korbel rinder emerg viral infections in pet birds 141126 · clinic for birds, reptiles, amphibians...
TRANSCRIPT
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Rüdiger Korbel & Monika Rinder Clinic for Birds, Reptiles, Amphibians & Ornamental FishCenter for Clinical Veterinary MedicineUniversity Ludwig Maximilian of Munich/Germany
EMERGING VIRAL DISORDERS IN PET BIRDS- A review on the past 30 years -
Rinder et al. 2014: ORT bei Masthähnchen. Fortbildung Hähnchenaufzucht – Brüterei Süd – Bogen, Gankhofen, Pfahlheim
Viral Disorders?
• Pathology & Epizootiology (1890s)
• Poultry Medicine (1920s)
• Pet Bird Medicine (1970s (USA) resp. 1980s (Europe)
• Reptile Medicine (1990s (USA, later Europe)
• (Ornamental) Fish Medicine (2010s)
History of Exotic Animal Medicine
Viral Disorders – History
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Fact sheet – Psittacid Herpesviruses (Pacheco‘s Disease (PD), Internal Parrot Papillomatosis (IPP), Amazon Tracheitis)
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Fact sheet – Psittacid Herpesviruses (Pacheco‘s Disease (PD), Internal Parrot Papillomatosis (IPP), Amazon Tracheitis)
1. Virus description:• Alphaherpesvirus, Iltovirus (enveloped DNA virus)• PsHV-1: genetically diverse (4 genotypes and probably 3 serotypes):
cause of PD and IPP, broad host range• PsHV-2: cause of IPP, in African Grey parrots and Blue and Yellow
macaws• PsHV-3: respiratory disease, detected in Bourke’s parrots and
Eclectus parrots so far• Herpesvirus serologically more closely related to ILT virus than to
PsHV-1, not genetically characterized so: far Amazon Tracheitis, in amazons and other psittacid species: respiratory disease)
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Fact sheet – Psittacid Herpesviruses (Pacheco‘s Disease (PD), Internal Papillomatosis of Parrots (IPP), Amazon Tracheitis)
2. History:• 1930: severe disease of parrots in Brazil by Pacheco and Bier • 1933: disease was named Pacheco’s Disease by Findlay• 1975: identification of herpesviruses as the causal pathogens
during an outbreak in Florida by Simpson and colleagues• 1979: first description of Amazon Tracheitis in Germany by
Winteroll and Gylstorff• 1996: classification as an alphaherpesvirus based on first DNA
sequence information by Van Devanter and colleagues• 2005: first description of PsHV-2 by Styles and colleagues• 2012: genetic charachterization of a PsHV-3 as cause of
respiratory disease by Shivaprasad and Phalen
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Fact sheet – Psittacid Herpesviruses (Pacheco‘s Disease (PD), Internal Papillomatosis of Parrots (IPP), Amazon Tracheitis)
3. Epidemiology:• Distribution:
• PSHV-1 worldwide, • PsHV-2 and PsHV-3: only a few cases so far
• persistent infections, latency common (USA: PsHV-1 prevalence estimations 7 % of the parrot population)
• Transmission: • oral and probably aerogen ingestion of contaminated
materials from oral secretions or faeces• introduction of (nonclinically) infected animals into a flock• contact to infected birds• vertical transmission probably not relevant
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Fact sheet – Psittacid Herpesviruses (Pacheco‘s Disease (PD), Internal Papillomatosis of Parrots (IPP), Amazon Tracheitis)
4. Clinical signs• incubation periods 2-3 weeks, sometimes longer• external factors (stress...) can lead to outbreaks• peracute – acute: Pacheco’s Disease
• sudden death• diarrhoe with yellow droppings• sometimes unspecific signs (lethary, fluffing feathers)
respiratory symptoms• chronic: Internal Papillomatosis: papillomes of intestinal mucosas
(mostly oral and cloacal), liver and pancreatic tumors• respiratory disease: bronchopneumonia, tracheitis, syringitis
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Fact sheet – Psittacid Herpesviruses (Pacheco‘s Disease (PD), Internal Papillomatosis of Parrots (IPP), Amazon Tracheitis)
5. Diagnosis• clinical symptoms unspecific• until 1990ies:
• virus cultivation (Chicken embryofiboblasts): not all virus strains• electron microscopy• histology: intra-nuclear inclusion bodies in affected internal
organs (not always present)• today:
• PCR: from combi-swabs oral+cloacal mucosa or blood, in dead birds from internal organs (liver, brain, proximal intestines)
• serology: limited cross reactivity of serotypes in virus neutralisation tests, ELISA/Western blot
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Fact sheet – Psittacid Herpesviruses (Pacheco‘s Disease (PD), Internal Papillomatosis of Parrots (IPP), Amazon Tracheitis)
6. Control (treatment and prevention)• treatment:
• acyclovir: reducing clinical symptoms of Pacheco Disease (not eliminating virus)
• surgical resection of papillomas (palliative, recidives common)• prevention:
• no vaccine available• isolation of infected birds• prevention of pathogen introduction into aviary (quarantine and
testing)
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Fact sheet – Avian Polyomavirus(Budgerigar Fledgling Disease)
1. Virus description:• Budgerigar Fledgling Disease Virus, Avian Polyomavirus
(Polyomavirus, Polyomaviridae)• small non-developed DNA virus• nearly identical viruses in psittacids, falconiformes,
accipitriformes and chicken• closely related viruses: canary polyomavirus, finch polyomavirus,
butcherbird polyomaviarus, crow polyomavirus, goose polyomavirus
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Fact sheet – Avian Polyomavirus(Budgerigar Fledgling Disease)
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Fact sheet – Avian Polyomavirus(Budgerigar Fledgling Disease)
2. History:• 1981: first description and virus characterisation in an acute fatal
disease in young budgerigars with high mortality in Florida, disease named budgerigar fledgling disease (Bernier et al 1981, Bozemann et al 1981)
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Fact sheet – Avian Polyomavirus(Budgerigar Fledgling Disease)
3. Epidemiology:• worldwide distribution• common in budgerigars but also in other psittacid species
(lovebirds, macaws, eclectus parrots, conures, caiques, ring-necked parakeets)
• persistent infection assumed• virus shedding high in young birds, low in older birds (immunity)• transmission
• horizontal: faeces, crop secretions, feather dust, aerosols• vertical: confirmed in budgerigars, but not in other psittacid
species• virus highly stable in environment
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Fact sheet – Avian Polyomavirus(Budgerigar Fledgling Disease)
4. Clinical signs• virus with affinity for epithelial, lymphoreticular, and endothelial
cells• disease of young birds• Feather dystrophy, abnormal feather growth à deformed or lost
flight feathers (“runners” or “creepers”)• other symptoms: subcutaneous bleeding, crop stasis,
regurgitation, stunting, abdominal distension, head tremor, death• not unequivocally distinguishable from beak and feather disease
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Fact sheet – Avian Polyomavirus(Budgerigar Fledgling Disease)
5. Diagnosis• clinical symptoms• virus detection
• PCR: from blood, cloacal swabs, feathers#• serology: virus neutralisation test, ELISA• in carriers lifelong antibody persistence
• post mortem:• pathology: hepatosplenomegaly, ascites, subcutaneous and
subserosal hemorrhages. • Histopathology: large, intranuclear inclusion bodies in affected
tissues membranous glomerulopathy of the kidneys.
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Fact sheet – Avian Polyomavirus(Budgerigar Fledgling Disease)
6. Control (treatment and prevention)• no treatment available• Vaccine:
• USA: vaccine Psittimune ® APV (Biomune) (inactivated vaccines)
• in affected aviaries: breeding with older pairs (virus shedding low, possibly no transmission to offspring)
• prevention: • hygiene • prevention of pathogen introduction into aviary (quarantine and
testing)• separation of young birds (shedding high amount of virus) from
susceptible birds
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Fact sheet – Circovirus infection in psittacids:Psittacid beak and feather disease (PBFD)
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Fact sheet – Circovirus infection in psittacids:Psittacid beak and feather disease (PBFD)
1. Virus description:• Beak and feather disease virus, psittacid circovirus, Family
Circoviridae• Small non-enveloped virus with a small circular single-stranded
DNA genome (about 2 kb)• broad host range: more than 60 species of Psittaciformes • High genetic heterogeneity:
• Host specificity of genetic clusters assumed• Extensive recombination events assumed
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Fact sheet – Circovirus infection in psittacids:Psittacid beak and feather disease (PBFD)
2. History:• 1982: first animal virus with circular, single-stranded DNA
detected as a contaminant in pig kidney cell culture: • Named porcine circovirus
• 1989: PBFD• first characterization of a virus from feather follicles of a
diseased cockatoo by Ritchie and colleagues
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Fact sheet – Circovirus infection in psittacids: Psittacid beak and feather disease (PBFD)
3. Epidemiology:• worldwide distribution• Transmission:
• Virus shedding: excretions, secretions and feather dust• direct contact with infected animals: • Virus ingestion by inhalation or ingestion• Speculation about certain host specificity of genetic variants
• Some birds can eliminate virus, other may be lifelong and persistently infected
• Budgerigars at least in Germany presently very frequently infected
• Virus stable in environment for years, very resistant to disinfectants
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Fact sheet – Circovirus infection in psittacids: Psittacid beak and feather disease (PBFD)4. Clinical signs
• Immunosuppression • Clinical picture varying among bird species and depending on the
age at infection• Peracute and acute disease in neonates and very young birds
• Depression, crop stasis, enteritis, pneumonia, death• Acute form in African grey parrots < 6 months:
• pancytopenia (severe immunosuppression) and death• Chronic disease in birds up to 3 years of age:
• Feather loss in roughly symmetrical pattern• Abnormal feathering
• short, curled, deformed• Hemorrhages in feather pulp, circumferential
constriction at feather base• Death resulting from secondary infections
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Fact sheet – Circovirus infection in psittacids: Psittacid beak and feather disease (PBFD)
5. Diagnosis• clinical symptoms• Standard:
• Detection of virus DNA using PCR• Serology:
• ELISA using recombinant antigen• Hemagglutination inhibition test
• Histology• Feather shaft epidermis: necrosis, hyperplasia, hyperkeratosis• Inflammation of feather pulp: cellular infiltrates• Atrophy and necrosis of lymphatic tissues (Bursa fabricii,
thymus)• Basophilic nuclear and cytoplasmic inclusion bodies in
macrophages
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Fact sheet – Circovirus infection in psittacids: Psittacid beak and feather disease (PBFD)
6. Control (treatment and prevention)• no treatment available• Vaccine not commercially available• prevention:
• hygiene • prevention of pathogen introduction into aviary (quarantine and
testing)• Separating groups of infected birds
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Fact sheet – pox virus infection in pet birds
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Fact sheet – pox virus infection in pet birds
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Fact sheet – pox virus infection in pet birds
1. Virus description:• large enveloped DNA virus (- 400 nm)• genus Avipox (subfamily Chordopoxvirinae, family Poxviridae)• 10 species (recognized by the International Committee on the
Taxonomy of Viruses) forming 3 genetic clades: • Fowlpox virus, Pigeonpox virus, Turkeypox virus, Mynahpox
virus, Juncopox virus• Canarypox virus, Sparrowpox virus, Starlingpox virus • Psittacinepox virus
• more species proposed• species with more or less strict host specificity
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Fact sheet – pox virus infection in pet birds
2. History:• first animal virus detected using microscopy and cultured in the
laboratory• in the past: fowl pox included all pox virus infections of birds
now only diseases in commercial poultry• 2000: first full genome sequence of fowlpox virus by Alonso and
colleagues
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Fact sheet – pox virus infection in pet birds
3. Epidemiology:• worldwide distribution• detected in more than 200 bird species• transmission:
• pox viruses cannot penetrate intact skin or mucosa, require small lesions
• mechanical vectors (blood feeding insects or mites) of high importance
• direct contact with infected animals or contaminated objects• latent infections?• very resistant in environment: infective after months to years in
dried scabs
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Fact sheet – pox virus infection in pet birds
4. Clinical signs• incubation time several days to weeks• cutaneous or “dry” form: skin nodules (proliferative)
• localisation: featherless areas: eye lids, base of beak, legs & feet• impaired vision or feed intake
• diphteritic or “wet” form: moist, yellowish, necrotic materials • localisation: internal mucosa of upper alimentary tract or of
respiratory tract, conjunctiva• respiratory symptoms, anorexia, frequent death
• systemic or septicemic: common in canaries• internal organs• acute depression, anorexia, dyspnoe, death
• tumors• complication by secondary infections
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Fact sheet – pox virus infection in pet birds
5. Diagnosis• clinical symptoms• eosinophilic intracytoplasmatic epidermal inclusions (Bollinger
bodies)• virus cultivation (embryonated chicken eggs or cell cultures) • Electron microscopy• Detection of virus DNA using PCR
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Fact sheet – pox virus infection in pet birds
6. Control (treatment and prevention)• no antiviral treatment available• secondary infections: antibiotics, antifungals• survivors: strain-specific immunity lasting 6 – 12 months• Vaccines:
• pigeonpox, fowlpox: available in Germany, Netherlands?• canarypox: registered in Germany, but not commercially
available• prevention:
• hygiene • vector control (mosquitoes, red fowl mite)• Separating groups of infected birds
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Fact sheet – paramyxovirus infection in pet birds
1. Virus description: avian paramyxovirus• enveloped virus with a nonsegmented single-stranded RNA
genome• genus Avulavirus, family Paramyxoviridae• high genetic heterogeneity leading to differing phenotypical
properties • 9 species (recognized by the International Committee on the
Taxonomy of Viruses) • Avian paramyxovirus 1 including Newcastle Disease Virus• Avian paramyxovirus 2 – 9
• additional species/serotypes of avian paramyxovirus (10 - 12) described
• differing host ranges
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Fact sheet – paramyxovirus infection in pet birds
2. History:• first outbreaks of Newcastle Disease
• 1926 in Newcastle-upon-Tyne, England and in Java, Indonesia
but probably also earlier• 1896 in chicken in the Western Islands of Scotland • 1924 in Korea
• Newcastle Disease Virus: name reserved for virulent viruses, others named PMV-1
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Fact sheet – paramyxovirus infection in pet birds
3. Epidemiology:• worldwide distribution• transmission PMV-1:
• virus shedding in feces• oral and aerogenic infection
• notifiable disease of high economic impact• host range of paramyxovirus: table next page
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Fact sheet – paramyxovirus infection in pet birds
species usual host clinical signs
PMV-1 numerous enteritis, ZNS disorders, respiratory
PMV-2 turkeys, passerines, chickens, passerines
respiratory
PMV-3 (2 types)
turkeys / psittacines, passerines
conjunctivitis, respiratory signs, enteritis, ZNS signs
PMV-4 ducks, geese, rails apathogenic or mild resp. disease
PMV-5 budgerigars diarrhea, dyspnoe, torticollis,
PMV-6 ducks, geese unknown
PMV-7 pigeons, doves apathogenic
PMV-8 ducks, geese unknown
PMV-9 ducks unknown
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Fact sheet – pigeon paramyxovirus 1
• history• first recognized in the middle East in the late 1970ties• in Europe in 1981• closely related to Newcastle Disease Virus, but can be
differentiated based on molecular (sequences) and serological (monoclonal antibodies) techniques
• host range: domesticated pigeons, doves, wood pigeons• clinical signs:
• acute: polyuria, anorexia, diarrhea, • chronic: ZNS symptoms including paralysis, torticollis
• nestlings, young birds with highest mortality• Often mild or no disease in adult birds
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Fact sheet – pigeon paramyxovirus 1
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Fact sheet – paramyxovirus infection in pet birds
5. Diagnosis• clinical symptoms• RT-Realtime-PCR or RT-PCR for Newcastle Disease, PMV-1• virus isolation in embryonated chicken eggs• haemagglutination test and haemagglutination inhibition test
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Fact sheet – paramyxovirus infection in pet birds
6. Control (treatment and prevention)• Newcastle Disease and pigeon PMV-1
• vaccination• treatment for other serotypes/species unknown• hygiene
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Fact sheet – Proventricular Dilatation Disease and avian bornavirus
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Fact sheet – Proventricular Dilatation Disease and avian bornavirus
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Fact sheet – Proventricular Dilatation Disease and avian bornavirus
1. Virus description:• enveloped virus with a single-stranded RNA genome• genus Bornavirus, family Bornaviridae, Order Mononegavirales• genetic heterogeneous , existence of multiple genotypes
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Fact sheet – Proventricular Dilatation Disease and avian bornavirus
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Fact sheet – Proventr. Dilatation Disease & Avian Borna V.
2. History:• Proventricular dilatation disease (PDD) known since the 1970s• 2008: avian bornavirus discovered in psittacids with PDD by two
independent working groups in the United States (Kistler et al., Honkavuori et al.)
• 2009: first description of an avian bornavirus in a non-psittacid species (canary) by Weissenböck and colleagues
• 2011: detection of bornavirus in waterfowl (swans, goose) and a balded eagle by Payne and colleagues, Delnatte and colleagues
• 2014: Estrildid finches as natural hosts of avian bornavirus by Rubbenstroth et al.
• 2010/2014: ? first detection of bornavirus in a reptile species by Stenglein and colleagues
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Fact sheet – Proventricular Dilatation Disease and avian bornavirus
3. Epidemiology:• worldwide distribution of ABV in psittacid species• detected in more than 80 parrot species so far• 23 % prevalence estimated in Europe (Heffels-Redmann et al 2011)• virus shedding via feces, vomits, feather dust, saliva, lacrimal
fluids,...• transmission:
• exact route unknown so far, fecal-oral route assumed• Virus seems to be transmitted slowly and by close contact from
bird to bird• vertical route (transovarial) assumed, but probably not very
efficient• time to seroconversion and virus shedding unknow
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Fact sheet – Proventricular Dilatation Disease and avian bornavirus
4. Clinical signs• incubation time variable, from about 2 weeks (chicks) to several
years• gastro-intestinal and neurological symptoms
• regurgitation, enteritis, shedding of undigested feed, emaciation
• ataxia, seizures, tremors of head or wings• ocular manifestations
• chorioretinitis• pathogenesis not fully understood, immuno-pathological
processes assumed
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Fact sheet – Proventricular Dilatation Disease and avian bornavirus
5. Diagnosis• clinical symptoms• radiographs: dilated proventriculus• in the past: crop biopsies • Virus detection:
• virus DNA using RT-PCR and RT-Realtime-PCR (multiple assays because of genetic heterogeneity)
• antibodies: ELISA, indirect immunofluorescence assay, Western Blot
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Fact sheet – Proventricular Dilatation Disease and avian bornavirus
6. Control (treatment and prevention)• no etiological treatment available• no vaccine available• infected birds: easily digestible feed (pellets), anti-inflammatory
treatment (celecoxib)• separation of infected birds• quarantine, testing of birds to be introduced into the flock
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Fact sheet – avian influenza
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Fact sheet – avian influenza
5. Diagnosis• clinical symptoms• diagnostic cascade:
• Realtime PCR for Influenza A virus using combined choanal/cloacal swab or tissues of dead animals
• if positive: realtime PCR for H5 and H7 hemagglutinin type (and for N1)
• H5 and H7: realtime PCR or PCR + sequencing for genetic markers related to high pathogeneity
• confirmation of high pathogeneity by biological test using spf-chickens and cultured virus
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Fact sheet – avian influenza
3. Epidemiology:• Broad host range: many bird species are susceptible
• But: many strains of AIV with certain degree of host specificity• Water fowl as reservoirs: in general subclinical infections
• Transmission.• Virus shedding via respiratory tract, conjunctiva, feces• Virus intake aerogen or oral• Direct or indirect (over long distances)
• Incubation time• Depending on virus type, infection dose, host factors (species
and age)• Few hours to 6-12 days
• Course peracute (chicken, turkeys) to asymptomatic (waterfowl)
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Pandemic
• Avian influenza viruses: use other cell receptors than human influenza viruses• Pig: mixture of differing receptors• Emergence of new influenza viruses with differing host range or pathogenicity
• genetic shift (reassortment, mix of genomic segments of different „parent viruses“ in the new virus
• Antigenic drift: point mutation in genome leading to a change in antigen structure
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Fact sheet – avian influenza
4. Clinical signs caused by highly pathogenic strains• Sudden death (mortality - 100 %)• Severe apathy• Drop in egg production• Head edema• cyanoses of head and • Respiratory signs• Diarrhea• Neurological signs
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Fact sheet – avian influenza
5. Diagnosis• clinical symptoms• diagnostic cascade:
• Realtime PCR for Influenza A virus using combined choanal/cloacal swab or tissues of dead animals
• if positive: realtime PCR for H5 and H7 hemagglutinin type (and for N1)
• H5 and H7: realtime PCR or PCR + sequencing for genetic markers related to high pathogenicity
• confirmation of high pathogenicity by biological test using spf-chickens and cultured virus
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Fact sheet – avian influenza
6. Control (treatment and prevention)• no etiological treatment available• vaccination prohibited in Europe• culling of infected birds • actions to prevent further distribution of pathogen• general measurements for prevention of infection:
• biosecurity • keeping poultry indoors• no contact with wild birds (especially waterbirds)
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Fact sheet – avian influenza
6. Control (treatment and prevention)• no etiological treatment available• vaccination prohibited• culling of infected birds • actions to prevent further distribution of pathogen• general measurements for prevention of infection:
• biosecurity • keeping poultry indoors• no contact with wild birds (especially waterbirds)
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Rinder et al. 2014: ORT bei Masthähnchen. Fortbildung Hähnchenaufzucht – Brüterei Süd – Bogen, Gankhofen, Pfahlheim
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