/82GuineaGuineaGuinea6/17/93Guinea
Guinea-BissauGuinea-Bissau7/2/92Guinea-Bissau8/23/85Guinea-BissauGuinea-BissauGuinea-BissauGuinea-Bissau
Guyana19 May 1988Guyana2/15/77Guyana7/17/80GuyanaGuyanaGuyana10 May 1993Guyana
HaitiHaitiHaiti7/20/81HaitiHaitiHaitiHaiti
Holy See26/6/2002Holy SeeHoly SeeHoly SeeHoly SeeHoly SeeHoly See
Honduras5 Dec 1996Honduras2/17/81Honduras3 Mar 1983HondurasHondurasHondurasHonduras
Hungary15/4/1987Hungary1/17/74Hungary22 Dec 1980Hungary22 Dec 2000HungaryHungary9/7/88Hungary22 Dec 2000
Iceland23 Oct 1996Iceland8/22/79Iceland6/18/85Iceland6 Mar 2001IcelandIceland8/22/79Iceland6 Mar 2001
IndiaIndia4/10/79India7/9/93IndiaIndiaIndiaIndia
Indonesia28 Oct 1998IndonesiaIndonesia9/13/84IndonesiaIndonesiaIndonesiaIndonesia
Iran (Islamic Republic Of)Iran (Islamic Republic Of)6/24/75Iran (Islamic Republic Of)Iran (Islamic Republic Of)Iran (Islamic Republic Of)Iran (Islamic Republic Of)Iran (Islamic Republic Of)
IraqIraq1/25/71Iraq8/13/86IraqIraqIraqIraq
Ireland11/4/2002Ireland8 Dec 1989Ireland23 Dec 1985Ireland9/7/00IrelandIreland8 Dec 1989Ireland9/7/00
Israel3 Oct 1991Israel3 Oct 1991Israel3 Oct 1991IsraelIsraelIsraelIsrael
Italy12/1/1989Italy9/15/78Italy6/10/85Italy9/22/00ItalyItaly9/15/78Italy9/22/00
JamaicaJamaica3 Oct 1975Jamaica19 Oct 1984JamaicaJamaicaJamaica3 Oct 1975Jamaica
Japan29/6/1999Japan6/21/79Japan6/25/85JapanJapanJapanJapan
Jordan13/11/1991Jordan28 May 1975Jordan7/1/92JordanJordanJordanJordan
Kazakhstan26/8/1998KazakhstanKazakhstan8/26/98Kazakhstan8/24/01KazakhstanKazakhstanKazakhstan8/24/01
Kenya21/2/1997Kenya1 May 1972Kenya9 Mar 1984KenyaKenyaKenyaKenya
KiribatiKiribatiKiribatiKiribatiKiribatiKiribatiKiribati
Kuwait8 Mar 1996Kuwait21 May 1996Kuwait9/2/94KuwaitKuwaitKuwaitKuwait
Kyrgyzstan5/9/1997Kyrgyzstan7 Oct 1994Kyrgyzstan2/10/97Kyrgyzstan7/22/02KyrgyzstanKyrgyzstan7 Oct 1994Kyrgyzstan7/22/02
Lao Peoples Democratic RepublicLao Peoples Democratic RepublicLao Peoples Democratic Republic8/14/81Lao Peoples Democratic RepublicLao Peoples Democratic RepublicLao Peoples Democratic RepublicLao Peoples Democratic Republic
Latvia14/4/1992Latvia4/14/92Latvia4/14/92LatviaLatviaLatvia6/22/94Latvia
Lebanon5 Oct 2000Lebanon11/3/72Lebanon4/16/97LebanonLebanonLebanonLebanon
Lesotho12/11/2001Lesotho9/9/92Lesotho8/22/95LesothoLesothoLesotho9/6/00Lesotho
LiberiaLiberiaLiberia7/17/84LiberiaLiberiaLiberiaLiberia
Libyan Arab Jamahiriya16 May 1989Libyan Arab Jamahiriya15 May 1970Libyan Arab Jamahiriya16 May 1989Libyan Arab JamahiriyaLibyan Arab JamahiriyaLibyan Arab Jamahiriya16 May 1989Libyan Arab Jamahiriya
Liechtenstein2/11/1990Liechtenstein10 Dec 1998Liechtenstein22 Dec 1995Liechtenstein24 Oct 2001LiechtensteinLiechtenstein10 Dec 1998Liechtenstein24 Oct 2001
Lithuania1/2/1996Lithuania11/20/91Lithuania1/18/94LithuaniaLithuaniaLithuania11/20/91Lithuania
Luxembourg29/9/1987Luxembourg8/18/83Luxembourg2/2/89Luxembourg7/1/03LuxembourgLuxembourg8/18/83Luxembourg7/1/03
MadagascarMadagascar9/22/71Madagascar17 Mar 1989MadagascarMadagascarMadagascar6/21/71Madagascar
Malawi11/6/1996Malawi22 Dec 1993Malawi12 Mar 1987MalawiMalawiMalawi6/11/96Malawi
MalaysiaMalaysiaMalaysia7/5/95MalaysiaMalaysiaMalaysiaMalaysia
MaldivesMaldivesMaldives7/1/93MaldivesMaldivesMaldivesMaldives
Mali26/2/1999Mali7/16/74Mali9/10/85Mali5 Dec 2000MaliMali24 Oct 2001Mali5 Dec 2000
Malta13/9/1990Malta9/13/90Malta8 Mar 1991MaltaMalta24-Sep-03Malta9/13/90Malta
Marshall IslandsMarshall IslandsMarshall IslandsMarshall IslandsMarshall IslandsMarshall IslandsMarshall Islands
MauritaniaMauritaniaMauritania10 May 2001MauritaniaMauritaniaMauritaniaMauritania
Mauritius9 Dec 1992Mauritius12 Dec 1973Mauritius7/9/84MauritiusMauritiusMauritius12 Dec 1973Mauritius
Mexico23/1/1986Mexico23 Mar 1981Mexico23 Mar 1981Mexico15 Mar 2002MexicoMexico15 Mar 2002Mexico15 Mar 2002
MicronesiaMicronesiaMicronesiaMicronesiaMicronesiaMicronesiaMicronesia
Monaco6 Dec 1991Monaco8/28/97MonacoMonacoMonacoMonacoMonaco
Mongolia24/1/2002Mongolia11/18/74Mongolia7/20/81Mongolia28 Mar 2002MongoliaMongolia4/16/91Mongolia28 Mar 2002
Morocco21/6/1993Morocco3 May 1979Morocco6/21/93MoroccoMoroccoMoroccoMorocco
Mozambique14/9/1999MozambiqueMozambique4/21/97MozambiqueMozambiqueMozambiqueMozambique
MyanmarMyanmarMyanmar7/22/97MyanmarMyanmarMyanmarMyanmar
Namibia28/11/1994Namibia11/28/94Namibia11/23/92Namibia26 May 2000NamibiaNamibia11/28/94Namibia26 May 2000
NauruNauruNauruNauruNauruNauruNauru
Nepal14 May 1991Nepal14 May 1991Nepal4/22/91NepalNepalNepal14 May 1991Nepal
21 Dec 1988Netherlands11 Dec 19787/23/9122 May 2002NetherlandsNetherlands11 Dec 197822 May 2002
New Zealand10 Dec 1989New Zealand28 Dec 1978New Zealand1/10/85New Zealand9/7/00New ZealandNew Zealand26 May 1989New Zealand9/7/00
NicaraguaNicaragua12 Mar 1980Nicaragua27 Oct 1981NicaraguaNicaraguaNicaragua12 Mar 1980Nicaragua
Niger5 Oct 1998Niger7 Mar 1986Niger8 Oct 1999NigerNigerNiger7 Mar 1986Niger
Nigeria28/6/2001Nigeria7/29/93Nigeria6/13/85NigeriaNigeriaNigeriaNigeria
NiueNiueNiueNiueNiueNiueNiue
Norway9/7/1986Norway9/13/72Norway21 May 1981Norway5 Mar 2002NorwayNorway9/13/72Norway5 Mar 2002
OmanOmanOmanOmanOmanOmanOman
PakistanPakistanPakistan12 Mar 1996PakistanPakistanPakistanPakistan
PalauPalauPalauPalauPalauPalauPalau
Panama24/8/1987Panama8 Mar 1977Panama29 Oct 1981Panama9 May 2001PanamaPanama8 Mar 1977Panama9 May 2001
Papua New GuineaPapua New GuineaPapua New Guinea1/12/95Papua New GuineaPapua New GuineaPapua New GuineaPapua New Guinea
Paraguay12 Mar 1990Paraguay6/10/92Paraguay4/6/87Paraguay14 May 2001ParaguayParaguay1/10/95Paraguay14 May 2001
Peru7/7/1988Peru4/28/78Peru9/13/82Peru4/9/01PeruPeru3 Oct 1980Peru4/9/01
Philippines18/6/1986Philippines6/7/74Philippines8/5/81PhilippinesPhilippinesPhilippines8/22/89Philippines
Poland26/7/1989Poland18 Mar 1977Poland7/30/80PolandPolandPoland11/7/91Poland
Portugal9/2/1989Portugal7/31/78Portugal7/30/80Portugal4/26/02PortugalPortugal3 May 1983Portugal4/26/02
Qatar11/1/2000QatarQatarQatarQatarQatarQatar
Republic of Korea9/1/1995Republic of Korea4/10/90Republic of Korea27 Dec 1984Republic of KoreaRepublic of KoreaRepublic of Korea4/10/90Republic of Korea
Republic of Moldova28/11/1995Republic of Moldova1/26/93Republic of Moldova7/1/94Republic of MoldovaRepublic of MoldovaRepublic of MoldovaRepublic of Moldova
Romania18 Dec 1990Romania9 Dec 1974Romania1/7/82Romania8/25/03RomaniaRomania7/20/93Romania8/25/03
Russian Federation3 Mar 1987Russian Federation16 Oct 1973Russian Federation1/23/81Russian FederationRussian FederationRussian Federation1 Oct 1991Russian Federation
RwandaRwanda4/16/75Rwanda2 Mar 1981RwandaRwandaRwandaRwanda
Saint Kitts & NevisSaint Kitts & NevisSaint Kitts & Nevis4/25/85Saint Kitts & NevisSaint Kitts & NevisSaint Kitts & NevisSaint Kitts & Nevis
Saint LuciaSaint LuciaSaint Lucia8 Oct 1982Saint LuciaSaint LuciaSaint LuciaSaint Lucia
Saint Vincent & the Grenadines1/8/2001Saint Vincent & the Grenadines11/9/81Saint Vincent & the Grenadines8/4/81Saint Vincent & the GrenadinesSaint Vincent & the GrenadinesSaint Vincent & the Grenadines11/9/81Saint Vincent & the Grenadines
SamoaSamoaSamoa9/25/92SamoaSamoaSamoaSamoa
San MarinoSan Marino18 Oct 1985San MarinoSan MarinoSan MarinoSan Marino18 Oct 1985San Marino
Sao Tome & PrincipeSao Tome & PrincipeSao Tome & Principe6/3/03Sao Tome & PrincipeSao Tome & PrincipeSao Tome & PrincipeSao Tome & Principe
Saudi Arabia23/9/1997Saudi ArabiaSaudi Arabia9/7/00Saudi ArabiaSaudi ArabiaSaudi ArabiaSaudi Arabia
Senegal21/8/1986Senegal2/13/78Senegal2/5/85Senegal26 May 2000SenegalSenegal2/13/78Senegal26 May 2000
7/31/039/6/017/31/03
Seychelles5 May 1992Seychelles5 May 1992Seychelles5 May 1992SeychellesSeychellesSeychelles5 May 1992Seychelles
Sierra Leone25/4/2001Sierra Leone8/23/96Sierra Leone11/11/88Sierra LeoneSierra LeoneSierra Leone8/23/96Sierra Leone
SingaporeSingaporeSingapore5 Oct 1995SingaporeSingaporeSingaporeSingapore
Slovakia28 May 1993SlovakiaSlovakia28 May 1993Slovakia11/17/00SlovakiaSlovakia28 May 1993Slovakia11/17/00
Slovenia16/7/1993Slovenia7/6/92Slovenia7/6/92SloveniaSloveniaSlovenia7/16/93Slovenia
Solomon IslandsSolomon Islands17 Mar 1982Solomon Islands6 May 2002Solomon Islands6 May 2002Solomon IslandsSolomon IslandsSolomon Islands6 May 2002
Somalia24/1/1990Somalia1/24/90SomaliaSomaliaSomaliaSomalia1/24/90Somalia
South Africa10 Dec 1998South AfricaSouth Africa15 Dec 1995South AfricaSouth AfricaSouth Africa8/28/02South Africa
Spain21 Oct 1987Spain4/27/77Spain1/5/84Spain7/6/01SpainSpain1/25/85Spain7/6/01
Sri Lanka3/1/1994Sri Lanka6/11/80Sri Lanka5 Oct 1981Sri Lanka15 Oct 2002Sri LankaSri Lanka3 Oct 1997Sri Lanka15 Oct 2002
SudanSudan18 Mar 1986SudanSudanSudanSudanSudan
SurinameSuriname28 Dec 1976Suriname1 Mar 1993SurinameSurinameSuriname28 Dec 1976Suriname
SwazilandSwazilandSwazilandSwazilandSwazilandSwazilandSwaziland
Sweden8/1/1986Sweden6 Dec 1971Sweden7/2/80Sweden4/24/03SwedenSweden6 Dec 1971Sweden4/24/03
Switzerland2 Dec 1986Switzerland6/18/92Switzerland27 Mar 1997SwitzerlandSwitzerlandSwitzerlandSwitzerland
Syrian Arab RepublicSyrian Arab Republic4/21/69Syrian Arab Republic28 Mar 2003Syrian Arab RepublicSyrian Arab RepublicSyrian Arab RepublicSyrian Arab Republic
Tajikistan11/1/1995Tajikistan1/4/99Tajikistan26 Oct 1993TajikistanTajikistanTajikistan1/4/99Tajikistan
ThailandThailand9/5/99Thailand8/9/85Thailand6/14/00ThailandThailandThailand6/14/00
The Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia12 Dec 1994The Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia1/18/94The Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia1/18/94The Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia17 Oct 2003The Former Yugoslav Republic of MacedoniaThe Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia12 Dec 1994The Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia17 Oct 2003
Timor-Leste16/4/2003Timor-Leste4/16/03Timor-Leste4/16/03Timor-Leste4/16/03Timor-LesteTimor-LesteTimor-Leste4/16/03
Togo18/11/1987Togo24 May 1984Togo9/26/83TogoTogoTogo30 Mar 1988Togo
TongaTongaTongaTongaTongaTongaTonga
Trinidad & TobagoTrinidad & Tobago8 Dec 1978Trinidad & Tobago1/12/90Trinidad & TobagoTrinidad & TobagoTrinidad & Tobago11/14/80Trinidad & Tobago
Tunisia23/9/1988Tunisia18 Mar 1969Tunisia9/20/85TunisiaTunisiaTunisiaTunisia
Turkey2/8/1988Turkey9/23/03Turkey20 Dec 1985Turkey29 Oct 2002TurkeyTurkeyTurkey29 Oct 2002
Turkmenistan25/6/1999Turkmenistan1 May 1997Turkmenistan1 May 1997TurkmenistanTurkmenistanTurkmenistan1 May 1997Turkmenistan
TuvaluTuvaluTuvalu6 Oct 1999TuvaluTuvaluTuvaluTuvalu
Uganda3/11/1986Uganda1/21/87Uganda7/22/85UgandaUgandaUganda11/14/95Uganda
Ukraine24/2/1987Ukraine11/12/73Ukraine12 Mar 1981Ukraine9/26/03UkraineUkraine7/25/91Ukraine9/26/03
United Arab EmiratesUnited Arab EmiratesUnited Arab EmiratesUnited Arab EmiratesUnited Arab EmiratesUnited Arab EmiratesUnited Arab Emirates
United Kingdom of Great Britain & N. Ireland8 Dec 1988United Kingdom of Great Britain & N. Ireland20 May 19764/7/86United Kingdom of Great Britain & N. IrelandUnited Kingdom of Great Britain & N. Ireland
United Republic of TanzaniaUnited Republic of Tanzania6/11/76United Republic of Tanzania8/20/85United Republic of TanzaniaUnited Republic of TanzaniaUnited Republic of TanzaniaUnited Republic of Tanzania
United States of America21 Oct 1994United States of AmericaUnited States of AmericaUnited States of AmericaUnited States of AmericaUnited States of AmericaUnited States of America
Uruguay24 Oct 1986Uruguay4/1/70Uruguay9 Oct 1981Uruguay7/26/01UruguayUruguay4/1/70Uruguay7/26/01
Uzbekistan28/9/1995Uzbekistan9/28/95Uzbekistan7/19/95UzbekistanUzbekistanUzbekistan9/28/95Uzbekistan
VanuatuVanuatuVanuatu9/8/95VanuatuVanuatuVanuatuVanuatu
Venezuela29/7/1991Venezuela10 May 1978Venezuela2 May 1983Venezuela13 May 2002VenezuelaVenezuela10 May 1978Venezuela13 May 2002
Viet NamViet Nam9/24/82Viet Nam2/17/82Viet NamViet NamViet NamViet Nam
Yemen5/11/1991YemenYemenYemenYemenYemenYemen
Zambia7 Oct 1998Zambia4/10/84Zambia6/21/85ZambiaZambiaZambia4/10/84Zambia
ZimbabweZimbabwe13 May 1991Zimbabwe13 May 1991ZimbabweZimbabweZimbabweZimbabwe
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Einfhrung in die Internationalen BeziehungenAber: Kluft zwischen Normanerkennung und Normeinhaltungz.B. 2002 in 106 Staaten wurde immer noch gefoltert in 43 Staaten fanden extralegale Hinrichtungen statt in 34 Staaten wurden Menschen wegen der friedlichen Ausbung ihrer Menschenrechte verhaftet
Ruprecht-Karls-Universitt Heidelberg
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Einfhrung in die Internationalen BeziehungenAnstze zur Erklrung des Puzzles
Realismus:Interessendurchsetzung hegemonialer Staaten(Aber: Warum scheren den Hegemon die Menschenrechte?)
Neoliberaler Institutionalismus:Internationale Institutionen (berwachungs- und Sanktionsmechanismen)Aber: Menschenrechte als Kooperationsproblem?
Ruprecht-Karls-Universitt Heidelberg
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Einfhrung in die Internationalen BeziehungenRationalistischer Liberalismus:Modernisierungseffekt: Wirtschaftswachstum Demokratisierung
Konstruktivistischer Liberalismus:Transnationale Netzwerke und Bumerang-Effekt
Ruprecht-Karls-Universitt Heidelberg
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Einfhrung in die Internationalen Beziehungen
Ruprecht-Karls-Universitt Heidelberg
The Boomerang Effect
_1136726958.doc
Global human rights polity
Human rights
INGOs
Western powers
Human rights regimes
Internat. Orgs.
government
Domestic opposition
NGOs
State X
Rechte, die der Mensch unabhngig von seiner Geburt, seinem Alter, seinem Geschlecht, seinen berzeugungen, seiner ethnischen oder sozialen Zugehrigkeit, seinem sozialen Status, seiner Staatsbrgerschaft oder anderen Verhltnissen hat
Liberale Abwehrrechte modernen Staatlichkeit: Grenzziehung zwischen ffentlich und Privatgegen den absoluten Staat -> Rechtsstaat
2) Teilhaberechte Privater in der ffentlichen Sphere Demokratisierung des Staates3) Entwicklung, Frieden, Umweltschutz aktive Schutzpflicht des ffentlichen gegenber den Privaten (Chancengleichheit; Gleichheit der Ausgangsbedingungen bzw. Verteilungsgerechtigkeit; Gleichheit im Endzustand). ABER keine wirkliche VerankerungWohlfahrts- bzw. InterventionsstaatProblem: Vlkerrecht: Staaten als einzige Trger von Rechten und Pflichten zwischenstaatliches RechtABER Universalittsanspruch der Menschenrechte Universalisierbarkeit der Menschenrechte (asiatische Werte?) Menschenrechte versus nationale Souvernitt und die Nicht-Einmischung in die inneren Angelegenheiten Brgerliche Freiheitsrechte vs. sozial-konomische Rechte (1. vs. 3. Dritte Welt)
Sklavereiverbot Ende 18. Jh. Transnationale Kampagne gegen den int. Sklavenhandel Anti-Slavery Society als frhe INGOHumanitres KriegsVR IRK (Henri Dunant)
UN Charta: Kompetenz, sich mit MR Fragen zu beschftigen, obwohl MR = Individualrechte ABER unklar, worin Kern der universalen MR besteht Einrichtung der UN-MRKOM: unfassenden Katalog der MR vorzulegenAllg. Erklrung der MR: alle drei Dimensionen, aber unverbindlichUN Pakte: Zivilpakt (Abwehr und pol. Teilhabe gegen die 2. Welt); Sozialpakt (wirt,, soz, kulturelle Rechte fr die 3. Welt) Grundlage aller universaler MR Normierungen
Dichte: Quantitt + Przision und RobustheitRatifikationen: Folien ABER: Ratifikation der Protokolle entscheidend, und da sieht die Ratifikation anders aus.berwachungsinstrumentarien: Quantitt (Kommissionen, Protokolle) + Verbreiterung der Klagemglichkeiten Individualklage
ABER: Ratifizierung nicht gleich Normeinhaltungalle Daten stammen von der Homepage www.bayefsky.com - eine Internet-Datenbank fr Recherche in UN-Rechtsquellen; URL: http://www.bayefsky.com/docs.php/area/ratif/node/1
CAT: Anti-FolterCESR: SozialpaktCEDAW: FrauenCCPR: ZivilpaktZusatzprotokolle: fr den CESCR gibt es keines, dafr habe ich das vom CCPR eingegeben, weil CESCR und CCPR Bestandteil ein und desselben Paktes waren - und jedenfalls ist die Trendlinie vom CCPR die einzige, die das Ursprungsverdacht besttigt.die Daten stammen von der Homepage www.bayefsky.com - eine Internet-Datenbank fr Recherche in UN-Rechtsquellen; URL: http://www.bayefsky.com/docs.php/area/ratif/node/1
Dichte: Quantitt + Przision und RobustheitRatifikationen: Folien ABER: Ratifikation der Protokolle entscheidend, und da sieht die Ratifikation anders aus.berwachungsinstrumentarien: Quantitt (Kommissionen, Protokolle) + Verbreiterung der Klagemglichkeiten Individualklage
ABER: Ratifizierung nicht gleich Normeinhaltung- Im Jahr 2002 gab es in mindestens 34 Staaten gewaltlose politische Gefangene, die ausschlielich wegen der friedlichen Ausbung ihrer grundlegenden Menschenrechte inhaftiert wurden
- In 106 Staaten wurden Menschen whrend ihrer Haft von Sicherheitskrften, Polizeibeamten oder anderen Staatsangestellten gefoltert oder misshandelt, viele starben an den Folgen der Folter oder den unmenschlichen Haftbedingungen
- In 54 Staaten waren im vergangenen Jahr Menschen willkrlich oder ohne Anklage und Verfahren in Haft
- In mindestens 42 Staaten der Welt wurden Menschen Opfer extralegaler Hinrichtungen
- Die Schicksale von z.T. seit den 70er-Jahren "verschwundenen" Menschen in mindestens 33 Lndern sind bis heute unaufgeklrt
Quelle: ai, Sektion Deutschland; URL: http://www2.amnesty.de/internet/aiallgem.nsf/7ea17bce3e650670c1256aa70051edb7/6ff6c7d22235ab65c12568fe0037beb1?OpenDocument