nur ariesman salleh fyp
TRANSCRIPT
-
7/31/2019 Nur Ariesman Salleh Fyp
1/30
EFFECT OF THERMOMECHANICAL
DENSIFICATION OF OIL PALM TRUNKLUMBER ON MECHANICAL
PROPERTIES
PRESENTED BY:
NUR AREISMAN BIN MOHD SALLEH
2009606102
SUPERVISOR:
DR. KAMARULZAMAN NORDIN
-
7/31/2019 Nur Ariesman Salleh Fyp
2/30
-
7/31/2019 Nur Ariesman Salleh Fyp
3/30
PROBLEM STATEMENT Disposal of Oil Palm Trunk lead to environmental issues.
Normally, the oil palm trunks are left to rot or are burnt in the field. However,
due to high moisture content, the oil palm trunk is not easily burnt.
Practice of disposing oil palm by burning is now considered unacceptable
because it contribute to the air pollution and affects the environment.
Shortage of raw material based from natural resources.
demand for raw material from forest resources increasing dramatically.
cost of raw material based from forest resources also increase rapidly.
-
7/31/2019 Nur Ariesman Salleh Fyp
4/30
JUSTIFICATION Abundance resources of Oil Palm Trunk.
Continuous supply of raw material (oil palm trunk).
No chemical usage which is environmental friendly.
Reduced cost of raw material based from natural
resources.
-
7/31/2019 Nur Ariesman Salleh Fyp
5/30
OBJECTIVE OF STUDY To determine the mechanical (flexural and tension) and
physical (density) properties after densification by hot press.
To compare the mechanical (flexural and tension) and physical
(density) between densified oil palm trunk and basic strength of
oil palm trunk.
-
7/31/2019 Nur Ariesman Salleh Fyp
6/30
METHODOLOGY
Cut intosample(press)
DryingThermo
mechanicalpress
Cut intosample(test)
Mechanical andPhysicalTesting
results
-
7/31/2019 Nur Ariesman Salleh Fyp
7/30
METHODOLOGY: SAMPLE SIZE Cut into sample size for hot press process
20 mm
300mm
30 mm
-
7/31/2019 Nur Ariesman Salleh Fyp
8/30
METHODOLOGY: SAMPLE SIZE Cut into sample size for testing:
Static Bending Test
20 mm
300mm
20 mm
-
7/31/2019 Nur Ariesman Salleh Fyp
9/30
METHODOLOGY: SAMPLE SIZE Cut into sample size for testing:
Tensile Test
-
7/31/2019 Nur Ariesman Salleh Fyp
10/30
METHODOLOGY: DRYING Oil palm trunk in the form of board 30 mm x 20 mm x 300 mm will be
dry in Kiln Dry.
The drying continue until the moisture content stable which is around
15.75% (Ho et al. 1985).
The time taken for the sample achieving the suitable moisture content
(15.75 %) is around 60 days. After that the sample is ready for
densification process.
-
7/31/2019 Nur Ariesman Salleh Fyp
11/30
METHODOLOGY:
THERMOMECHANICAL PRESS1. Timbers were loaded into the thermo mechanical
press with an average platen temperature of 80C.
2. At the same time, stopper which is made from
hardwood is place into the thermo mechanical press.
3. The thickness of stopper is 20 mm to prevent excessive
thickness reduction for oil palm trunk.
-
7/31/2019 Nur Ariesman Salleh Fyp
12/30
METHODOLOGY:
THERMOMECHANICAL PRESS4. The first 5 minute, the Platen pressure (175 kPa) was
applied at the surface of the timber for preheat. After 5
minute, the platen pressure were press to the finalnominal thickness of 20 mm within a 30 minute period.
5. After the densification process, the timber lengths were held in a
restraint press whilst conditioning of the timber sample
occurred.
6. The same step are repeated but with different platen temperature
of 165C.
-
7/31/2019 Nur Ariesman Salleh Fyp
13/30
METHODOLOGY:
PHYSICAL TESTING. Density Comparison
1. Mass, volume of the timber before going through densification process
is taken.
2. After densification process, the mass, volume of the timber is taken again
to compare the change in density.
3. Density= mass (g)/volume (mm3).
4. By using this equation, the density before and after the densification
process is compared.
-
7/31/2019 Nur Ariesman Salleh Fyp
14/30
METHODOLOGY:
MECHANICAL TESTING. Tension Testing.
1. Methods of testing small clear specimens of timber, British Standard (BS
373:1957).
2. Tension parallel to the grain. The form anddimensions of the test piece used
in one method for determining the tension parallel to grain strength shall be
as illustrated in Figure 2.
3. The test piece shall be so orientated that the direction of the annual rings at
the cubical section is perpendicular to the greater cross-sectional
dimensions. The actual dimensions at the minimum cross-section shall be
measured.
-
7/31/2019 Nur Ariesman Salleh Fyp
15/30
METHODOLOGY:
MECHANICAL TESTING. Tension Testing.
4. The load shall be applied to the 2 cm face of the ends
of the test piece by special toothed plate grips which
are forced into the wood before the test piece
commenced These grips shall be designed so as to
give axial load. The load shall be applied to the test
piece at a constant head speed of 0.05 in./min.
-
7/31/2019 Nur Ariesman Salleh Fyp
16/30
METHODOLOGY:
MECHANICAL TESTING.Equation for calculating tensile stress as shown below
Tensile stress at limit of proportionality:
=P/A (lb/sq2)
where
A= Minimum area of cross-section of test length.
L = Gauge length in inches between extensometer points.
P= Load in pounds at limit of proportionality.
P = Maximum load in pounds.
=Extension in inches at limit of proportionality.
-
7/31/2019 Nur Ariesman Salleh Fyp
17/30
METHODOLOGY:
MECHANICAL TESTING. Flexural Testing
1. Methods of testing small clear specimens of timber,
British Standard (BS 373:1957).
2. The static bending test carried out by central loading
method.3. The dimensions of the central loading test piece are 2
cm by 2 cm by 30 cm.
-
7/31/2019 Nur Ariesman Salleh Fyp
18/30
METHODOLOGY:
MECHANICAL TESTING. Flexural Testing
4. In the central loading method the distance between
the points of support of the test piece is 28 cm,
according to the standard used, and the loading
heads shall move at a constant speed of 0.26 in/min.
-
7/31/2019 Nur Ariesman Salleh Fyp
19/30
METHODOLOGY:
MECHANICAL TESTING. Flexural Testing
Equation to determine the Modulus of Elasticity and Modulus of Rupture:
MOE= PL2/4 bh2
MOR= 3PL/2bh2
Where:
P = Maximum load in pounds.
P= Load in pounds at limit of proportionality.
=Deflection in inches at mid length at limit ofproportionality.
b = Breadth in millimeters
h = Depth in millimeters
-
7/31/2019 Nur Ariesman Salleh Fyp
20/30
STATISTICAL ANALYSIS Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS)
Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) will be used in the
data analysis. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) and multiple
comparisons-tests will be conducted to analyze the data calculated
and to determine the significant effects of densified oil palm trunk
using thermo mechanical press with different temperature applied
on tension, flexural and density changes..
-
7/31/2019 Nur Ariesman Salleh Fyp
21/30
EXPERIMENTAL DESIGNOil Palm Trunk(Elaeis guineensis)
Core Region atHeight 1m-3m
Cut into sample.
Densification(80 C, 175 kPs)
Mechanicalproperties
(flexural andTension)
Physical
Properties
(Density)
Densification(165C, 175 kPs)
Mechanicalproperties
(flexural andTension)
Physical
Properties
(Density)
Kiln-Dry
Mechanicalproperties
(flexural andTension)
Physical
Properties
(Density)
-
7/31/2019 Nur Ariesman Salleh Fyp
22/30
RESULT CHANGE IN DENSITY
MECHANICAL TESTING
Static Bending Test
Tensile Test
-
7/31/2019 Nur Ariesman Salleh Fyp
23/30
Density change in sample for Static
Bending Test (kg/m3
)-average
254.8
213.46
341.98313.68
0
50
100
150
200250
300
350
400
80C 165C
Density(kg/mm3)
Temperature (C)
Before TMD After TMD
-
7/31/2019 Nur Ariesman Salleh Fyp
24/30
Density change in sample for
Tension Test (kg/m3
) average
204.3
253.52
335.26303.76
0
50
100
150
200250
300
350
400
80 C 165 C
Density(kg/mm3)
Temperature (C)
Before TDM After TDM
-
7/31/2019 Nur Ariesman Salleh Fyp
25/30
Static Bending Test Modulus of Elasticity
249.95294.67
378.38
050
100
150
200
250300
350
400
Kiln Dry 80C 165C
MOE(N/mm2)
Temperature (C)
Kiln Dry 80C 165C
-
7/31/2019 Nur Ariesman Salleh Fyp
26/30
Static Bending Test Modulus of Rupture
17.46
24.65 24.26
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
Kiln Dry 80C 165C
M
OR(N/mm2)
Temperature (C)
Kiln Dry 80C 165C
-
7/31/2019 Nur Ariesman Salleh Fyp
27/30
Tensile Test
-
7/31/2019 Nur Ariesman Salleh Fyp
28/30
Tensile Test Tensile Stress
4.01
7.84
3.04
0
12
3
4
5
67
8
9
Kiln Dry 80C 165C
Ten
silestress(N/mm
2)
Temperature (C)
Kiln Dry 80C 165C
-
7/31/2019 Nur Ariesman Salleh Fyp
29/30
Conclusion Thermo Mechanical Densification process success to increase the
density of the oil palm trunk timber.
MOE value for sample press at different temperature are different. This is due to the percentage of lignin that melt inside the timber.
MOR value were quite similar between sample press at 80C and 165
C. This result occur partially due to high number of defects included
in the timber samples tested.
Shear strength also show the similar result. The sample press at 80C
and 165 C having only slightly difference value of shear strength.
-
7/31/2019 Nur Ariesman Salleh Fyp
30/30
REFERENCES S. C. Lim, K. S. Gan. No. 35, 2005. Characteristic and Utilization of Oil Palm Stem. Timber Bulletin
Technology (FRIM)
A.N Haslett. 1990. The Suitability of Oil Palm Trunk for Timber Uses. Journal of Tropical ForestScience 2 (3): 243-251.
Kamarudin Hassan, Anis Mokhtar, Choo Yuen May, Mohd Basri Wahid. 2007. Malaysian Palm OilBoard Information Series. MPOB TT No. 364.
Wan Asma Ibrahim, Abdul Razak Mohd Ali. 1990. The Effect of Chemical Treatment on theDimensional Stability of Oil Palm Stem and Rubber wood. Tropical Forest Science 3 (3): 291-298
R. Adlam. 2005. Thermomechanical Densification of Timber: Initial Investigation of the Potential of
Softwood Timber. Forest and Wood Products Research and Development Corporation.
Razak Wahab, Hashim W. Samsi, Azmy Mohamed, Othman Sulaiman. November, 2008. UtilizationPotential of 30Year-old Oil Palm Trunks Laminated Veneer Lumbers for Non-structural Purposes.Journal of Sustainable Development.
Peter Favot. Aug 1986. Process of Densifying the Less Dense Wood. US Patent Document