saxelovnebo mecnierebata ziebani #1 (70), 2017

saqarTvelos SoTa rusTavelis Teatrisa da

kinos saxelmwifo universiteti

Shota Rustaveli Theatre and Film

Georgian State University

saxelovnebo mecnierebaTa

Ziebani

#1 (70), 2017

ART SCIENCE STUDIES

gamomcemloba `kentavri~Tbilisi _ 2017

UDC(uak) 7(051.2) s-364

saqarTvelos SoTa rusTavelis Teatrisa da kinos saxelmwifo universiteti

saxelovnebo mecnierebaTa Ziebani #1 (70), 2017

saredaqcio sabWonato gengiurilela oCiaurinino sanadiraZegiorgi cqitiSvili

literaturuli

redaqtorebi

mariam iaSvilimarikamamacaSvili

dakabadonebaekaterineoqropiriZe

inglisuri teqstis

redaqtori

mariam

sxirtlaZe

gamomcemlobis

xelmZRvaneli

maka vasaZe

krebulisaTvis mowodebuli masala uzrunvelyofili unda iyos Sesabamisi samecniero aparatiT. Tan unda axldes monacemebi avtoris samecniero kvalifikaciis Sesaxeb qarTul da inglisur enebze, agreTve naSromis inglisurenovani reziume.

krebulis stamburi gamocema egzavneba sxvadasxva saerTaSoriso kvleviT centrs.

naSromebi mogvawodeT da cnobebisaTvis mogvmarTeT:0102, Tbilisi, daviT aRmaSeneblis gamziri #40, saqarTvelos SoTa rusTavelis Teatrisa da kinos saxelmwifo universiteti,II korpusi.

tel/faqsi: +995 (32) 2943728mob: +995 (77) 288 762 +995 (77) 288 750E-mail: [email protected]: www.tafu.edu.ge

Shota Rustaveli Theatre and Film Georgian State University

Art Science Studies #1 (70), 2017

Editorial GroupNATO GENGIURILELA OCHIAURININO SANADIRADZEGIORGI TSKITISHVILI

Literary EditorMARIAM IASHVILIMARIKA MAMATSASHVILI

Book BindingEKATERINE OKROPIRIDZE

The editor of English Text MARIAM SKHIRTLADZE

Head of Publishing HouseMAKA VASADZE

Materials supplied for the volume should be provided with corresponding scientific appliance. Paperwork concerning author~s academic qualification and summary of work should be attached in Georgian and English languages.

Printed version of the volume is sent out to various international research centers.

Works should be supplied under the following contact:0102, Tbilisi, Davit Agmashenebeli Avenue #40Shota Rustaveli Theatre and Film Georgian State UniversitySecond Block

Tel/Fax: +995 (32) 2943728Mob: +995 (77) 288 762 +995 (77) 288 750E-mail: [email protected]: www.tafu.edu.ge

4

sarCevi

Teatrmcodneoba

Tamar beriZeritmikis swavlebis winapirobebi

da Tanamedroveoba .............................................................12

nino daviTaSvilivsevolod meierholdis samsaxiobo

treningis mniSvneloba msaxiobis

aRzrdis procesSi ..............................................................22

nana mirianaSvilisugestiis dabali safexuris -

autogenuri wvrTnis teqnologia,

msaxiobTa fsiqo-fizikuri regulaciis

ganviTarebisTvis .................................................................32

TamTa cincaZesanaxaobis era da TviTreferirebis

inovaciuri teqnologiebi .......................................38

kinomcodneoba

daviT gujabiZezaza lomiZe„3 D stereoskopia“, rogorc scenuri

xelovnebis ekranuli adekvatis

Seqmnis teqnologia ...........................................................50

eliso erisTavi qarTuli moklemetraJiani

filmi ....................................................................................................59

paata iakaSviliukiduresi cenzuridan ukiduresi

Tavisuflebisaken ...............................................................67

giorgi razmaZemsjeloba kinosa da realobis

Sesaxeb ...............................................................................................81

giorgi RvalaZe23-dRiani ,,iZulebiTi Sinapatimroba~

sabWoeTis dedaqalaqSi .............................................92

5

xelovnebaTmcodneoba

irma doliZesamuzeumo arqiteqturis

TaviseburebaTa Sesaxeb ............................................102

qoreologia

xaTuna damCiZe Tamar mefis saxe qarTul xalxur

qoreografiaSi ......................................................................116

menejmenti

naira galaxvariZekuratoroba da misi Camoyalibebis

zogierTi aspeqti ............................................................134dilavardisa daviTulianisamTo saTxilamuro turizmis

ganviTareba saqarTveloSi .................................143

zurab zanguraSviliglobalizacia da saerTaSoriso

turizmis kulturuli garemo ........................155

nino sanadiraZeCreativity - kulturis sferos marTvisa da

warmoebis Taviseburebebi kulturis

resursebTan mimarTebaSi ....................................164

maia Rvinjiliaaramaterialuri kulturuli

memkvidreoba da turizmi

abreSumis gzaze ...................................................................171

malxaz RvinjiliaRvinis turizmi, agro da kulturuli

turizmis gzajvaredinze ........................................178dodo WumburiZemarTvis funqciebi da kulturis sferos

Taviseburebebi ....................................................................186

6

CONTENTS

THEATRE STUDIESTamar BeridzeTHE PREREQUISITE OF STUDYING RHYTHMIC AND THE CONTEMPORANEITY ..................................195Nino DavitashviliTHE IMPORTANCE OF THE ACTING TRAINING OF MEYERHOLD IN THE PROCESS OF UPBRINGING THE FUTURE ACTOR ....................................................196Nana MirianashviliMETHODICAL INSTILLATION OF TECHNIQUE ELEMENTS OF AUTO-GENETIC TRAINING FOR DEVELOPING AND SETTING UP THE PSYCHO-PHYSICAL REGULATIONS OF ACTORS ....................197Tamta TsintsadzeERA OF PERFORMANCE AND SELF-REFERRAL INNOVATIVE TECHNOLOGIES .....................................198

FILM STUDIESDavit (David) GujabidzeZaza Lomidze`3D STEREOSCOPY~ AS TECHNOLOGY OF CREATION OF A SCREEN EQUVALNT OF THEATRICAL ARTS ...................................................200Eliso EristaviGEORGIAN SHORT FILM ................................................201Paata IakashviliFROM EXTREME CENSOR TO EXTREME FREEDOM ......................................................202Giorgi Gvaladze23-DAY `COMPULSORY DOMESTIC ARREST~ IN THE CAPITAL OF THE SOVIET UNION ..................203Giorgi RazmadzeDISCOURSE ON THE CINEMA AND REALITY ..........205

7

ART STUDIESIrma Dolidze MEMORIAL MUSEUMS ABOUT FEATURES OF MUSEUM ARCHITECTURE .....................................206

COREOLOGYKhatuna DamchidzeQUEEN TAMAR’S CHARACTER IN GEORGIAN NATIONAL CHOREOGRAPHY ......................................207

MANAGEMENTNaira GalakhvaridzeTHE SUPERVISORY AND SOME ASPECTS OF ITS FORMATION .......................................................209Dilavardisa DavitulianiSKI AND MOUNTAIN RESORTS DEVELOPMENT IN GEORGIA ......................................210Zurab ZangurashviliGLOBALIZATION AND INTERNATIONAL CULTURALTOURISM ENVIRONMENT ...........................................212Nino SanadiradzeCREATIVITY - THE FEATURES OF CULTURE SPHERE MANAGEMENT AND PRODUCTION IN THE REGARDS OF CULTURE RESOURCES .........................212Maya GvinjiliaINTANGIBLE CULTURAL HERITAGE AND TOURISM ALONGSIDE THE SILK ROAD ......................................213Malkhaz GhvinjiliaTHE WINE TOURISM ON THE CROSSING WAY OF AGRO AND CULTURAL TOURISM .........................214Dodo TchumburidzeTHE FUNCTIONS OF MANAGEMENT AND FEATURES OF CULTURAL SPHERE ............................215

9

2016 wlis samecniero

konferenciis

Tavisufali Temebis

seqcia

11

Teatrmcodneoba

12

Tamar beriZe,saqarTvelos SoTa rusTavelis Teatrisa da

kinos saxelmwifo universitetis doqtoranti, xelmZRvaneli: prof. daviT kobaxiZe

ritmikis swavlebis winapirobebi

da Tanamedroveoba

sxvadasxva kulturebsa da xalxebSi, ritmul aRzrdas didi mniSvneloba eniWeboda. adamiani uxsovari droidan cdilobda amoecno da gaeazrebina ritmulobis fenomeni, romelic TavisTavad universaluria da samyaros mowesrigebulobisa da organizebulobis erT-erT sayrdens warmoadgens. adamianis azrovnebac ritmulia da droisa da sivrcis cvalebadobasac ritmis meSveobiT aRiqvams. xelovnebis nebismier dargs Tavisi specifikuri ritmi gaaCnia, romelic uSualod moqmedebs adamianis emociaze, ganwyobilebaze, cvlis mas Sinaganad da avlens mis damokidebulebas gare samyarosadmi. Semoqmedebis ritmi afarToebs adamianis warmodgenebs sakuTar Tavsa da mis SesaZleblobebze. jer kidev uZvelesi droidan moyolebuli, musikalur-ritmuli ganviTareba adamianis esTetikuri aRzrdis erT-erT ZiriTad elements warmoadgenda. ritmulobis idea universaluria antikuri kulturisTvisac, magram diferencirebuli formiT ukve Semdgom epoqebSi ganviTarda. TandaTan ritmis mniSvnelobac Seicvala.

ritmi xelovnebis ganuyofeli nawilia. xelovnebis ,,sivrcobriv~ saxeobebSi, rogorebicaa ferwera, grafika, qandakeba, arqiteqtura, gamoyenebiTi da dekoratiuli xelovneba _ ritmi kompoziciis

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erT-erTi umniSvnelovanesi gamomsaxvelobiTi saSualebaa. ritmiT igeba gamosaxuleba, eZleva mas forma. misi meSveobiT xazebi/Strixebi, ferTa Sexameba, sinaTlisa da Crdilis TamaSi, moculobebis kontrastebi gadmoscemen mxatvruli nawarmoebis Sinaarss da mateben mas emociurobas. xelovnebis ,,droiT~ saxeobebSi (mag., musikaSi), ritmi asrulebs mTavar rols. xmovaneba – musikaluri xelovnebis erTaderTi gamomsaxvelobiTi formaa. ritmulad araorganizebuli xmovaneba ki ver Seqmnis musikas. swored amiT aris ganpirobebuli ritmis ganmsazRvreli mniSvneloba musikaSi. ritmi aerTianebs da awesrigebs drosa da sivrces sasceno xelovnebaSi (mag., qoreografia, drama). droisa da sivrcis scenuri cvalebadoba yovelTvis eqvemdebareba garkveul ritms da gamomdinareobs misgan. mayureblis mier scenuri moqmedebis aRqmac ritmulobas emyareba.

`ritmi – es aris sulisa da sxeulis sruli SeTanxmeba, maTi harmoniuli Serwyma, rac ritmis bunebrivi fsiqofizikuri Tvisebaa~.1 `ritmi _ drois iseTi dayofaa, romelsac aRviqvamT smeniT, da drois iseTi SualedebiT ganisazRvreba, romelTa mxedvelobiTi aRqma emyareba sivrcobriv cvalebadobas~.2 sasceno xelovnebaSi mxatvruli nawarmoebi ibadeba mayureblis Tvalwin da es SemoqmedebiTi procesi mudmivad meordeba.

musikalur-ritmuli aRzrdis Tanamedrove gageba eyrdnoba emil Jak-dalkrozis Seqmnil sistemas. dalkrozis meTodis saxelmZRvanelo principia musikis mTlianobis, musikis emocionaluri

1 Шторк К., Система Далькроза, Перев. с немецк. Р. Варшавской и Н. Левинской, под ред. и с предисл. П. П. Гайдебурова. 1924, ст. 46.2 Волконский С. М., Художественные отклики, Москва, 1912, cт. 6.

14

aRqmis ganviTareba, musikisa da moZraobis mWidro urTierTkavSiri.1 dalkrozma SeimuSava musikalur-ritmuli aRzrdis meTodi _ ritmuli tanvarjiSi (ritmika), romelic efuZneba ritmis grZnobis, yuradRebisa da mexsierebis, sxeulis koordinaciis ganviTarebas, nervuli sistemisa da kunTebis organizebul, mwyobr moqmedebas, rac xels uwyobs rTuli moZraobebis avtomatizirebas. dalkrozi pirveli iyo, vinc miiswrafvoda Tavisi sistemis meSveobiT aRezarda iseTi msaxiobi, romelic praqtikaSi daeufleboda zemoaRniSnul unar-Cvevebs daDTavis ostatobas, am xerxebiT srulyofilebamde miiyvanda.

ritmikis Sesaxeb mravali naSromia dawerili (e. Jak-dalkrozi, s.m. volkonski, n.g. aleqsandrova, n.p. zbrueva, i.e. koxi, g.mehlingi, k.meineli, r.a. mileri, v.a. grineri, i.v. lifici da sxvaTa avtorobiT), magram ritmis kvleva dRemde ar kargavs Tavis aqtualobas. amitom aris ase mniSvnelovani, arsebuli kvlevebis SedarebiTi analizis safuZvelze, siRrmiseulad gavaanalizoT Cvens praqtikaSi aprobirebuli msaxiobis musikalur-ritmuli aRzrdis modeli da samomavlo perspeqtivaSi ganvsazRvroT swavlebis axali meTodologiebis danergvis SesaZleblobebi.

xelovnebis sinTezuri formebis popularizaciam Secvala sazogadoebis warmodgenebi da esTetikuri zemoqmedeba moaxdina adamianze. adamianis Sinagani kulturisa da msoflaRqmis gafarToebasTan erTad, viTardeba misi ritmulobis SegrZneba da ritmuli gamomsaxvelobiTi saSualebebi. xelovnebis dargebis sinTezma, wina planze gamoitana sanaxaobrivi formebi, es obieqturad aisaxa sasceno xelovnebazec. scenuri moqmedebis

1 Лифиц И. В., Ритмика, Москва, 1999, ст. 6.

Tamar beriZe

15

mTel procesSi msaxiobis ritmuli datvirTva, gamoxatuli saxesxvaobrivi ritmuli monaxazebiT, unda uzrunvelyofdes msaxiobis uwyvet kavSirs rogorc erTmaneTTan, aseve mayurebelTan. am uwyveti kavSiris misaRwevad, Tanamedrove sinTezuri Teatris moTxovnebidan gamomdinare, msaxiobi srulyofilad unda flobdes samsaxiobo teqnikas. swored samsaxiobo teqnikis Semadgeneli sabaziso nawilia momavali msaxiobis musikalur-ritmuli aRzrda.

,,ritmis grZnoba~ – ritmuloba, adamianis amoucnob meeqvse grZnobas ki ar warmoadgens, aramed, es aris adamianis bunebrivi unari _ SeigrZnos mTlianis calkeuli elementebis ritmuli Tanmimdevroba da Tanafardoba. momavali msaxiobis daostatebisaTvis, ritmuli aRzrda moicavs unarebis mTel kompleqss, romlis safuZvelSic devs xuTi ZiriTadi elementi, _ xuTi SegrZneba: drois, sivrcis, wonis, moculobis, kunTebis energiis. momaval msaxiobSi am xuTi ZiriTadi elementis ganviTareba Zalze mniSvnelovania. sasceno xelovnebaSi droisa da sivrcis ritmuli SeTanxmebebi mravalferovani da cvalebadia. amasTan, sasceno moqmedeba gansxvavdeba yofiTisagan _ student-msaxiobma unda gaiTavisos da fiziologiur doneze ganaviTaros SegrZnebis es sabazo elementebi, raTa scenuri moqmedebis dros, martivad auRos alRo droisa da sivrcis cvalebadobas.1

ritmikis swavlebis pedagogiuri meTodi iTvaliswinebs momavali msaxiobis aRzrdas, musikisa da moZraobis organuli SerwymiT.

1 Збруева Н., Ритмическое воспитание актера, Методическое пособие. М., 2003, cт. 8.

ritmikis swavlebis winapirobebi da Tanamedroveoba

16

,,musikalur da sasceno gamomsaxvelobas bevri saerTo aqvT da maTi sinTezi SesaZleblobas iZleva ufro Rrmad CavwvdeT rogorc musikaluri nawarmoebis Sinaarss, aseve sasceno moqmedebis Canafiqrs. am ori saxesxvaobriobis arsobriv msgavsebebze dakvirvebiT da maTi urTierTSerwymiT ufro kargad gavacnobierebT, Tu rogoria scenuri ritmi~.1

musikaluri ritmi ganisazRvreba, rogorc musikaluri elementebis mwyobri droiTi Tanmimdevroba, romlis ritmuli ganviTareba xorcieldeba musikaluri metris meSveobiT. ritmuli erTeulis xangrZlivoba ki ganpirobebulia tempiT. musikaluri ritmis xmovaneba mkveTrad dafiqsirebulia da musikaluri ritmikac mdidar masalas gvaZlevs. musikis roli umniSvnelovanesia msaxiobSi ritmulobis grZnobis ganviTarebisaTvis. rac Seexeba moZraobas _ is ritmuli aRzrdis gansxvavebul racionalur saSualebas warmoadgens. moZraoba SesaZleblobas iZleva msaxiobma gamoavlinos ritmulobis yvela ZiriTadi elementi. moZraobisas adamiani uciloblad iTvaliswinebs droisa da sivrcis kanonzomierebebs. aqedan gamomdinare SeigrZnobs sxeulis wonasa da moculobas da, Sesabamisad, anawilebs kunTebis energias. scenuri moqmedebis musikalur-ritmuli mTlianoba, droiTi da sivrcobrivi ritmis sinqronulobiTaa ganpirobebuli.

ritmika, rogorc sasceno xelovnebis disciplinaTa kompleqsSi Semavali erT-erTi ZiriTadi rgoli, msaxiobis musikalur-ritmuli aRzrdisaTvis iyenebs musikisa da moZraobis SeTanxmebis sxvadasxva xerxs. musika qmnis ganwyobas,

1 Гринер В.А., Ритм в искусстве актёра, Москва, 1966, cт.4.

Tamar beriZe

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romlis safuZvelzec SeiZleba aigos konkretuli moZraoba. magaliTad, SeiZleba avagoT moZraoba mxolod erTi musikaluri frazis gamoyenebiT – mkveTrad gamoxatuli taqtebisa da zomis mixedviT. an aviRoT mTlianad musikaluri nawarmoebi, sadac gaTvaliswinebuli iqneba misi melodiuroba, tempi, ritmi, harmonia da amis safuZvelze SevqmnaT Sesatyvisi moZraobebi. ritmuli savarjiSoebis agebisas orive principi gamoiyeneba. ritmikis swavlebis praqtikaSi aprobirebulia moqmedebis ageba kontrastis principze, roca erTi mxriv, Sinaarsi, ritmi, musikis dinamika da meore mxriv _ moZraoba winaaRmdegobaSia erTmaneTTan. arsebobs saxesxvaobrivi xerxebi, magram mTavaria musikisa da moZraobis SeTanxmebisas gaviTvaliswinoT am ori msgavsi, magram damoukidebeli saxeobis specifikuri kanonzomierebebi. maSin maTi SeTanxmeba yovelTvis iqneba organuli – ese igi, ritmuli.

,,msaxiobs unda gaaCndes gardasaxvis unari, magram amisaTvis igi kargad unda flobdes sakuTar sxeuls da icodes sasceno moZraobis kanonebi~.1

scenuri moqmedebis emociuri datvirTvis gadmosacemad mniSvnelovania momaval msaxiobSi ritmul-plastikuri unarebis gaxsna da ganviTareba. ,,msaxiobi unda grZnobdes Sinagan ritms, romelic ibadeba mis cnobierebaSi da warmarTavs sxeuls axali moqmedebisaken: dawyeba, aCqareba, Seneleba, dasruleba; axdens moqmedebis organizebas drosa da sivrceSi. ritmikis swavlebis erT-erTi ZiriTadi amocanaa students gamoumuSaos reaqciis siswrafe da ritmuli gadarTvebis meqanizmebi~.2 1 Кох И., Основы сценического движения, cт. 6. chttp://royallib.com/book/koh_i/osnovi_stsenicheskogo_dvigeniya.html2 Гиппиус С. В., Треининг развития креативности, Гимнастика чувств, Санкт-Петербург, 2001, cт., 141.


18

ritmikis savarjiSoebis agebis xerxebi da principebi gamomdinareobs musikalur-ritmuli aRzrdis specifikidan. rTulia Seqmna iseTi ,,ritmuli savarjiSoebis kompleqsi~, romelic yvela mocemul SemTxvevas moergeba. ritmuli unarebis ganviTarebis meTodika imdenad mravalferovania da saxesxvaobriv savarjiSo masalebs moicavs, rom maTi kanonikur CarCoSi moqceva gaaRaribebs ritmuli aRzrdis SemoqmedebiT SesaZleblobebs. amasTan, konkretuli savarjiSos forma da Sinaarsi damokidebulia auditoriis xarisxobriv da ricxobriv maCveneblebze, musikaze, darbazis sivrcobriv mocemulobaze da, rac mTavaria, ritmikis pedagogis SemoqmedebiT midgomebsa da improvizaciebze, savarjiSos agebisas. es niSnavs, rom arsebobs mTeli rigi obieqturi garemoebebi, romelTac winaswar ver gansazRvrav. imisaTvis, rom studentebs ganuviTardeT ritmuli unar-Cvevebi, maT unda davusaxoT garkveuli amocanebi. SevuqmnaT axali da iseTi moulodneli pirobebi, sadac garkveuli moqmedebis Sesrulebisas, iZulebuli iqnebian dagegmon da gaTvalon TavianTi moZraobebi. yoveli ritmuli savarjiSos Sesrulebas aqvs konkretuli mizani. pedagogi ki valdebulia studentebisaTvis savarjiSos saxiT aagos iseTi ritmuli monaxazi (moZraobiTa da musikis daxmarebiT), romliTac Seqmnis yvelaze optimalur da racionalur pirobebs momavali msaxiobis musikalur-ritmuli aRzrdisaTvis. ritmikis saswavlo disciplina, aseve moicavs garkveul Teoriul masalas – es aucilebelia praqtikis ufro gacnobierebulad da siRrmiseulad dauflebisaTvis.

sasceno xelovnebaSi erTmaneTis ganuyofeli

Tamar beriZe

19

nawilia ritmika, sasceno moZraoba da metyveleba, romlebic garkveul logikur konteqstSi Tanaarseboben. momavali msaxiobis aRzrda unda daefuZnos ritmikis, sasceno moZraobisa da metyvelebis interdisciplinur swavlebas. ritmisa da tempis grZnoba momaval msaxiobSi viTardeba ritmikis mecadineobebze. ritmika, romelic aRzrdis meTodur safuZvlad iyenebs musikasa da moZraobas, mWidro kavSirSia aseve tanvarjiSis, cekvis da, zogadad, musikalur aRzrdasTan dakavSirebul disciplinebTan, rac yvelaze mniSvnelovania _ samsaxiobo ostatobasTan. student-msaxiobSi am disciplinebis Seswavlis safuZvelze gamomuSavebuli unar-Cvevebi is fundamentia, romlis gareSec reJisor-pedagogs gauWirdeba samsaxiobo ostatobis swavleba da momavali msaxiobis srulyofili aRzrda, studentebTan muSaobisas sxvadasxva saxis SemoqmedebiTi amocanebis dasaxva da gadawyveta.

momavali msaxiobis musikalur-ritmuli aRzrdisaTvis aucilebelia jgufuri praqtikuli mecadineobebi musikis TeoriaSi, individualuri mecadineobebi vokalSi. msaxiobs safuZvliani warmodgena unda hqondes musikis organizaciis formebsa da musikalur-gamomsaxvelobiT saSualebebze (melodia, harmonia, ritmi, metri). man unda gamoimuSaos intonaciur-ritmuli vokaluri unarebi _ speqtaklSi solo da ansambluri nomrebis Sesasruleblad. mniSvnelovania sxvadasxva stilisa da Janrobrivi mimarTulebebis saxeobriv-plastikuri formebis codna da maTi praqtikaSi floba. SemoqmedebiTi muSaoba, TviTgamoxatvis da axali gamomsaxvelobiTi formebis Ziebis procesia. momavali msaxiobi ar unda daeyrdnos mxolod


20

saswavlo process – mniSvnelovani da aucilebelia misi damoukidebeli Sinagani swrafva samsaxiobo teqnikis srulyofisaken.

,,axalgazrdobam, romelTac surT sakuTari cxovreba miuZRvnan msaxiobis profesias, Rrmad unda gaiTavison ritmis mniSvneloba dramatul scenaze. musikalur-ritmuli aRzrdis saboloo mizani mdgomareobs imaSi, rom nebismier dros, JRers scenaze musika Tu ara, msaxiobma unda SeZlos da ipovos saWiro ritmi~.1

ritmis gamomsaxvelobiT aspeqts qmnis xmovanebisa da moZraobis elementebis Tanmimdevruli sixSire, xolo ritmis SemoqmedebiT aspeqts – xelovnebis nawarmoebis struqturul-qronologiuri wyoba da kompoziciaSi mxatvruli SeTanxmeba. msaxiobis moqmedeba scenaze damajerebelia mxolod maSin, rodesac misi Sinagani ritmi Tanmdevia mis moZraobasTan da qmedebasTan, zustad gadmoscems teqstualur masalas da sinTezSia ritmul gamomsaxvelobasTan. ritms moaqvs gancda da grZnoba. Sedegad, mTeli scena naTamaSebia da savsea sulieri SinaarsiT.

1 В.А. Гринер, Ритм в исскустве актёра, Издательство «Просвещение», Москва, 1966, cт. 4

Tamar beriZe

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gamoyenebuli literatura:

Шторк К., Система Далькроза, Перев. с немецк. • Р. Варшавской и Н. Левинской, под ред. и с предисл. П. П. Гайдебурова, Петроград, 1924.Волконский С. М., Художественные отклики,• Москва, 1912.Збруева Н., Ритмическое воспитание актера: • Методическое пособие, М., 2003.Гринер В.А., Ритм в исскустве актёра, М., 1966• .Кох И. Основы сценического движения http://royallib.• com/book/koh_i/osnovi_stsenicheskogo_dvigeniya.htmlГиппиус С. В., Треининг развития креативности. • Гимнастика чуств, 2001. Лифиц И. В., Ритмика, М., 1999. •


22

nino daviTaSvili,saqarTvelos SoTa rusTavelis Teatrisa da

kinos saxelmwifo universitetis doqtoranti xelmZRvaneli: prof. daviT kobaxiZe

vsevolod meierholdis

samsaxiobo treningis mniSvneloba

msaxiobis aRzrdis procesSi

SesaZlebelia Tu ara studentma treningis gareSe SeZlos msaxiobis ostatobis safuZvlianad aTviseba da saWiro profesiuli unar Cvevebis daufleba?

momavali msaxiobisTvis treningi ara Tu saWiroa, aramed aucilebelia, radgan rac metadaa gamovlenili niWi, miT ufro iltvis srulyofisken, Sinagani Tu garegani teqnikis gaumjobesebisken, profesiuli ostatobis amaRlebisken.

vaso abaSiZe werda: ,,...uswavlels da moumzadebels kacs, rac unda didi niWis patroni iyos, uqmad Cauvlis niWi; imisi niWi warmoadgens mxolod karg masalas mSvenieris saxlis asagebad, magram marto masalidan ra gamova, Tuki saxlis aSenebas ver moaxerxeb~.1

studentis profesiuli daostatebis procesSi, samsaxiobo treningis mniSvnelobaze, konstantin stanislavski wignis ,,msaxiobis muSaoba Tavis Tavze~ danarTSi _ ,,treningi da wvrTna~ wers: ,,...dRes isev daniSnulia sami naxevar-saaTiani ,,wvrTnebi da treningebi~ simRerebisa da cekvebisaTvis, SualedebSi SesvenebebiT. Zveli savarjiSoebis gameorebisas vigrZeni, rom Cemi warmosaxva da

1 aleqsiZe d., msaxiobis aRzrdis sakiTxisaTvis, Tbilisi, 1956, gv. 10.

23

yuradReba ufro damyoli da damjeri xdeba~.1 dRes, Tanamedrove msaxiobis gawvrTna-

Camoyalibeba ZiriTadad stanislavskis sistemis mixedviT xdeba, misi moZRvrebis intensiuri, praqtikuli savarjiSoebiT.Mmagram, studentTa SesaZleblobebis ganviTareba-srulqmnisaTvis, vfiqrob, agreTve sasurvelia gamoiyenebodes stanislavskis moswavlis, vsevolod meierholdis mier msaxiobis aRzrdisaTvis SemuSavebuli pedagogiuri meTodebi. kerZod, treningebi, romelTa axleburad gaazreba, interpretacia-ganviTareba, sinTezi da transformirebuli saxiT misi gamoyeneba msaxiobis ostatobis gakveTilebze, ganusazRvrel SesaZleblobebs mianiWebs students; rogorc mixail Cexovi ityoda _ `momavlis msaxiobis~ profesiuli ostatobis CamoyalibebaSi.

samsaxiobo ostatobis dauflebis gakveTilebze viTvaliswinebT TiToeuli studentis individualur SesaZleblobebs. am disciplinis daufleba niSnavs imas, rom maT, yovelgvari Zaldatanebis gareSe, SeZlon TavianTi emociuri mdgomareobis Secvla, _ gamoiwvion emociebi rogorc sakuTar TavSi, aseve garSemomyofebSi; gamoimuSaon unari _ gauZlon da sakuTar Tavze aiRon didi fsiqikuri datvirTvebi. rogorc vsevolod meierholdi werda: ,,...msaxiobma ise unda gaavarjiSos sakuTari masala – sxeuli, rom myisierad SeZlos garedan miRebuli (msaxiobis, reJisoris) davalebis Sesruleba~.2

vsevolod meierholdis ,,biomeqanika~ treningzea damyarebuli. arsebobs mosazreba, rom ,,biomeqanika~

1 Станиславский К.С., Работа над собой в творческом процессе воплощения, часть 2., Москва, 1990, Ст. 383.2 Мейерхольд В. Э., Статьи, письма, речи, беседы, Часть 2, Москва, 1968, с.488.

24

TiTqos warsuli sityvaa Teatris istoriaSi, _ mxolod Teatrmcodneebs unda ainteresebdeT, da ara praqtikosebs. marTalia, ,,biomeqanika~ meierholdma Tavisi msaxiobebisTvis da TeatrisTvis Seqmna, magram mcdaria azri imis Sesaxeb, rom sxva Teatrebi mas ar iRebdnen. ,,...meierholdis xelovneba efuZneba samsaxiobo trenaJis sistemis specifikur gagebas _ scenur moqmedebebSi msaxiobis monawileobis garkveul xerxebs, Tavisi msaxiobis momzadebis Segnebul meTodikas~.1

Teatris istoria ar uaryofs im faqts, rom ,,ГОСТИМ”-is daxurvis Semdeg, meierholdis msaxiobebi (i. ilinski, m. Jarovi, g. martinsoni, e. garini, m. babanova, i. sverdlini, n.oxlopkovi) sxva TeatrebSi moRvaweobisas aRiarebdnen ,,biomeqanikuri~ treningebis aucileblobas da cnobilni iyvnen rogorc ,,biomeqanikis~ mimdevrebi. `...meierholdi msaxiobs damoukidebel mdgomareobaSi ayenebda, rogorc samsaxiobo ostatobis mTeli teqnologiebiT aRWurvil Tavisufal Semoqmeds,Dda Tavis muSaobaSic da sxvebis swavlebisas, is srulyofil rolSi mTeli Tavisi simdidriT gamovlenil msaxiobze ocnebobda...~.2M

meierholdis moswavleebi rolis garegani Taviseburebebis Seqmnis codnas warmoaCendnen. maTi yoveli moZraoba, Tundac minimaluri, sruldeboda ,,biomeqanikis~ principebis Tanaxmad.mozomili, sagangebod SerCeuli Jestebis meSveobiT, isini zemoqmedebas axdendnen mayurebelze.Ees meierholdiseuli principi iyo, moqmedebis ,,Sinagani sarke~. ,,meierholdma, rogorc maswavlebelma, Zalian

1 Марков П. А., ,,О театре’’, в 4 –х т., Москва, 1976, Ст., 347.2 «Встречи с Мейерхольдом», «Всеросийсское театральное общество», Москва, 1967, ст. 117.

nino daviTaSvili

25

bevri mogvca. gasaTvaliswinebelia isic, rom Cveni maswavlebeli mudmiv ZiebaSi iyo, ar cnobda da ar aRiarebda standartul programebs~.1

meierholdis ,,biomeqanikis~ ganxilvisas, aucilebelia erTmaneTisgan gamovacalkevoT ,,biomeqanika~, rogorc trenaJi da ,,biomeqanika~, rogorc _ TamaSis sistema. isini urTierTkavSirSia imdenad, ramdenadac ,,biomeqanikuri~ treningi amzadebs msaxiobs ,,biomeqanikur~ sistemaSi saTamaSod. G

gamoadgeba Tu ara momaval msaxiobs ,,biomeqanikur~ trenaJebze adaptirebuli treningebi, romlebic sxeulis moZraobis SesaZleblobebis Seswavlas iTvaliswinebs, momavalSi scenaze gamoyenebis saWiroebisTvis? xom ar gamoiwvevs es e.w. ,,Stamps~? _ vfiqrob, rom ara. treningebi xsnis daZabulobas, SeboWvas, axalisebs da aTavisuflebs sxeuls da rac mTavaria, Tavidan icilebs yovelgvar ,,Stamps~ da kliSes.

davakvirdeT meierholdis treningebis kinoqronikas: erTi SexedviT, isini TiTqos usicocxlo sqemebia, romlebic ar gamoadgeba students. es azri mcdaria, radgan Tu siRrmiseulad gavecnobiT meierholdis samsaxiobo daostatebis Teoriasa da praqtikas, naTeli gaxdeba, rom mxolod fizikur varjiSebTan ara gvaqvs saqme. meierholdi qmnida ra Tavis ,,biomeqanikas~, kargad uwyoda rasac eZebda. _ msaxiobs, romelic Tavisuflad Seasrulebs nebismier, rTul saSemsruleblo amocanas.M acxadebda rom: ,,msaxiobi idealuri instrumentia ,,sakuTar xelSi~.Mmsaxiobma TandaTan unda srulyos gamomsaxvelobiTi kultura sivrceSi, sakuTari

1 «Встречи с Мейерхольдом», «Всеросийсское театральное общество», Москва, 1967, ст.128.

vsevolod meierholdis samsaxiobo treningis mniSvneloba msaxiobis aRzrdis procesSi

26

sxeulis ganviTarebis SegrZnebiT.Bbraldebebs meierholdisadmi, rom biomeqanika zrdis ,,usulo~ msaxiobs grZnobisa da gancdis gareSe, msaxiob _ sportsmens da akrobats, _ ostati srulad uaryofda. da, samarTlianadac... igi amtkicebda, rom zustad moZebnili, damuSavebuli da myari garegnuli forma ,,karnaxobs~ saWiro grZnobebs, aRagznebs gancdebs.Arom gzis povna ,,sulSi~ – SesaZlebelia mxolod gansazRvruli fizikuri poziciiTa da mdgomareobiT~.1

Cveni muSaobis ZiriTad princips warmoadgens gamovikvlioT da gamoviyenoT meierholdis treningebi, gamovavlinoT maTi damaxasiaTebeli gansakuTrebuloba da mniSvneloba fsiqofizikuri, teqnologiuri da esTetikuri TvalsazrisiT. ganvsazRvroT mis mier aprobirebuli pedagogiuri moTxovnebi, romlebic man biomeqanikur princips dauqvemdebara:

- ganzraxva, Sesruleba, reaqcia.Tu muSaobs cxviris wveri, muSaobs mTeli -

sxeuli.treningis siuJeti: aucilebloba rTuli -

gamosavliT. meTodis Segnebuli aTviseba, kontroli.- koordinacia, masaSi Tavis povna, adaptireba, -

gaangariSeba, zusti Tvalzomva.simZimis centri, sruli simSvide, -

wonasworobis zusti povna.mdgomareobis da pozis maragi.- moZraobis cvalebadobis myisieri -

gacnobiereba.rezultati, Jesti.- koleqtiur treningebSi solistad yofnis -

daTrgunva.temperamentis dazogva, gadanawileba.-

1 Бутенко Э., Сценическое перевоплощение. Теориа и практика, Москва, 2004 – 2005г., с. 105-106.

nino daviTaSvili

27

zedapirulobis aRmofxvra.- zedmeti moZraobis dauSvebloba.- SemTxveviTobis gamoricxva.- emociaTa msubuqi punqtireba, afeTqebis -

warmoqmnis zusti moniSvna.sxeulis kontroli, SesaZleblobaTa -

diapazonis codna.sxeuli manqana, goneba memanqane...-

Tu kargad CavuRrmavdebiT da SeviswavliT msaxiobis aRzrdis meierholdiseul pedagogiur SemoTavazebebs, aRmovaCenT scenaze msaxiobis mier sakuTari Tavisa da sxeulis marTvis aucilebel, jer kidev saWiro, gamouyenebel masalas; aseve sivrcis flobis kanonebs; TamaSSi samsaxiobo ostatobis ,,arsenalis~ dozirebulad gamoyenebis unars; ,,teqnikuri saSualebebis~ dagrovebas da a.S. aqve aRmovaCenT energiis warmomqmnel meqanizms, adamianis organizmis aqtivobis pirvelad, sawyis dones, romelic ori procesis Sedegad warmoiqmneba: sxeulSi balansis darRveviT da xerxemlis (dagrexviT) daZabviT, rac biomeqanikuri principebis mixedviT, rogorc Sinagani, aseve garegani wonasworobis dacvaSi gamoixateba.

ra saxis treningebia saWiro Sinagani da garegani wonasworobis regulirebisaTvis?M

meierholdi biomeqanikur treningebs joxis gamoyenebiT iwyebs. joxiT muSaoba yovel moZraobaze mTeli sxeulis balansis cvlilebas moiTxovs. es pirveli nabijia organizmSi energiis warmoqmnisaTvis, anu tonusis warmoqmnisaTvis, rac xerxemlis daZabvas iwvevs. sawyis, mosamzadebel moZraobebs meierholdi uwodebda daqtils (leqsTa wyobis samnawiliani zoma, romlis pirveli marcvali grZelia an maxviliani, momdevno ori mokle an umaxvilo). studenti imagrebs idayvze joxs da


28

akeTebs sxvadasxva moZraobas, cdilobs joxis idayvze SenarCunebas.Aam procesSi muSavdeba orive meqanizmi balansis cvalebadobiT, ibadeba energia, tonusi organizmSi da iZabeba xerxemali. treningis mizania Semsruleblis yuradRebis fokusireba _ balansi, sxeulis koordinaciis dadgena sivrceSi, rasac emateba daqtilis sammarcvliani zoma, romelic iZleva ritms mTeli momdevno moZraobisTvis.Ddaqtili Taviseburi muxtia, amave dros xdeba mTeli organizmis mzadyofnis Semowmeba.

studentebTan erTad SeviswavleT es treningi, romelic isea awyobili, rom mudmivad kontroldeba simZimis centris moZraoba, rac Sinagani wonasworobis trenaJia. is momenti, roca sxeulis gansazRvrul adgilze xdeba datvirTva, mZafrad SegrZnebadi da kritikulia. CavatareT eqsperimentic sxvadasxva eqstravaganturi poziciis konstruirebiT, roca simZimis centri, sxeulis wonasworobis SesanarCuneblad, SeiZleba iyos sxeulis sxvadasxva wertili. sxeulis aseTi kritikuli dabalansebis procesi, praqtikulad, TiToeul kunTovan qsovils aaqtiurebs, rasac msaxiobis ostatobis yvela aspeqti ukavSirdeba, dawyebuli fizikuri moqmedebidan, Sinagan fsiqikur moqmedebamde.

meierholdis moswavle a. smirnova ixsenebs: ,,... Cven bevrs vvarjiSobdiT siarulSi, xtunvaSi, Tavis dakvraSi, joxis dartymaSi. aseve, qudis, labadis, xmlis, rapiris, sanaTuris da Teatraluri warmodgenis sxva atributebis tarebaSi... xSirad namdvil sagnebs warmosaxviT vanacvlebdiT. am muSaobas did yuradRebas da dros vuTmobdiT~.1

1 Встречи с Мейерхольдом, Москва, 1967, ст. 128.

nino daviTaSvili

29

rogorc viciT, pedagogika meierholdisaTvis TviTmizani ar yofila, mas pedagogiuri moRvaweoba sWirdeboda rogorc _ reJisoruli muSaobis eqsperimenti. Ppedagogiur sferoSi misi praqtikuli da Teoriuli gamocdileba erTmaneTSi iyo gadajaWvuli. rogorc misi moswavleebi ixseneben, meierholdis maTdami damokidebuleba mimtevebeli iyo, Tumca _ momTxovni. misTvis dauSvebeli iyo diletantizmi. igi moswavleebisgan moiTxovda eswavlaT ,,Teatralurad cxovreba scenaze~. meierholdma, Tanamoazre moswavleebTan erTad, kolegialuri Ziebis principiT, Seqmna axali bunebis Teatri, romelic gansxvavdeboda moZraobis gamomsaxvelobiTi simkveTriTa da plastikuri kulturiT: ,,...misma zrunvam scenaze msaxiobis moZraobis gamomsaxvelobasa da simkveTreze, aamaRla ara marto im msaxiobTa plastikuri kultura, romelnic uSualod muSaobdnen masTan, aramed sabWoTa Teatris sxva mxatvarTa plastikuri kulturac~.1AmaTTan erTad gamoZerwa Tavisi biomeqanika, romelic aiaraRebs msaxiobs ganusazRvreli teqnikuri siaxleebiT. es misi maragia, SeuZlia CairTos saWiroebis momentSi; moTminebiT elodos an SeuerTdes moqmedebas, saTanado temperamentiT. amgvari SesaZleblobebi mas mravlad gaaCnia da es teqnikuri mxarea, romelic msaxiobs zomierebis, harmoniis, kompoziciis grZnobas uviTarebs da sxeulis koordinaciaze, mis balanszea agebuli.

balansTan dakavSirebuli sirTuleebi Tavs rolze muSaobis procesSic iCens, rodesac msaxiobi mxatvruli saxis Seqmnisas eZebs balanss

1 aleqsiZe dimitri, ,reJisoris muSaoba speqtaklze, Tbilisi, 1961, gv. 47.


30

_ sakuTar individualur ,,mesa~ da personaJs Soris. mxatvruli saxisken moZraoba aris personaJis Semxvedri moZraoba msaxiobisken. maTi Sexvedra avtoris ideisa da msaxiobis realuri SesaZleblobebis im zRvarze xdeba, romelic personaJSia daSifruli. msaxiobsa da personaJs Soris balansi SemoqmedebiTi procesis pirobiTi ganviTarebaa, anu esaa rezultati rolze muSaobisa. saxis gamosaZerwad siCqare saWiro ar aris. procesi delikaturi unda iyos, yuradRebiani da frTxili.

yovelive aqedan gamomdinare, balansTan dakavSirebuli sirTuleebi, sadac moiazreba, rogorc gawonasworebuli mdgomareoba, aseve misi dakargvis SesaZlebloba, aris SemoqmedebiTi arsebobis eTikuri problema. SemoqmedebiTi qmnileba, es aris Sedegi wonasworobisa _ survilisa da SesaZleblobis balansi. D

meierholdis biomeqanikuri treningebi mimarTulia msaxiobis organizmis mzadyofnisken nebismieri scenis saTamaSod. msaxiobis ostatad Camoyalibebis wesebi dRes igivea, rac asi wlis win, magram am wesebis gadaxedvis, gamravalferovnebis, axleburad gaanalizebis da praqtikaSi gamoyenebis idea ukve karga xania drom moitana da saWiroa martivis, namdvilis Zieba, momavali universaluri msaxiobis aRzrdisaTvis; rac SemdgomSi misi profesiuli aRiarebis da warmatebuli karieris garanti iqneba.

Tanamedrove msaxiobis aRzrdis pedagogikaSi aucilebelia axali ideebi, axali sametyvelo ena, axali midgoma, romlebic Tanamedrove gamowvevebs axal formulirebas gaukeTeben. magram, axlis Seqmnis mcdelobisas, udavod gasaTvaliswinebelia

nino daviTaSvili

31

is sawyisebic, romlebic ukve Seqmnili da dagrovebulia. Uunda gvaxsovdes, rom siaxleebis aRmoCena titanebis gakvaluli gzebiT xdeba. am gzebis ugulebelyofa ki arafriT ar SeiZleba.

…


aleqsiZe dimitri, msaxiobis aRzrdis sakiTxisaTvis, • Tbilisi, 1956. aleqsiZe dimitri, reJisoris muSaoba speqtaklze, • Tbilisi, 1961. Станиславский• К. С., Работа над собой в творческом процессе воплощения, часть 2, Москва, 1990.Мейерхольд В. Э., Статьи, письма, речи, беседы. Часть • 2, Москва, 1968.Марков П• . А., О театре, в 4-х т., Москва, 1976.Встречи с Мейерхольдом, Москва, 1967.• Бутенко Э., Сценическое перевоплащение. Теориа и • практика. М., 2004 -2005


32

nana mirianaSvili, saqarTvelos SoTa rusTavelis Teatrisa da

kinos saxelmwifo universitetis doqtorantixelmZRvaneli: prof. daviT kobaxiZe

sugestiis dabali safexuris _

autogenuri wvrTnis teqnologia,

msaxiobTa fsiqo-fizikuri

regulaciis ganviTarebisTvis

ukve mravali wlis ganmavlobaSi, samsaxiobo skolis meTodologia ivseboda da mdidrdeboda mravalferovani treningebiTa da varjiSebiT, romelnic xels uwyobdnen msaxiobis fsiqo-fizikur ganviTarebasa da TviTflobis xerxebis Seswavla-gamomuSavebas. aqedan gamomdinare, msurs SemogTavazoT momaval msaxiobTa daostatebis gzebisa da Ziebebis axali, fsiqologiuri mimarTuleba.

fsiqologiis dargis miRwevebi da gamocdileba gvaZlevs imis saSualebas, rom kvlevebsa da cdebze dayrdnobiT, movsinjoT da gadmovitanoT maTi praqtikis Semadgeneli nawili, msaxiobTa profesiuli unarianobis asamaRleblad. miT ufro, yuradsaRebia msgavsi praqtikis elementebis gadmotana da danergva, roca viciT, rom masTan miaxlovebuli da gaTanabrebuli savarjiSoebi ukve arsebobs samsaxiobo skolis meTodologiaSi (esenia: ioga, muStra da misTanani). gansxvaveba ki imaSia, rom Tuki, aqamde Cven mier gamoyenebuli savarjiSoebis pirvelwyaro warmoadgenda aRmosavluri kulturis fsiqologiuri TviTsrulyofis ileTebs, Cem mier SemoTavazebuli codna da gamocdileba moicavs adamianis fsiqologiis wvdomis dasavlur kulturasa da saTanado mecnierul kvlevebs.

33

fsiqologiuri cneba _ sugestiis (laT. Suggestio _ STagoneba) yvelaze dabali safexuri _ autogenuri varjiSebi da wvrTnis teqnikebi, rogorc misi avtori i.h. Sulci gvarwmunebs, pirdapir kavSirSia adamianis TviTaRmzdelobasa da TviTganviTarebasTan.

autogenuri wvrTnis teqnikebi mimarTulia relaqsaciisa da TviTSTagonebisken; xolo misi Sedegianoba dakavSirebulia, rogorc fsiqo-fizikis TviTregulirebis unaris gamomuSavebasTan, _ fizikuri da fsiqikuri SesaZleblobebisa da unarebis gaaqtiurebasTan, aseve energiis (e.i. organizmis fsiqikuri da fizikuri Zalebis) swraf aRdgenasTan, yuradRebis koncentraciis gavarjiSebasa da gaumjobesebasTan, mexsierebis gaZlierebasTan, SemoqmedebiTi unarebisa da intuiciis ganviTarebasTan, fizikuri daRlilobis SegrZnebis SemcirebasTan da zogadad, TviTsrulyofasa da TviTSemecnebasTan.1

zemoT aRniSnul autosugestiis xerxebs, rogorc ukve mogaxseneT, i.h. Sulci gvTavazobs autotreiningis dabal safexurze, sadac pirovnebas Tavadac SeuZlia imoqmedos: kunTuri modunebisa da STagonebis saWiro formulasTan, tvinis cnobieri nawilis Seviwroebis koncentraciiT, romelsac is an Tavad mimarTavs, an instruqtoris meSveobiT, e.i. heterosugestiis saxiT. autotreiningis procesSi, swrafad dasveneba da organizmis fsiqikur da fizikur ZalTa aRdgena ukavSirdeba tvinis SezRudul Taviseburebebs, romelSic is iZireba kunTuri moSveba-modunebisa da gamoyenebuli formulis koncentraciis zemoqmedebiT. amasTan erTad, rogorc ukve mogaxseneT, autogenuri wvrTna

1 И.Г. Шульц. аутогенная тренировка. Москва. Медицина. 1985. стр. 6.

34

aaqtiurebs fizikur da fsiqikur SesaZleblobebsa da unarebs, maT Soris, aumjobesebs mexsierebas, yuradRebas, SemoqmedebiT unarebs, intuicias, amcirebs fizikuri daRlilobis SegrZnebis zRvars; xolo zogadad, autotreiningis teqnikebi _ TviTsrulyofisa da TviTSemecnebis udides saSualebebs gvaZleven; minda xazi gavusva msaxiobis profesiuli unar-Cvevebis swored am saWiroebaTa aucileblobas da samsaxiobo wvrTnis sawyisi etapis isedac mravalmxriv da mravalferovan meTodologiaSi SemogTavazoT autotreiningis teqnikebis Semcveli savarjiSoebis danergva.

axla ki yuradReba minda gavamaxvilo adamianis fsiqo-fizikuri erTianobisa da regulaciis sakiTxze. vinaidan, fsiqologTa mravali cdisa da kvlevis safuZvelze, dadgenili da aRiarebulia hipnozur mdgomareobaSi, STagonebis ZaliT gamowveuli mravali fizikuri simptomi: magaliTad, rogorc i.h. Sulci gvarwmunebs, rom _ STagonebas, msubuqi an saSualo xarisxis hipnozis dros, SeuZlia gamoiwvios adamianSi oflianoba da siwiTle saxeze, Tuki mas STavagonebT, rom „imyofeba mcxunvare mzis qveS~; kidev ufro Zlieri STagonebis fonze, SesaZloa kanze namdvili damwvrobac ki gamoexatos, kanis wylulovani buStebis saxiT.1 aqedan gamomdinare, SegviZlia vimsjeloT fsiqologiuri ganwyobis zemoqmedebis Zalaze _ fizikur sxeulTan mimarTebaSi, da aseve biologiuri sxeulisa da masSi mimdinare procesebis mgrZnobelobaze _ pirovnebis fsiqologiuri ganwyobebisa da warmosaxvis mimarT. swored aqedan vaskvniT, rom maTi urTierTqmedebaTa jaWvi da maTi kavSiri, marTlac rom, pirovnebis nebelobasa da

1 И.Г. Шульц, аутогенная тренировка, Москва. 1985, стр. 10.

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marTvazea damyarebuli. dagvrCenia, mxolod misi marTvisa da regulaciis principebis aTviseba da gamomuSaveba.

amis saSualebas ki gvTavazobs gamoCenili fsiqologis i.h. Sulcis autogenuri varjiSebi, romlebic warmoiqmna hipnozis (nawilobrivi Zilis) Zveli da sando samkurnalo meTodebisgan. misi autogenuri wvrTnis teqnikebi, iZleva saSualebas garegani zemoqmedebis gareSe mivaRwioT sasargeblo, ZilTan miaxlovebul mdgomareobas da gansazRvrul doneze, Tavad gavuwioT mobilizeba organizmis rezervebs („TviThipnozi~ – „autosugestia~).

i.h. Sulci, Tavis naSromSi aRniSnavs, rom umjobesi iqneba, Tuki varjiSis process kompetenturi piri gaakontrolebs da STagonebis saWiro formulasac igi mimarTavs, raime saxis uzustobebisa da varjiSis araefeqturobis Tavidan asacileblad. aqedan gamomdinare, vgoneb instruqtoris rols, saswavlo procesis romelime sawyis etapze, swored samsaxiobo dasis xelmZRvaneli (pedagogi Tu reJisori) Seasrulebs, xolo Semdgom ukve, Tavad msaxiobsac eqneba SesaZlebloba, TviTon awarmoos savarjiSo, mis meqanizmSi kargad garkveva-daxelovnebis Semdeg.

vinaidan, i.h. Sulcis mier SemoTavazebuli da aprobirebuli meTodebi, msaxiobTa daostatebisTvis swored iseTi profesiuli unarebis ganviTarebas uwyobs xels, rogorebicaa: mexsiereba, yuradReba, SemoqmedebiTunarianoba, fsiqo-fizikuri regulaciebi, fizikuri da fsiqikuri Zalebis swrafi aRdgena, emocia, intuicia da a. S., rom samsaxiobo ostatobis Semadgeneli savarjiSoebi SegviZlia kidev ufro gavamdidroT da gavamravalferovnoT autogenuri wvrTnis qvemoT moyvanili treiningebiTa

sugestiis dabali safexuris _ autogenuri wvrTnis teqnologia, msaxiobTa fsiqo-fizikuri regulaciis ganviTarebisTvis

36

da sugestiis orive (dabali da maRali) safexuris elementebiT.

kidev ufro konkretulad Tu vityviT, radgan, i.h. Sulcis autogenuri treningi iZleva saSualebas, sxva mraval janmrTelobisTvis sasargeblo Sedegebis garda, ganaviTaro sakuTar TavSi:

• mokle droSi srulfasovnad dasvenebis unari;

• TviTflobisa, anu fsiqo-emociuri da sulieri gancdebis marTvis unari;

• sxeulis uneblie, funqciuri TviTregulaciis unari;

• Sromisunarianobis gaumjobesebisa da azrobrivi koncentraciis gziT, kerZod, mexsierebis gaumjobesebis SesaZlebloba;

• TviTSTagonebis gziT TviTganwyobis unari, posthipnozuri sugestiis tipis mixedviT CaRrmavebul mdgomareobaSi;

• TviTkritika da TviTkontroli, CaRrmavebul mdgomareobaSi TviTanalizis meSveobiT.1

swored amitom, mizanSewonilad miviCnev iseve, rogorc damwyeb, aseve profesional msaxiobebSi am TviTflobisa da TviTregulaciis savarjiSoebis gamoyenebas, maTive profesiuli ganviTarebis kidev ufro srulyofisa da gaRrmavebis mizniT.

i.h. Sulcis autogenuri treiningi Seadgens 6 safexurs. minda SemogTavazoT maTi Tanmimdevruli CamonaTvali:

1) simZimis gamowveva (kunTuri moduneba); 2) siTbos SegrZneba (venebis gafarToveba); 3) gulis aqtivobis regulacia; 4) sunTqvis regulacia; 5) muclis regionis (mzis wnulis) organoebis

aqtivobis regulacia;

1 И.Г. Шульц, аутогенная тренировка, Москва. 1985, стр. 26-27.

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6) TavisaTvis gankuTvnili savarjiSo.1 Cemi mizania, samsaxiobo skolis meTodologiaSi,

am savarjiSoebidan SevitanoT, mxolod msaxiobebis momavali profesiuli ganviTarebisTvis saWiro da sasargeblo elementebi. damwyeb msaxiobTa samsaxiobo ostatobis Semadgeneli savarjiSoebi unda SevavsoT da gavamdidroT i.h. Sulcis mier SemoTavazebuli da aprobirebuli meTodebiT, radgan swored maTi profesiuli unarebis ganviTarebas uwyobs xels aRniSnuli treningi, iseTebis rogoricaa: mexsiereba, yuradReba, SemoqmedebiTunarianoba, fsiqo-fizikuri regulaciebi, fizikuri da fsiqikuri Zalebis swrafi aRdgena, emocia, intuicia da a. S; anu yovelive is unar-Cveva, rac msaxiobis SemoqmedebiTunarianobis sasicocxlod mniSvnelovani saSualebaa.

1 И.Г. Шульц, аутогенная тренировка, Москва. 1985, стр. 16,19,21-23.

sugestiis dabali safexuris _ autogenuri wvrTnis teqnologia, msaxiobTa fsiqo-fizikuri regulaciis ganviTarebisTvis

38

TamTa cincaZe,saqarTvelos SoTa rusTavelis Teatrisa da

kinos saxelmwifo universitetisdoqtoranti

xelmZRvaneli: prof. daviT kobaxiZeTanaxelmZRvaneli: asoc. prof. nana doliZe

sanaxaobis era da TviTreferirebis

inovaciuri teqnologiebi

Tanamedrove epoqas `sanaxaobis eras~,1 xolo sazogadoebas _ `informatiuls~ uwodeben sociologebi. XXI saukuneSi, marTlac gasaocrad swrafad aris SesaZlebeli planetis masStabiT – `cxra mTisa da cxra zRvis~ gadalaxviT informaciis gadacema. teqnikuri progresis es miRweva gansakuTrebul mniSvnelobas iZens imis warmodgenisas, Tu ramden adamianTan iyo SesaZlebeli gasaubreba, vidre amerikaSi italieli emigranti antonio meuCi Tavisi gamogonebis _ Telectrophon-is demonstrirebiT, sakomunikacio sivrcis gazrdis SesaZleblobas aCuqebda kacobriobas. Tu adre erTmaneTTan dalaparakeba mxolod Tvalsawierze, xmis miwvdenis manZilze iyo SesaZlebeli, dRes, sxvadasxva kontinentze myof adamianebs Soris Semdgari e.w. ̀ komunikaciuri aqti~ yoveldRiurobis ganuyofeli nawili gaxda.

Tanamedrove samyaroSi televizia, rogorc teqnikuri komunikaciis forma, msoflio komunikaciis ganviTarebis axal paradigmad warmogvidga. swrafad da nebismier manZilze informaciis gadacema TavisTavad, mizanmimarTuli

1 Уэбстер Ф., Теории информационного общества, 2004, Аспект Пресс, eleqtronuli wigni.

39

kontrolis da gavrcelebis pirobas qmnis1.Aam process ori mxare aqvs. erTi dadebiTi: radgan integraciul da saganmanaTleblo procesebs uwyobs xels da uaryofiTi, radgan SesaZlebloba Seqmna da ukve pirdapir iqca ideologiis Tavsmoxvevis saSualebad. televizia adamianTa Semecnebaze zegavlenis moxdenis erT-erTi uZlieresi iaraRi gaxda2. igi gansazRvravs da ayalibebs gemovnebas, Sexedulebebs, amaragebs ra mayurebels sxvadasxva magaliTebiT da qcevis normiT, cvlis maT Cvevebs, prioritetebs, moTxovnebs, qmnis kerpebs, `kumirebs~. dRes, televizia TviTon wyvets, ra ambavma unda iarsebos da ram ara, radgan, rac unda masStaburi movlena moxdes,3 Tu ar gaSuqda, ise Caivlis, TiTqos arc momxdara.

arsebobs Teoria, romlis mixedviTac masmedia Tanamedrove sazogadoebis erT-erTi funqcionaluri sistemaa, mis mniSvnelovan maxasiaTeblad ki miCneulia autopoieturi avtonomiis operatiuli daxuruloba.4Aam Teoriis fonze, televiziis warmadoba da gavlena metad dasafiqrebeli xdeba, radgan, swored televizia urCevs da ubiZgebs sazogadoebas ama Tu im problemis, ambis ganxilvisken. televizia gaxda realuri, socialur-politikuri faqtori, romelic gavlenas axdens iseT sferoebzec ki, rogorebicaa ekonomika, politika, esTetika, eTika, globalizaciis procesi.

1 cincaZe a. humanitarul-teqnikuri meTodologia saxelmwifos marTvaSi, Tbilisi, 1999.

2 Уэбстер Ф., Теории информационного обшества, 2004, Аспект Пресс, eleqtronuli wigni.

3 Луман Н, Реальность Массмедиа, 2005, Мос., 219.4 iqve, gv. 42

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dRes, sul ufro naTlad ikveTeba, rom televizia sazogadoebis kulturaze gavlenis moxdenis erT-erTi uZlieresi iaraRia, ramdenadac igi axdens adamianis qcevis axali nimuSebis tiraJirebas, rac sazogadoebis yoveldRiurobis orientiri xdeba. kultura TavisTavad Ria sistemaa, mas advilad SeRwevadi buneba aqvs da adamianis cxovrebis da moRvaweobis yvela sferos moicavs, mis Semoqmedebas, miznebs, ganzraxvebs, urTierTobis stils da sxv.

televiziis popularobis Sesabamisad, prioritetuli xdeba informaciis tiraJirebis iseTi vizualuri forma, rogoricaa imiji, romelic XX saukunis samociani wlebidan imkvidrebs adgils `sanaxaobis samyaroSi~. imiji, pirovnebis Sesaxeb niSan-simboloebiT1 daSifrul iseT informaciul Setyobinebas warmoadgens, romelSic akumulirebulia informacia personis warsulze, awmyosa da momavalSi mosalodnel ganviTarebaze. rogorc urTierTobisTvis aucilebeli Sualeduri elementi, imiji muSaobs mis matarebelsa da momxmarebels Soris sajaro manZilis, arasakmarisi informaciis SemTxvevaSi, rodesac sazogadoeba cdilobs fantaziis meqanizmebiT mkafiod gaerkves, amoicnos sajaro subieqti, moaxdinos misi identificireba.

aRsaniSnavia, rom bolo aTwleulis ganmavlobaSi, komunikaciis specialistebi TvaliT danaxulsa da enas Soris konteqsts, sruliad axali midgomiT ganixilaven da ikvleven – es2 gaxlavT fsiqo-lingvisturi paradigma. Kkomunikaciis Tanamedrove

1 Горчакова В., Имидж: розыгрыш или код доступа? Eeleqtronuli wigni.

2 Кибрик А. Мультимодальная лингвистика, Мос. 135.

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41

mkvlevrebi1 Seiswavlian ara mxolod xmovan sainformacio arxebs, aramed _ adamianis vizualur sakomunikacio arxebsac. aseTebia: Jestebi, mzeris veqtori, mimika, kulturuli simbolizmi, sxeulis ena. vizualuri saSualebebi udides rols TamaSoben komunikaciis procesSi da SeuZliaT mTlianad Secvalon verbaluri komponenti da kontenti.2

filologiis mecnierebaTa doqtori, lingvisti aleqsandr kibriki miiCnevs,3 rom `Cveulebrivi diskursis analizs gamowvevas ucxadebs teqstis Seswavla, romelic TavisTavSi gamosaxulebasa da xmas aerTianebs.~Bbunebrivi sakomunikacio enis Sesaxeb adekvaturi Sexeduleba SesaZlebelia miviRoT mxolod multimodaluri – yvela sakomunikacio arxis gaTvaliswinebiT _ midgomis SemTxvevaSi. niSandoblivia, rom verbalurad gadmocemul informacias erTgvarad avsebs prosodiulad, JestebiT, an mimikiT translirebuli informacia.Kkibriki realisturi lingvistikis momavals mxolod iseT midgomaSi xedavs, romelic komunikaciis multimodalur bunebas aRiarebs. vizualuri seria gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovania televiziaSi, radgan Tavisi arsiT is sawyisSive naTlad multimodaluria.Mmisi specifika ver guobs konservatorul midgomebs. aTwleulebis ganmavlobaSi axali ambebi diqtoris saSualebiT mogvewodeboda, romelic gaSeSebuli, xmamaRla kiTxulobda winaswar momzadebul teqsts. gadmocemis es forma imperatiuli miTiTeba iyo, radgan iTvleboda, rom: `...moZravma suraTma

1 Крейдлин Г, НЕВЕРБАЛЬНАЯ СЕМИОТИКА, 2002, Новое литературное обозрение, eleqtronuli wigni.

2 a. kibrikis zemoTdasaxelebuli naSromi, gv. 135.3 iqve, gv. 147.

sanaxaobis era da TviTreferirebis inovaciuri teqnologiebi

42

SesaZloa xeli SeuSalos teqstis aRqmas da yuradReba gafantos~.1 Tanamedrove mecnierebi sul ufro xmamaRla aRiareben, rom teqnikuri komunikaciis SesaZleblobebis da efeqtis arasakmarisi SeswavliT gamowveuli es mosazreba mcdaria da Zalze moZvelebuli. multimodaluri midgoma gvTavazobs xedvas, rom Setyobineba yvela `komunikaciuri modusis~ saSualebiT vrceldeba. Tu es asea, maSin calkeuli modusiT translirebuli informacia Setyobinebis globaluri mniSvnelobis mxolod nawilis matarebelia. amgvarad, e.w. `gaSeSebuli diqtoris~ gavliT, teqstis Zalian mcire nawilis gadacemaa SesaZlebeli. Eenobrivi elementebis semantikuri damuSaveba mWidro kavSirSia komunikaciis procesSi mayureblis mzeris areSi arsebuli, Sesabamisi obieqtis mimarT mxedvelobiT yuradRebasTan. sirTulis miuxedavad, masmediaSi iqmneba multimodaluri teqstebi. `yuradRebis gamaxvileba mxolod teqstis enobriv mxareze da sxva modusebis ignorireba niSnavs dakargo didi moculobis potenciuri azri, riTic gamoirCeva media teqsti dRes, msoflioSi~.2

Tanamedrove realobaSi zRva informaciis damuSavebis produqts stereotipebi, iarliyebi, kliSeebi warmoadgenen, romlebic, Tavis mxriv, cnobierebis axal moTxovnebs gamoxataven. am garemoebam niSnebis labirinTSi dakargvis, sulierebis deficitis gancda gauCina sazogadoebis garkveul nawils. `Cven yoveli mxridan Tavs gvesxmian niSnebi, Cven Cvenive Tavebs aseTi niSnebisgan vqmniT da saSualeba ar gvaqvs maT davemaloT~,3

1 a. kibrikis zemoTdasaxelebuli naSromi, gv. 147.

2 iqve, gv. 147.3 iqve, gv. 135.

TamTa cincaZe

43

_ wers f.uebsteri Tavis wignSi `informaciuli sazogadoebis Teoria~. M

mwerali da Jurnalisti, sazogadoebrivi azris koncefciis avtori uolter lipmani, romelmac 1922 wels samecniero leqsika am axali terminiT gaamdidra, stereotipebs (berZ. Stereos - myari, typos – anabeWdi) bunebriv da erTgvarad sasargeblo movlenad miiCnevs.1 `niSnebi ideebis simboloebs warmoadgenen.…Cven imdenad adamians, an mzis Casvlas ki ver vxedavT, ramdenadac vamCnevT, rom mocemuli sagani adamiania, xolo mocemuli movlena – mzis Casvla, Semdeg yuradRebas gadavrTavT Cvens SemecnebaSi arsebul asociaciebze, romlebic am sagnebs ukavSirdeba...… aRqmas mniSvnelovanwilad stereotipebi, sakuTar gankargulebaSi arsebuli monacemebi akontroleben.~Llipmanis mixedviT, `stereotipebi aramxolod dros zogaven, aramed Cvens sazogadoebriv mdgomareobas icaven~.

sagnis, an movlenis Secnoba-aRqmisTvis, `drois dazogva~ mniSvnelovan faqtors warmoadgens Tanamedrove adamianisaTvis, rac ganpirobebulia im potenciuri informaciis raodenobiT, romelic SesaZlebelia, Tundac erTi wuTis ganmavlobaSi miiRos man.

`rTuli mecnieruli Teoriebi da xelovnebis nimuSebi, politikuri ideologiebi... erTi sityviT, yvelaferi, rac recipientisgan maRal kulturul dones iTxovda, dRes masmediis saSualebiT sruliad xelmisawvdomi gaxda, [...] swored amitom, samyaros naweri frazis magvari sworxazovani aRqma adgils uTmobs azris mozaikur mTlianobaSi wvdomas, rasac

1 Липпм ан У., ОБЩЕСТВЕННОЕ МНЕНИЕ, Институт Фонда «Общественное мнение», 2004, eleqtronuli wigni.


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televizia aCvevs adamianebs~.1 misaRebi informaciis raodenoba, misi aRqma-SefasebisTvis dros amcirebs. swored minimalur droSi maqsimaluri informaciis miRebis aucileblobam warmoSva stereotipebisa da imijuri saxeebis, niSnebisa da kliSeebis mimarT moTxovnileba. Mmomxmarebels sWirdeba gansakuTrebuli Zalisxmevis gareSe, danamdvilebiT gaigos viTarebis, sagnis Tu subieqtis arsi. aqve, aucileblad Cndeba sityva `TiTqos~, radgan gacnoba-Secnobis aseTi midgoma, ra Tqma unda, garkveul zedapirulobas gulisxmobs. meore mxriv, momxmareblis am moTxovnis gamo, momwodebelma (am SemTxvevaSi masmediam) unda uzrunvelyos informaciiT maqsimalurad datvirTuli produqtis maRali damajereblobiT miwodeba.Aamas ki profesionalizmi, sizuste da kreatiuloba sWirdeba, radgan sazogadoeba sul ufro kargad acnobierebs teqnologiebiT SeniRbuli `viTom~-is arsebobas.

sxvadasxva asociacia da samyaros iluzoruli aRqmis meqanizmi adamianis socialuri sivrcis markirebas axdenen da saqmis interesebidan gamomdinare, warmatebulobis, popularobis, avtoritetulobis, aRiarebulobis da sxva, magvari mxatvruli saxeebis rigs qmnian.2 imiji, dRes profesionaluri warmatebulobis aucilebel atributad iqca. axali tipis sazogadoebis formirebis procesSi, mniSvnelovani cvlilebebi ganicada profesionalizmma, ufro naTlad rom vTqvaT, pirovnebis profesiulobam da masSi Tvisobrivad axali donis miRwevis Sedegis gagebam. rodesac

1 Марков Б.В., Литвинский В.М., Книга и экран: Человек в эпоху массмедии, eleqtronuli statia.2 a. kibrikis zemoTdasaxelebuli naSromi, eleqtronuli wigni.

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45

adamiani TandaTan karieruli zrdis traeqtoriaze orientirdeba da Tavisi sferos liderul poziciaze gadadis, aseT dros, uzado reputaciisa da ndobis mopoveba misTvis gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovani xdeba.Aam mxriv, imiji dRevandeli profesionaluri urTierTobebis aucilebeli atributia. imiji aRiqmeba rogorc informatiuli produqti, sanaxaoba. Tanamedrove realobaSi, TiTqmis yvela profesiis warmomadgenelTa samsaxureobrivi aRmasvlis maRal da umaRles safexurebze, praqtikuli, aqtualuri da popularulia imijuri komunikacia.

Aamerikeli mkvlevari lilian brauni1 (kenedidan karteramde xuTi amerikeli prezidentis imijmeiqeri) miiCnevs, rom mxolod profesionaluri unarebi, rac unda virtuozulad flobdeT maT, ar aris sakmarisi karieruli zrdisaTvis. amisTvis aucilebelia, saWiroa imijis arseboba. TviTreferirebisaTvis imijur teqnologiebs iyeneben politikosebi, biznesis warmomadgenlebi, diplomatebi, saxelovnebo, elitaruli fenis warmomadgenlebi, teleJurnalistebi da ase Semdeg. Tumca, rac unda kreatiulad konstruirebuli iyos igi, sasurveli Sedegis mniSvnelovan pirobad specialistebi mis organul morgebas Tvlian. Sesabamisi fsiqo-emociuri mdgomareobis gareSe, imijis gaTavisebis, gacocxlebis, anu konstruirebuli saxis morgebis, am saxis farglebSi organuli moqmedebis yvela SeTavazebuli teqnologia diletantur elfers iZens. F

fsiqologiis mecnierebaTa doqtori a.iu. panasiuki wignSi _ `imijis formireba. strategia. fsiqoteqnologia.Ffsiqoteqnika~, imijis formirebis

1 Браун Л,, Имидж - путь к успеху, Издательский дом „Питер`, 2001, eleqtronuli wigni.


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etapebis aRwerisas, arCeuli imijis morgebisaTvis umniSvnelovanes rols, mis fsiqo-emociur gaTavisebas aniWebs.1Ees ukanaskneli qvakuTxedia, am SemTxvevaSi CvenTvis saintereso imijis maRali damajereblobiT gaTavisebis procesSi. TviT saxelwodeba (imiji-saxe (laT.)) etimologiurad dakavSirebulia laTinur sityvasTan imitate – gansaxiereba, imitireba. `imiji, es saxea, motivi, roli, niRabi, fasadi, msaxioboba, prognozirebadi molodini, Cveulebrivis warmosadgenad. imijis konceptualur safuZvels – ideebi, simboloebi, TamaSis xelovneba, ostatoba warmoadgens.~ v.gorCakova Tavis naSromSi _ ̀ imiji, Tu warmatebis gasaRebi~, imijs mxatvrul saxed moixseniebs da erT Tavs imijuri komunikaciis procesSi _ samsaxiobo unarebis flobis aucileblobas uZRvnis.

amdenad, `TamaSis xelovneba~ mniSvnelovania imijis gaTaviseba-gacocxlebisaTvis. gansaxierebis unari saWiroa iseTi profesiebis warmomadgenelTa karieruli warmatebulobisaTvis, rogorebicaa _ veqili, menejeri, politikosi, telewamyvani da sxv. dRes, sxvadasxva profesiis warmomadgenlebi, sazogadoebis Tanamedrove moTxovnebis fexSewyobiT,2 TviTreferenciisaTvis, inovaciuri teqnologiebiT Seqmnili imij-saxeebis ostatobiT, damajereblad Sesrulebas eswrafvian; maSin, rodesac msaxiobi ukve icnobs sasceno xelovnebis Teorias, gardasaxvis, gamoxatvis axal formebs eZebs da ostatobis daxvewis axal simaRleebs eltvis.

magram, SeiZleba Tu ara, rolze muSaobis

1 Панасюк А,, Вам нужен имиджмейкер? Или о том как создавать свой имидж, 1998, eleqtronuli wigni.

2 a. kibrikis zemoTdasaxelebuli naSromi, eleqtronuli wigni.

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procesi davakavSiroT imijis gaTavisebaze muSaobis procesTan?

msaxiobis Sesasrulebeli gmiri, dramaturgis mier Seqmnili saxea. artistis xelovneba ki, misi maxasiaTeblebis, fsiqo-emociuri Taviseburebebis, Cvevebis, manerebis Tu pawawina aqsesuarebis mignebiT am saxis `gamoZerwva~ da Semdeg gacocxleba-gaTavisebaa. imiji, Tavis mxriv, samizne auditoriis moTxovnebis, prioritetebisa da damkveTis survilis gaTvaliswinebiT, specialistis mier Seqmnili iersaxea, romelic misma momavalma mflobelma, iseve, rogorc artistma, unda gaacocxlos, moirgos, TiTqos Seisisxlxorcos.

msaxiobi scenaze qmnis mxatvrul saxeebs, misi profesionaluri ostatoba ki, am mxatvruli saxis maRali damajereblobiT gansaxierebaSi vlindeba. Tumca, SemoqmedebiTi sirTule da msaxiobis virtuozoba aramxolod ̀ gamoZerwili~ saxis migneba da morgeba, anu Sesasrulebeli gmiris gacocxleba, aramed piesis mixedviT ganviTarebuli, realurad ar arsebuli movlenebis pirobebSi, gmiris organuli reaqciebis maqsimaluri namdvilobiT warmoCenaa.

scenasa da darbazs Soris mudmivad arsebuli pirobiTobis miuxedavad, msaxiobi axerxebs mayurebeli mowyvitos realobas, gaitacos, daimegzuros vnebebisa da emociebis samyaroSi, daajeros personaJis sulieri gradaciebi da maTi Tanagancdac ki gamoiwvios. imijis matarebels ki, realur situaciaSi uwevs Tavisi imijuri saxis farglebSi moqmedeba. swored amitomac, imij-saxis yvelaze warmatebul matarebelsac ki ver vuwodebT Teatraluri xelovnebis `bewvis xidze~ Semdgar msaxiobs.


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speqtaklze muSaoba xelovnebaa, Zalze gasafrTxilebeli SemoqmedebiTi procesi, Tumca sruliad naTlad ikveTeba gmirze muSaobisa da imijis gacocxleba-morgebisaTvis saWiro midgomebis da unarebis identuroba.


cincaZe a., humanitarul-teqnikuri meTodologia • saxelmwifos marTvaSi, Tbilisi, 1999. Уэбстер Ф., Теории информационного общества, 2004, • Аспект Пресс, eleqtronuli wigni.Луман Н., РЕАЛЬНОСТЬ МАССМЕДИА, 2005. • Горчакова В., Имидж: розыгрыш или код доступа? • eleqtronuli wigni.Кибрик А., Мультимодальная лингвистика, • eleqtronuli wigni.Крейдлин Г., НЕВЕРБАЛЬНАЯ СЕМИОТИКА, 2002, • Новое литературное обозрение, eleqtronuli wigni.Липпман У., ОБЩЕСТВЕННОЕ МНЕНИЕ, Институт • Фонда «Общественное мнение», 2004, eleqtronuli wigni.Марков Б.В., Литвинский В.М, Книга и экран: Человек • в эпоху массмедиа, eleqtronuli statia, http://philosophy.spbu.ru/155/7048Браун Л., Имидж - путь к успеху, Издательский дом • „Питер`, 2001, eleqtronuli wigni.Панасюк А., Вам нужен имиджмейкер? Или о том как • создавать свой имидж, 1998, eleqtronuli wigni.

TamTa cincaZe

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kinomcodneoba

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daviT gujabiZe, saqarTvelos SoTa rusTavelis Teatrisa da kinos saxelmwifo

universitetis asocirebuli profesorizaza lomiZe,

saqarTvelos teqnikur universitetTan arsebuli 3D stereoskopiis

samecniero-kvleviTi centris direqtori

„3 D stereoskopia~, rogorc scenuri

xelovnebis ekranuli adekvatis

Seqmnis teqnologia

„3 D stereoskopias~ mxolod atraqcions veRar uwodeb. vizualuri artis es forma ukve myaradaa SemoWrili mosaxleobis yoveldRiur cxovrebaSi „3 D stereo~ televizorebis saxiT da sul ufro mzardi seqtori ukavia. rogorc cnobilia, mimdinareobs eqsperimentebi usaTvalo steroskopiis Seqmnis mimarTulebiT, magram moculobiTi audio-video xelovnebis es saxeoba jer kidev Zalian Sors aris masobrivi danergvisgan. amitom moculobiTi kinematografisa da televiziis industriaSi saTvalian steroskopias meti yuradReba eniWeba.

imis miuxedavad, rom saqarTveloSi „3 D stereo~ kinoTeatrebis raodenoba erT xelze CamoiTvleba, xolo moculobiTi televizia mxolod Canafiqrebsa da miznebSi arsebobs, stereoskopiis calkeuli enTuziastebi „3D~ stereoskopuli gadaRebebis mimarTulebiT muSaobas ar wyveten. es aqtivoba ganisazRvreba axali ideebisa da teqnologiebis SemuSavebiT, daxvewiTa da eqsperimentuli videorgolebis damzadebiT, romlebsac, samwuxarod, saqarTveloSi propagandis mizniT demonstrirebis saSualebac ki iSviaTad aqvT. faqtobrivad, Cveni

51

kino da teleindustriis warmmarTvelebma xSirad arc ki ician, rom saqarTveloSi am mimarTulebiT seriozuli muSaoba mimdinareobs, da rom qarTuli inovaciebis mimarT sazRvargareTis stereoskopiuli industria qarTul audiovizualur sivrceze ufro met interess gamoxatavs.

Tu ra perspeqtivebs moicavs „3 D stereoskopia~ samecniero gadaRebebSi, is faqtic metyvelebs, rom mzeze mimdinare procesebis _ kerZod, protuberancebis amofrqvevis gadasaRebad swored „3 D stereoskopias~ mimarTes. es iyo marTlac kosmosuri masStabis proeqti, romelic moicavda dedamiwis mzis garSemo brunvis orbitis ori ukiduresad daSorebuli wertilidan mzis sinqronuli gadaRebis organizebas. proeqtis farglebSi, kosmosur sadgurebze ganTavsebuli ori identuri gadamRebi kamera erTdroulad afiqsirebda mzis zedapirze momxdar amofrqvevebs. protuberancebis moculobrivad gadaRebis Sedegad miiRes imdenad srulfasovani informacia, risi miRwevac erTi kameriT gadaRebisas SeuZlebeli iqneboda.

Zalze mniSvnelovan perspeqtivebs moicavs „3 D stereoskopiis~ teqnologiis gamoyeneba samedicino rentgenologiaSi, mikrobiologiaSi da sxva samecniero-kvleviTi mimarTulebiTac, Tumca amJamad Cveni yuradReba scenuri da ekranuli xelovnebis sferoebiskenaa mimarTuli.

2011 wels germanelma reJisorma vim vendersma gadaiRo filmi-baleti „pina~, romelic „berlinaleze~ waradgines. filmi eZRvneba 2009 wels gardacvlil cnobil mocekvave pina bauSis cxovrebis gaazrebas. vim venderss 20 weli sdomebia gamorCeuli balerinas Sesaxeb filmis Seqmna,

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magram mosamzadebel periodSi gairkva, rom mas simsivne hqonda da gadaRebis dawyebamde ramdenime dRiT adre gardaicvala.

vendersma pinas biografiis ramdenime monakveTi qoreografiuli Txrobis eniT, musikaluri feeriis saSualebiT gadmogvca. es amocana reJisorma gardacvlili mocekvavis saarqivo masalisa da misi ansamblis Tanztheater Wuppertal mocekvaveebis saSualebiT ganaxorciela. rodesac films uyureb, cxadi xdeba pina bauSis damokidebuleba sakuTari xelovnebis mimarT, rac man „niu-iork Taimss~ interviuSi ganucxada: „roca qoreografia daviwye, ar vfiqrobdi masze, rogorc qoreografiaze, aramed, rogorc grZnobebis gamoxatvis saSualebaze. ramdenadac misi yvela Semadgeneli gansxvavebulia, erTobliobaSi isini qmnian iseT erTianobas, romelic Znelia aRwero sityvebiT. muSaobisas yvelaferi danawilebulia _ musika, dadgma, moZraoba da saTqmeli. arc ki vici, sad mTavrdeba erTi da iwyeba meore da arc mainteresebs amis analizi. zedmeti analizi muSaobas zRudavs`.1

vendersma moZraobis dramaturgia, pina bauSis biografiis ramdenime fragmentis qoreografiuli interpretacia, moculobiTi gamosaxulebiT gadmosca, magram yovelives gacilebiT STambeWdavi saxe swored „3 stereo~ teqnologiiT Sesrulebisas mieca. amiT, vfiqrobT, ufro aRsaqmeli gaxda pina bauSis qoreografiisadmi damokidebulebis arsi, rac man imave interviuSi Semdegnairad Camoayaliba: „me yovelTvis mainteresebda ara is, Tu rogor moZraoben adamianebi, aramed is, Tu ra amoZravebT maT...~.2 swored am TvalsazrisiT, Zalze sainteresod

1 New York Times, September 29, 1985. 2 New York Times, September 29, 1985.

daviT gujabiZe, zaza lomiZe

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gveCveneba „3 D stereo~ teqnologiebis gamoyeneba qoreografiuli namuSevrebis gadaRebisas.

banalobaa imis mtkiceba, rom scenuri xelovneba _ dramatuli dadgma Tu saopero speqtakli, mxolod Sesrulebis momentSi arsebobs da Sesrulebis damTavrebisTanave qreba (ferweris, qandakebis, an literaturuli nawarmoebisgan gansxvavebiT) da zustad aRarasdros meordeba. igive iTqmis musikis sakoncerto Sesrulebis an sabaleto speqtaklis Sesaxeb. XIX saukunis bolodan moyolebuli, teqnikis mudmivi progresis istoria im mcdelobaTa rigis ilustrirebaa, romlebic xelovnebis saSemsruleblo dargebis, rac SeiZleba mravalmxrivi da cocxali Sesrulebisas miRebuli STabeWdilebis, misi maRalxarisxovani fiqsaciis saSualebad gvevlinebian.

dRes sasacilod SeiZleba mogveCvenos pirveli fonografebisa da cvilis gorgolaWebze Senaxuli cnobili momRerlebis xmebis xarisxi, magram es artefaqtebi warmoadgenen informaciis Semcvel dammaxsovrebel mowyobilobebs, romelTa aRwarmoebiTac SesaZlebeli xdeba beniamino jilisa Tu varlam simoniSvilis xmis tembrze msjeloba. sxva Temebze rom araferi vTqvaT.

analogiuri damokidebuleba gviCndeba im kinematografiuli sketCebis mimarTac, romlebzec, teqnikuri xarvezebis miuxedavad, asaxulia baster kitonis, aisedora dankanisa Tu fiodor Saliapinis msaxioburi SesaZleblobani... da isini, miuxedavad, dRevandeli gadasaxedidan, primitiuli, teqnologiebis wyalobiT, inarCuneben sicocxlesa da informaciul Rirebulebas.

amdenad, teqnologiebis ganviTarebas udidesi mniSvneloba aqvs swored xelovnebis

„3 D stereoskopia`, rogorc scenuri xelovnebis ekranuli adekvatis Seqmnis teqnologia

54

saSemsruleblo dargebis nimuSebis SenaxvisTvis. optikuri suraTis xarisxi, xmis moculobrivi Cawera da gamosaxulebasTan sinqronizeba, feri, translirebis xarisxi, teleekranisa da monitoris feriTi gama, Camweri da aRmwarmoebeli teqnologiebis SesaZleblobebi _ is detalebia, romelTa srulyofilad gamoyenebac aucilebelia scenuri xelovnebis nimuSis, rac SeiZleba srulfasovnad, fiqsirebisaTvis. dRes yovelives gamosaxulebis moculobrivobac emateba.

2013 wels, peterburgis marinis Teatris speqtakli „gedis tba~ pirvelad uCvenes eTerSi „3 D stereo~ teqnologiis gamoyenebiT. es translacia, romlis teqnikuri uzrunvelyofac, gaxmaurebuli filmis „avatari~ Semqmnelma jeims kemeronis jgufma moaxdina, msoflios 50 qveynis 1500-amde kinoTeatrma SeiZina (proeqtis produseri en mak-guaieri). telekomentatorebi erTgvari niSnis mogebiTac ki saubrobdnen, rom sanam „didi Teatri~ speqtaklebs internetiT avrcelebs, „mariinkam~ samganzomilebian realobaSi Seabijao...

am teqnikuri amocanis gansaxorcieleblad parteris mesamedi aparaturas daeTmo. didi praqtikuli gamocdilebis jgufi ramdenime dRe evropis erT-erT yvelaze cnobil saopero darbazs argebda „3D stereo~ gadamReb aparaturas. cifruli translaciis reJisori ros mak-giboni interviuSi aRniSnavda, rom baleti yvelaze momgebiani asasaxi obieqtia „3D stereoskopiisaTvis~, vinaidan, aq sivrcesa da moculobasTan gvaqvs saqmeo.

samganzomilebian ekranze Caikovskis cnobili baleti gamorCeulad popularulia. TavisTvad, nawarmoebic popularulia da arc Tanamedrove inerpretatorebi eridebian marius petipas


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klasikur versias. „gedis tbis~ erT-erTi yvelaze gaxmaurebuli sabaleto varianti ki swored „3D stereoskopiulad~ SeuZliaT ixilon Sesabamisi saitis momxmareblebma.

stereoskopiis mimarT realurad arsebuli komerciuli interesis miuxedavad, saqarTveloSi, samwuxarod, realuri mxatvruli Rirebulebebis „3D stereo~ kinoproduqcia iSviaTad gvxvdeba. ar vgulisxmobT animaciur filmebs, romlebic specialuri programebiT iqmneba da kinematografiul gadasaReb procesTan aranairi Sexeba ara aqvT. rac Seexeba gadaRebebs, mcdelobebi eqsperimentul zonas vera da ver gascda. es gansakuTrebiT dasanania, radgan Cven realurad gvaqvs safuZveli, rom sagrZnobi wvlili SevitanoT msoflio „3D stereoskopiul~ procesSi. am gancxadebis pirobas ki gvaZlevs, totaluri uyuradRebobisa da ignorirebis miuxedavad, saqarTveloSi mcxovrebi enTuziastebis mier erTgulad Sesrulebuli saqmianobis Sedegebi. kerZod, xsenebuli enTuziastTa jgufi, romelic didi xania dainteresebulia scenuri xelovnebis ekranze gatanis sakiTxiT da ramdenime eqsperimentic Caatara.

2010-2012 wlebSi gamxorcielda Teatraluri („qali ZaRliT~, reJisori levan wulaZe, kote marjaniSvilis saxelobis profesiuli saxelmwifo dramatuli Teatri) da saopero (mocartis „miTridate~, reJisori daviT sayvareliZe, Tbilisis zaqaria faliaSvilis saxelobis operisa da baletis profesiuli saxelmwifo Teatri) speqtaklebis warmatebuli Sedegis eqsperimentuli gadaReba.

qarTuli „3D stereoskopiuli~ praqtika SeumCneveli ar darCenila saTanado saerTaSoriso sazogadoebisTvis. 2012 wels inJiner-sterograf zaza lomiZis teqnologiiT Sesrulebuli


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sterogamosaxuleba dokumentur filmSi „promeTes mRvime~ (reJisori giorgi TavarTqilaZe, operatori elia farsadaniSvili) san-franciskos stereografTa saerTaSoriso konferenciaze aRiniSna, rogorc erT-erTi saukeTeso. qarTuli jgufis reitingi iseT gigantebs Soris, rogorebicaa „aimaqsi~, „uolt disnei stereo~ da sxvebi, me-6 adgilze aRmoCnda. RonisZiebaze gadamRebi jgufic miiwvies, magram dafinansebis uqonlobam, qarTuli kinoteqnologiis miRwevebis saerTaSoriso aRiarebis es SesaZlebloba gamouyenebeli datova.

movlenas dadebiT Sedegad is mohyva, rom SoTa rusTavelis Teatrisa da kinos universitetis kinofakultetze daiSva „3D stereoskopiis~ swavlebis precendenti, Seiqmna silabusi, sagani programaSi Seitanes, SeiZines saproeqcio aparatura. magram, CvenSi sayovelTaod gavrcelebuli saqmis „bolomde miuyvanlobis~ tradiciis gamo, gadamRebi aparturis SeZena dRemde ver moxerxda (tenderi ramdenjerme CaiSala), xolo mxolod ucxouri moculobiTi filmebis teleekranze yurebis procesma studentebis interesi ver SeinarCuna. erT xans es sagani arCeviTi sagnebis siaSi gadaitanes da imis miuxedavad, rom 2016 wels „savaldebulos~ statusi daubrunda, saqme praqtikulad, jerjerobiT „iqave dgas~.

meore mxriv, piradad zaza lomiZis didi ZalisxmeviT, saqarTvelos politeqnikur universitetSi Seiqmna „3D stereoskopiis~ sauniversiteto samecniero-kvleviTi centri, romelmac moaxerxa da SoTa rusTavelis erovnuli samecniero fondis grantis farglebSi gadaiRo ramdenime sacdeli sketCi. maT Soris sayuradReboa scenuri xelovnebis, kerZod baletis, unikaluri


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teqnologiiT gadaRebis praqtikac. am teqnologiis didi upiratesoba naturuli gadaRebebis maRali xarisxia, rac Tanamedrove „3D stereo~ gamosaxulebis Seqmnis erTob Zneli ubania.

finansuri da teqnologiuri uTanasworo konkurenciis miuxedavad, zaza lomiZis teqnologia tols ar udebs da zog SemTxvevaSi, teqnikuri SedegebiT aRemateba kidec sazRvargareTul analogebs. swored amitom, misi meil boqsi savsea stereoskopiiT dainteresebuli ucxoeli specialistebis SekiTxvebiT, Tu rogor gadaiRo esa Tu is kadri, romlis msgavsi xarisxiT gadaRebac maT ar gamosdiT. zaza lomiZe aseT SekiTxvebze pasuxs Tavs aridebs, radgan gaTvlebis formulebi misi, gamomgoneblis, piradi saidumloa.

erTi ki cxadia, scenuri xelovnebis fiqsirebisTvis, moculobiTi „3D stereo~ kinematografi ueWvelad mniSvnelovani saSualebaa, rameTu, film-speqtaklebisa Tu sakoncerto warmodgenebis gadaRebisas, ekranuli adekvatis Seqmnis amocanebis gadawyveta gacilebiT did SesaZleblobebs aCens, vidre organzomilebiani kino.

internetresursebSi miTiTebuli fragmentebi, yvelaze mwiri fantaziis adamiansac ki, cxadad agrZnobinebs, Tu ra grandiozul STabeWdilebas moaxdens, Tundac „xorumi~, „3D stereoskopiis~

teqnologiiT gadaRebis SemTxvevaSi.


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internetresursebi:

http://www.imdb.com/name/nm0062471/bio?ref_=nm_• ov_bio_sm)https://www.criterion.com/films/28404-pina• http://www.pina-film.de/en/about-3D.html• http://www.more2screen.com/events/matthew-bournes-• swan-lake-3d/https://www.facebook.com/photo.php?fbid=7077208494• 07069&set=pcb.707721202740367&type=3&theater


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eliso erisTavi,saqarTvelos SoTa rusTavelis Teatrisa da

kinos saxelmwifo universitetis xelovnebaTmcodneobis doqtori

qarTuli moklemetraJiani filmi

art hausi, saavtoro kino, art sinema da a.S. aris kino, romelic reJisoris xelweras, stils, filmis wyobasa da Janrs avtoriseuli `metyvelebis~ specifikiT gvawvdis.

saavtoro kinom kinometyvelebaSi Semoitana avtoriseuli xedvis mkveTrad individualuri JReradoba, ramac gasuli saukunis 60-iani wlebi audiovizualuri xelovnebis mravalmxrivi ganviTarebis sawyis wertilad aqcia.

1960-iani wlebidan moyolebuli, dRemde saavtoro kino mraval saintereso, gamorCeuli xelweris namuSevars gvTavazobs. aRniSnuli nusxa ukve didi xania gascda evropisa da amerikis sazRvrebs da, aqedan gamomdinare, uxvad daitvirTa sxvadasxva gamokveTili avtoris xedviT, rac kinoenis ganviTarebis dinamikas yovelwliurad gansazRvravs.

mTels msoflioSi popularulma holivudis warmoebam Tematuri da enobrivi stagnacia ganicada, ramac meore msoflio omis Semdeg mkveTrad iCina Tavi. kino moiTxovda xalxis rogorc yofiTi, aseve socialuri da moraluri problemebis asaxvas. xelmokled myof evropul kinematografs mwire saxsrebi gaaCnda imisaTvis, rom axali teqnologiebis daenerga. dro ki kinowarmoebis meTodologiur Secvlas moiTxovda. cvlilebebi kinoproduqciis rogorc Tematur, aseve mxatvrul

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da materialur moTxovnilebebs ukavSirdeboda.reformatoruli midgoma franguli kinos axalgazrda kinokritikosebma Camoayalibes da am gansxvavebul xedvas àxali talRa~ uwodes...

àxali talRis~ fuZemdeblebis azriT, kino aris produqti, romelic ferwerisa da literaturis msgavsad, unda gamoxatavdes avtoris fiqrebs da SegrZnebebs. filmis avtori aris pirovneba da misi `metyveleba~ yovelTvis individualuria. gamomdinare aqedan, filmis mowodebis enac da teqnologiac mkveTrad gansxvavebulia.avtoris xedva SeiZleba vlindebodes rogorc abstraqtulad, aseve TxrobiTad, rogorc eseiSi ise novelaSi. axalgazrda kinokritikosebisa da reJisorebis novatorulma ideebma warmoSva axali termini: _ `kamera-studio~. 1950-60-iani wlebi axali avangarduli kinos formirebis periodad moinaTla.

àxali talRis~ kritikosebma da reJisorebma, vesternis forma uxmo kinos plastikur enaze dayrdnobiT Seqmnes. dabalma biujetma ukarnaxa maT SeeqmnaT axali stilisturi forma, ramac moiTxova axali midgomebis eqsperimentireba, rac maT Tanamedrove kinoenis SeqmnaSi daexmareboda. yovelive es improvizaciuli dialogis warmarTvis, scenebis mkveTrad ritmuli cvalebadobis, martivi da fsiqologiurad gamokveTili epizodebis agebis da a.S. varirebaSi gamoixata. es kinoena godaris, romeris, Sabrolisa da sxva axalgazrda reformatorebis SemoqmedebaSi aisaxa.

1970 wels daibada `saavtoro kinos~ Teoria, romelmac didi gavlena iqonia amerikis, kanadis, evropis da dRes ukve mTeli msoflios kinoze.swored 50-iani wlebis bolos da 60-70-ian

eliso erisTavi

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wlebSi Camoyalibda da Tavi daimkvidra qarTulma moklemetraJianma filmma. filmebis novatoruli stili da mxatvruli forma dResac Rirebulia.

qarTuli moklemetraJiani kino sabWoTa kavSiris dros daibada da ganviTarda. igi radikalurad gansxvavdeboda qveynis kinematografisgan, rogorc Tematurad, aseve stilisturad da Janrulad. igi srul analogSi aRmoCnda franguli àxali talRis~ tendenciebTan.A

1960-70-ian wlebSi, saqarTveloSi (iseve, rogorc safrangeTSi) daibada axali evropuli kino, romelmac saavtoro kinos saxeliT msoflioSi aRiareba moipova da damkvidrda, rogorc _ `qarTuli kinos fenomeni~.

qarTuli moklemetraJiani filmebi ZiriTadad TxrobiTi xasiaTisaa (novelisa da moTxrobis stilistika) da mravalferovani TematikiT gamoirCeva.

am periodis filmebidan aRsaniSnavia- giorgi Sengelaias àlaverdoba~, merab kokoCaSvilis `mixa~, eldar Sengelaias ̀ miqela~, oTar ioselianis àprili~, aleqsandre rexviaSvilis `nuca~, irakli kvirikaZis `qvevri~, qarTlos xotivaris `serenada~, levan da buba xotivarebis `Ciriki da Cikotela~, mixeil kobaxiZis `qorwili~, `qolga~, `musikosebi~, goderZi Coxelis àdgilis deda~.yvela es filmi saavtoro kinos magaliTia, vinaidan, yoveli maTgani avtoris xedvas, xelweras da stilistikas individualurad gamoxatavs

filmis reJisorebi kinowarmoebis process (iseve, rogorc àxali talRis~ reformatorebi) Tavad uZRvebodnen. scenari, musika, montaJi, gadaRebebis procesi, _ es yvelaferi reJisoris suliskveTebas, azrovnebis specifikasa da SemoqmedebiTi Ziebebis


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meTodologias mkveTrad gamoxatavdnen. filmebis ena, xasiaTi, emocia Tu metyveleba – avtoris, rogorc mxatvris, musikosis, an mwerlis xelwera mkveTrad individualuria, rac am periodis qarTuli moklemetraJiani filmebis maradiul Rirebulebebze miuTiTebs.

CamoTvlili filmebi pirobiTad (stilistikis mixedviT) SegviZlia sam nawilad davyoT _

ambis Txroba: ̀ alaverdoba~. ̀ miqela~, ̀ mixa~, 1. `nuca~;

novelas msgavsi filmebi: ̀ serenada~, ̀ qvevri,~ 2. `Ciriki da Cikotela~;

abstraqtuli eseis msgavsi: àprili~ da 3. `qorwili~, `qolga~, `musikosebi~.

pirveli kategoriis filmebis Janri – dramatulia (àlaverdoba~, `miqela~ da `nuca~, `mixa~,~adgilis deda~).

dramatuli filmebi gansxvavebuli formisa da stilis namuSevrebia. àlaverdobis~ ena avtoris poziciis mkafiod gamoxatuli paTetikuri tiloa, sadac sityva eqspresiuli mxatvruli xatebiT aris warmodgenili: axlo xedebi, teqsti, simfoniuri musika. es aris filmi-pozicia, romlis JReradoba zustad Seesabameba avtoris (giorgi Sengelaia) suliskveTebas, eqspresiul bunebasa da moqalaqeobriv pozicias. es aris filmi-monologi, filmi-protesti. es aris giorgi Sengelaias mier mxatvruli xatebis meSveobiT gamoTqmuli pozicia.

eldar Sengelaias `miqela~ avtoris SegrZnebebisa da moralis humanuri xedvaa. es aris metad ritmuli da dinamikurad mzardi tragikuli audiovizualuri Txroba Tu ragori damRupvelia crurwmena filmis yvela gmirisTvis; Tu ra Sedegi moaqvs sibnelesa da uvicobas, romelic yovel

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adamians (asakisa Tu sqesis miuxedavad) mxolod ubedurebas uqadis. eldar Sengelaias es filmi aris ara mxolod SemoqmedebiTi triumfi, aramed mkveTrad gamoxatuli samoqalaqo pozicia. avtori iyenebs gamomsaxvelobis mkveTrad grafikul palitras, ar erideba lirikas, poeturobas, adamianuri gamovlinebebis farTo speqtrs da es yovelive mzardi dinamikiT migvaqanebs sabediswero finalamde, romlis `bgerebi~ filmis pirvelive kadrebidan SeigrZnoba.

aleqsandre rexviaSvilis `nuca~ – tragikuli, plastikuri tiloa, romelic usityvod, titrebiT gvatyobinebs weliwadis sxvadasxva dros, an movlenas. iSviaTad Cumi filmi, sadac xSirad ismis eklesiis zaris xma, icvleba movlenebi, moqmedeben kontrastuli plastikis gmirebi.Ddramatuli, uxmo kinos xerxebiT iZerweba mkveTrad individualuri avtoriseuli xedva, mixeil javaxiSvilis moTxroba `nucaze~.

meore kategoriis filmebi yofiT Tematikas ukavSirdeba da ZiriTadad, dialogebisa da imijebis gamomsaxvelobiT igeba. qarTul yofaSi iumors mniSvnelovani adgili ukavia. 60-iani wlebis moklemetraJian filmebSi iumori bunebrivad Caewera da erTgvar qarTul fenomenad Camoyalibda. mokle istoriebi, saxasiaTo Temebi, mkveTri imijebi da situaciuri komediebi. filmebis lokaciebi Zunwia, Txroba _ ritmuli, gmirebis plastika _ metyveli da saxasiaTo.

mesame kategoria gansxvavebuli Tematikisaa. qarTul moklemetraJian filmebs Soris, mniSvnelovan adgils usityvo filmebi ikaveben. isini avtoris xedvas plastikuri xerxebiT avlenen, ris gamoc audio da vizualuri xazebis


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urTierToba erTobliv metyvelebaSi yalibdeba. am filmebis stilistika abstraqtuli metyvelebis CarCoSi viTardeba, rac TavisTavad filosofiur da esTetikur cnebebSi gadaizrdeba. usityvo filmebis Tematika mravalferovania. maT Soris uxmo filmis msgavsi nimuSebi. maTi forma da JReradoba 60-iani wlebis saavtoro kinos, udavod, gamorCeuli magaliTebia.

usityvo filmebSi gansxvavebuli adgili oTar ioselianis ̀ aprils~ ukavia. filmi eqsperimentuli xasiaTisaa. misi metyveleba mkveTrad simboluria. Tematika 60-ani wlebis msoflio literaturuli nimuSebis tendenciebis amsaxvelia, sadac Rirebulebebisa da rutinis permanentuli konfliqti viTardeba. oTar ioselianma filmi xmovanebisa da abstraqtuli xatebis meSveobiT Seqmna. filmSi mkveTri simboloebiTa da xmovanebis gamoyenebiT, man maradiul grZnobas (siyvaruls) obivateluri interesebi ̀ daupirispira~ da sulieri katastrofis saSiSroebaze dagvafiqra. marTalia, filmi dRes metad eqspresiulad gveCveneba, magram avtorma maSin mrwamsi sakmaod mkveTrad gamoxata da am mrwamsis samsaxurSi mTeli Tavisi genialuri Semoqmedeba Caatia.

mixeil kobaxiZis filmebi _ ̀ qorwili~, ̀ qolga~ da `musikosebi~ bunebrivad Caewera 60-iani wlebis kinematografis maxasiaTeblebSi da franguli `axali talRis~ manifestSi. es moklemetraJiani usityvo saavtoro kino msoflio kinematografis ganuyofeli nawilia.

Carli Caplinis filmebis msgavsad, mixeil kobaxiZis filmebi komikuri situaciebis meSveobiT, mayurebels maradiul cnebebsa da kiTxvebs sTavazobs. `trafaretul~ movlenebs mravalmxrivi

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varirebiT awvdis. esaa droSi ganviTarebuli movlenebi individualuri xelweris plastikuri `metyvelebiT~. mixeil kobaxiZis filmebSi musikac da imijebic cxovrebiseulia, magram maTi urTierTobisa da situaciebis asaxvis `cinikuri lirizmi~ grafikuli gamomsaxvelobis gamokveTili kompoziciebia.

`qorwili~ 1964wels Seiqmna. maSin, rodesac frangul kinoSi `axali talRis~ pirveli nimuSebi gamoCnda. filmis struqtura, iseve rogorc evropuli mciremetraJiani saavtoro kino, adamianis pirovnul istorias ukavSirdeba. maradiuli siyvarulis ambavi, mixeil kobaxiZem lirikuli iumoriT gamoZerwa. mTavari gmiri, Carli Caplinis msgavsad, romantikuli ocnebebis wiaRSi imyofeba, magram misi saqcieli da plastika WeSmariti grZnobebis asaxvas ar emsaxureba. mas ara grZnoba, aramed siyvarulis idea itacebs, rasac avtori situaciebis mkveTri komikuri `metyvelebiT~ gvawvdis. imiji, ocnebebi, yofa, musika, romelic misi Sida monologis saxiTaa warmodgenili – rigiTi axalgazrdis portrets gvixatavs. EqarTul realobaSi myofi axalgazrda Tvisobrivad da fsiqologiurad nebismieri qveynis zogad tips miekuTvneba. `qorwili~, iseve, rogorc mixeil kobaxiZis mTeli Semoqmedeba adamianebis urTierTobebis trafaretebze agebuli fsiqologiuri portretebis avtoriseuli maradiuli faseulobaa. Fes filmi, iseve rogorc reJisoris sxva namuSevrebi, sabWoTa periodSi akrZaluli iyo.

`qolga~ (1966w.), am periodis evropuli saavtoro kinos msgavsad, romantikuli simbolizmiT gamoirCeva, magram reJisori siyvarulisa da ocnebebis suraTebs yvelgan ironiuli aqcentiT qmnis, rasac


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rogorc gmirebis plastikiT, aseve musikaluri foniT (Tu stepis varireba) gvawvdis. `qolga~ filosofiur-fsiqologiuri namuSevaria da iseve, rogorc `musikosebi~ (1969w.), kinematografis unikalur nimuSad rCeba. adamianTa urTierToba, lirikul-komikur safarqveS moqceuli, formulebis donemdea dayvanili, rac audiovizualuri qsovilis meSveobiT grafikulad aris mowodebuli.

saavtoro kinom moklemetraJidan srul metraJSi gadainacvla. misma avtorebma 1960-iani wlebidan dRemde Rirebuli namuSevrebi Seqmnes. kinematografi mravalmxrivi TematikiT, stilebiTa da ̀ metyvelebiT~ gaamdidres. axalgazrda kinoTaobam msoflio kinoSi adgili daikava da qarTuli kino _ rogorc saavtoro _ Camoyalibda.


kuWuxiZe i., debiutis nawarmoebTa pirveli sajaro •daTvaliereba, Jurnali `sabWoTa xelovneba~, 1982, #7. Жанкола Ж.-П., Кино Франции, М., Радуга, 1984.•The American Cinema Forum Readers Series, •Unaitedinformation Agency,1991.Malby R. and Craven I., Hollywood Cinema, Oxford and •Cambridge, Mass. Blackwell, 1995.

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paata iakaSvili,SoTa rusTavelis Teatrisa da kinos

saxelmwifo universitetis xelovnebaTmcodneobis doqtori

ukiduresi cenzuridan ukiduresi

Tavisuflebisaken

`cudia metismeti Tavisufleba,cudia metismeti kmayofileba~.

blez paskali

epigrafad moxmobili, frangi moazrovnis es gansazRvreba, erTi SexedviT, SeiZleba gaugebaric ki darCes. gana SeiZleba Tavisufleba da kmayofileba, Tundac bevri, cudi iyos?Mmagram, Tu naTqvams davukvirdebiT, davinaxavT, rom saqme WeSmaritebasTan gvaqvs. Tavad gansajeT: Tu usazRvro Tavisufleba upasuxismgeblobiT gamowveul usazRvro kmayofilebas badebs, es, cxadia, damRupvelia adamianisTvis, radgan abrkolebs mis ganviTarebas, Sesabamisad, zians ayenebs saqmianobasac, miT ufro, Tu is xelovnebiTaa dakavebuli, radgan, mogexsenebaT, Semoqmedeba Tavisuflebisa da pasuxismgeblobis Sedegia.

zogadad qarTuli xelovneba da kerZod, qarTuli kino 70 weli arsebobda im koloniur-komunisturi reJimis pirobebSi, romlis damamkvidrebel vladimer lenins miaCnda, rom `Tavisufleba burJuaziuli crurwmenaa~. gasagebia, rom aseTi mTavari ideologiuri debulebis qveS SemoqmedebiT Tavisuflebaze laparakic zedmetia. da ai, imisTvis, rom e.w. sabWouri literaturisa da xelovnebis moRvaweebs arc efiqraT `swori~

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gzidan gadaxveva, meoce saukunis 20-iani wlebis dasawyisidan sabWoTa xelisufleba TandaTanobiT amkvidrebda ideologiuri cenzuris rig formebs: religiis msaxuri uaryofiTad unda warmoedginaT; iyo Tu ara saWiro, aqcentirebulad unda eCvenebinaT socialuri dapirispireba da klasobrivi brZola. istoriac tendenciurad iyo gaazrebuli. kinoSi aikrZala erotika. memarcxeneTa SemoqmedebiT principebs mieniWa cenzuris mniSvneloba. Zvels upirispirebdnen axals. kinoSi arqiteqturac ki ideologiur datvirTvas iZenda da Zveli ubnebis fonze grandiozuli axalmSeneblobebi iSleboda, amasTan, yovelgvari logikis gareSe.

XX saukunis 30-ian wlebSi mmarTvelma reJimma SeZlo da wina aTwleulis SedarebiT meti SemoqmedebiTi mravalferovneba mizandasaxul erTferovnebad aqcia. am gardaqmnis arsi kargad warmoaCina lion foixtvangerma sabWoTa kavSirSi mogzaurobis Semdeg daweril wignSi `moskovi 1937~.

`udavod, sabWoTa kavSiris ZiriTad tonad dRemde rCeba heroikuli, imisi unaris mqone, rom mxatvari waritacos~... `miswrafeba, ar gadauxvion generaluri xazidan, heroikuli optimizmidan, ufro mwvaved aisaxeba scenaze, vidre wignebSi da gansakuTrebiT Zlierad JRers filmebSi. aq yvelaferSi erevian makontrolebeli organizaciebi, romlebic cdiloben, mxatvruli xarisxis xarjze win wamoswion politikuri tendenciebi, gaaZlieron da xazi gausvan mas~.1

amrigad, 1930-40-ian wlebSi zogadad sabWoTa da konkretulad qarTul kinoSi mmarTveli koloniur-komunisturi sistema cdilobda am

1 ix. Фейхтвангер Лион, Москва 1937, Москва, 1990, gv. 199-200.

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gziT daemkvidrebina yalbi optimizmi. es tendencia ZalaSi iyo maSinac, roca damTavrda komunisturi reJimis stalinuri periodi da xruSCovis e.w. daTbobis xana daiwyo. ssrk-Si gaCnda SemoqmedebiTi Tavisuflebis iluzia. axlac iTxovdnen yalbi optimizmiT gajerebul, e.w. sabWoTa cxovrebis wesis madidebel filmebs, magram dasaSvebi gaxda garemomcveli realobis kritikulad amsaxveli filmebis gadaRebac. ra Tqma unda, gacilebiT naklebi raodenobis.

amgvari gansxvavebuli midgomis tipuri nimuSia oTar ioselianis filmi `giorgobisTve~ (1966 w.). ck-s erT mdivan devi sturuas is moewona, xolo meores, S. WanuyvaZes _ ara.

pirveli, saqarTvelos komunisturi partiis centraluri komitetis ideologiuri seqtoris xelmZRvaneli, am suraTSi sabWoTa yofis naklovanebebis mxilebas xedavda dasaSveb formebSi. meore, romelic soflis meurneobis seqtors kurirebda, amaSi Tavad sabWoTa yofis kritikas xedavda da dauSveblad miiCnevda.

komunisti funqcionerebis am WidilSi zaraldeboda kino. komunist moxeleTa dapirispireba SemTxveviTic ar yofila _ es iyo ssrk-s komunisturi partiis centraluri komitetis politikis gamoZaxili, romelic mTeli poststalinuri periodis ganmavlobaSi, `perestroikis~ dadgomamde, erTi xeliT TiTqos iZleoda SemoqmedebiT Tavisuflebas, meore xeliT ki, cdilobda waerTmia.

aseTi araerTgvarovani da meryevi pozicia qmnida arajansaR atmosferos zogadad literaturisa da xelovnebis da, kerZod, kinos sferoSi. Seqmnilma mdgomareobam 60-iani wlebis meore naxevarSi

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gaaRiziana maRali rangis rusi komunisti funqcionerebi da centraluri partaparatis orma mrCevelma gazeT `pravdisTvis~ dawera werili `namdvil da cru sensaciaTa Sesaxeb~, romelic ar dabeWdila, Tumca redaqtors moewona.

erT-erTi avtori, poziciis Sesaxeb, redaqtors mogvianebiT werda: `maxsovs, imponirebda azri imis Taobaze, rom partiuli xelmZRvaneloba Tavad qmnida cru sensaciebs da Tavisi akrZalvebiT gaabuqebda xolme xelovnebis ama Tu im moRvawis avtoritets, aRvivebda vnebebs iseTi speqtaklisa Tu nawarmoebis garSemo, romlebic amas ar imsaxurebdnen da mSvid situaciaSi ar gamoiwvevdnen arc did yuradRebasa da arc aJiotaJs~.1

diax, aseTi iyo realoba. zemoxsenebuli yvelaze naklebad Seexeboda film `giorgobisTves~, magram iyo bevri sxva kinosuraTi, speqtakli Tu romani, romelTa gamoc sul tyuilad atydeboda xolme miTqma-moTqma.

komunisturi reJimis es briyvuli politika yvelaze metad azianebda kritikas, kerZod, kinokritikas. saqme is iyo, rom 20-ian wlebSi met-naklebi SemoqmedebiTi Tavisufleba saSualebas iZleoda ganviTarebuliyo kritikuli azrovneba, magram jer e.w. memarcxeneTa ZalisxmeviT da Semdeg, stalinis diqtaturis pirobebSi kritikosi iqca Tavisebur cenzorad da mis werils SeiZleba filmis, speqtaklis an romanis avtoris bedze damRupvelad emoqmeda.

stalinizmis dagmobis Semdeg kinokritikam daiwyo Tavisi funqciis Sesruleba, oRond ama Tu im filmze xelisuflebis mier xelovnurad atexili aJiotaJi kritikoss xels uSlida daewera is, rasac fiqrobda.

1 ix. Федор Бурлацкий, Вожон и Советники, Москва, 1990, gv. 338.

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magaliTad, Tu filmSi igrZnoboda avtorTa arakoniunqturuli damokidebuleba sazogadoebaSi arsebuli problemebisadmi, magram profesiuli TvalsazrisiT yvelaferi rigze ar iyo, kinokritikosi Tavs aridebda obieqtur Sefasebas, rom mmarTvel reJims avtorTa winaaRmdeg misi kritikuli azri ar gamoeyenebina. aseTi ram mec bevrjer momsvlia. kerZod, maSin axalgazrda kinoreJisor Temur babluanis filmebze (`motaceba~, `beRurebis gadafrena~, `Zma~) werisas _ radgan am kinosuraTebis avtors eWvis TvaliT uyurebdnen partiisa da komkavSiris ck-Si, filmebis Temis, maTSi aRZruli problemebisa da gmirTa xasiaTebis ganxilvis Semdeg iZulebuli viyavi, uari meTqva naklovanebebis warmoCenaze. saxeldobr - rigi epizodebis araprofesiuli gadaReba da aSkarad gamovlenili saTanado gemovnebis arqona...

mTeli 20 weli gagrZelda Rrma SemoqmedebiTi krizisi, ramac qarTuli kino koloniur-komunisturi reJimis damxobisa da saqarTvelos damoukideblobis mopovebis Semdeg moicva. am periodSi gadaRebulia uamravi mxatvrulad susti da arafrismTqmeli filmi. aSkara kinomakulaturis miuxedavad, avtorebi kritikul Sefasebas mainc mtkivneulad ganicdidnen. aqedan gamoCnda, rom mTel msoflioSi arsebuli urTierTobis wesi _ filmi da kritikosi _ saqarTveloSi reJisorebisaTvis Sinaganad miuRebelia. maTi araoficialuri moTxovniT, rogoric unda iyos filmi, kinokritikam an kargi unda Tqvas, an saerTod araferi. am aranormalurma tendenciam daRi daasva kinowarmoebasac.

Tavisuflebis lozungs amofarebulma reJisorebma, dramaturgebma da e.w. produserebma gaauqmes redaqtorTa instituti, rogorc


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komunisturi xanis cenzuris kidev erTi instrumenti. arada, kargi redaqtori bevrad gansazRvravda filmis dramaturgiuli safuZvlis xarisxs. kritikosisa da redaqtoris uaryofam sagrZnoblad gaauaresa filmebis mxatvruli done.

dRes qarTul kinoSi mimdinareobs krizisidan gamosvlis metad mtkivneuli procesi. mis dasawyiss biZgi misca `kulturaTa dialogmac~, risi wyalobiTac axalgazrda Taobis qarTvelma kinematografistebma ganicades evropuli kinos SemoqmedebiT da teqnikur monapovarTa gavlena rogorc maTi naxviT, aseve erToblivi produqciis SeqmniT. gavimeoreb adre naTqvams, es aSkarad daetyo msaxiobTa TamaSs, filmebis saxviT gaazrebasa da montaJs, magram dramaturgia, bevr SemTxvevaSi, win ver wavida da kargi scenari qarTul kinoSi didi iSviaTobaa...

Seqmnili situaciis arsSi ukeT rom gaverkveT, saWiroa, ganvixiloT qarTveli reJisorebis gadaRebuli ori filmi, romlebiTac gaixsna da daixura Tbilisis me-16 saerTaSoriso festivali. amasTan, orive filmSi met-naklebi simwvaviT dgas qarTul sazogadoebaSi arsebuli socialuri da zneobrivi problemebi, maT Soris, emigraciis Tema.

pirvelad SevexoT levan TuTberiZis films `moira~. jer saxelwodebis Sesaxeb: moirebi berZnul miTologiaSi bedis qalRmerTebi, zevsisa da Temidas qaliSvilebi arian, amaTgan klotosi adamianis cxovrebis Zafs arTavs. lahesisi gansazRvravs adamianis xvedrs. xolo atroposisi Wris cxovrebis Zafs. Tu filmis mixedviT vimsjelebT, mesame da igulisxmeba, magram amaze qvemoT.

`moira~ aris socialuri drama erTi Tanamedrove qarTuli ojaxis Sesaxeb. moqmedeba zRvispira

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qalaqSi _ savaraudod foTSi _ mimdinareobs. suraTi iwyeba ojaxis ufrosi Svilis cixidan gamosvliT, romelmac iq xuTi weli gaatara. deda samuSaod aris saberZneTSi wasuli. mamas insulti daemarTa da axla invalidis etls aris mijaWvuli. saxlSi dabrunebulma mTavarma gmirma jer deda moikiTxa, Semdeg mama naxa da seriozulad miiRo misi naTqvami, rom axla isaa ojaxis Tavi, amitom yvelafers pasuxismgeblobiT ekideba. miT umetes, rom umcrosi Zma Seyvarebulia da colis moyvana unda, ojaxs ki materialurad uWirs.

Cvens gmirs gadawyvetili aqvs Tavi aaridos nebismier kriminalur avantiuras, radgan swored amis gamo gaatara xuTi weli cixeSi da apirebs, patiosani gziT iSovos fuli. aseT saSualebad esaxeba patara saTevzao gemi, romelsac maTi nacnobi yidis. Zmebs sakmarisi Tanxa ar gaaCniaT da am dros umcros Zmas mxsnelad swored is axalgazrda moevlineba, romlis avantiuris gamoc ufrosi Zma cixeSi moxvda... man ori aTasi dolari moitana, oRond ris sanacvlod, amas Tavidan ver vigebT. Zmebma gemi iyides da `moira~ daarqves, ufrosi Zmis rCeviT, romelmac cixeSi erTi inteleqtuali patimrisgan gaigona berZnuli miTis Sesaxeb. amasTan isic faqtia, rom mTavar gmirs fatalistis araferi etyoba da bedisweraze laparaki ufro gagonilis Temaze wafilosofosebas hgavs.

amasobaSi saberZneTidan deda Camodis. pirvelive kadrebidan igrZnoba, rom qals ucxoeTSi Tavisufleba ugemnia, Seyvarebulia sxva mamakacze da SigadaSig berZnul simReras RiRinebs. araferi aqvs saerTo invalidis etls mijaWvul qmarTan. misi guli sxvas ekuTvnis da sulac ar aRelvebs mavedrebeli TvalebiT mayurebeli qmris mzera...


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am dros Zmebi mTeli arsebiT eZlevian saqmes da mopovebuli Tevzis realizebis gzebs eZeben (erTxel imxela Tevzic ki daiWires, saeWvoa, Sav zRvaSi binadrobdes. mgonia, ufro filmis avtorTa fantaziis nayofia!) _ maT Zalian sWirdebaT komerciuli warmateba. kraxiT damTavrda Zmebis viziti umcrosis sacolis saxlSi. gogos mSoblebs ar surT, maTma qaliSvilma sxvis invalid mamas mouaros...

ase Semodis filmSi erTmaneTisgan gaucxoebuli, gaTiTokacebuli sazogadoebis Tema, romelic zneobriv da materialur siduxWireSia da gamosavals mxolod kriminalur qmedebebSi xedavs. erTi aseTia mezobeli, vis gamoc ufrosi Zma cixeSi moxvda da vinc umcross moutana ori aTasi dolari, viRac kriminalebisagan imaSi aRebuli fuli, rom adamianebs itaceben da ruseTis mier okupirebul afxazeTSi gadahyavT (aq bunebrivad Cndeba kiTxva: rodis xdeba moqmedeba, SevardnaZis dros, saakaSvilis dros Tu axla, da Tu axla, gamodis, rom dResac xalxs itaceben da engurs iqiT gadahyavT? ar gamikvirdeboda, amas rusebi rom akeTebdnen, rogorc Sida qarTlSi, amitom meti konkretulobaa saWiro)...

mezobelma ufros Zmas rom ver gaubeda, umcross sTxova, fulis samagierod samsaxuri gaewia da gemiT xalxi afxazeTSi gadaeyvana. pirveli `eqspediciis~ Semdeg umcrosma Zmam fuli iSova, marTalia, ufross fulze uari ar uTqvams, magram mezobeli gvarianad mibegva...

daaxloebiT filmis Sua nawilidan Cemi yuradReba miipyro filmis dramaturgiis Taviseburma xasiaTma: Zmebs xelSi revolveri CauvardebaT _ tradiciuli dramaturgiis

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kanonebiT, filmSi mas raRac daniSnuleba unda mieniWos, magram es Tema aRar ganviTarda, revolveri _ aqcentirebulad naCveneb ufunqcio rekvizitad iqca. meore dramaturgiuli svla, ramac kiTxvebi gamiCina, aris filmis gmiris dedis ganwyobis Secvla raime damajerebeli safuZvlis gareSe. rogorc vTqvi, qals saberZneTSi romani aqvs. es etyoba telefoniT kacTan laparakis intonaciasa da berZnulad wamRerebas. swored satelefono saubrebis gamo iyvira qmarma _ ratom rekavs is viRaco _ da Semdeg goneba dakarga. es aris da es, amis Semdeg saberZneTis Tema qreba. ar igrZnoba, rom qali iq dabrunebaze fiqrobs da finalur epizodSi, roca umcros Zmas ̀ moira~ zRvaSi gahyavs, raTa Tavisi sacole da misi ded-mama gaaseirnos, dedamisi ise iqceva, rom xvdebi, saberZneTSi aRar dabrundeba (is berZenic aRar uyvars?!). arada, qmris isterika da cudad gaxdoma ver gamodgeba argumentad, rac qmrisgan gaucxoebul da sxvaSi Seyvarebul qals ganwyobas Seacvlevinebs. aq sxva siuJeturi svla iyo saWiro.

filmSi movlenaTa dramatizeba xdeba adamianis gamtaceblebTan dakavSirebiT. maT kidev viRacis gadayvana surT okupirebul afxazeTSi da saerTod, is ori aTasi dolaric xom imitom gaiRes, rom gemi aseTi Savbneli saqmeebisTvis sWirdebodaT. Suamavali mezobeli umcros Zmas SeuCnda, bolos saqmeSi ufrosic Caeria da Tavad ikisra gemis afxazeTSi gadayvana. iq ki motacebuli afxazebma mokles. SeZrwunebulma ufrosma Zmam amis Sesaxeb policias acnoba. Semdeg vxedavT, rogor uTvalTvalebs Zmebis saxls policiis ufrosi da vxvdebiT, rom is banditebTan aris dakavSirebuli. marTlac, Semdeg reisze banditebs policia daesxa


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Tavs da daapatimra, oRond male vigebT, rom isini Tavisuflebi arian da simarTlismaZiebel ufros Zmaze SurisZiebas apireben...

am dros yuradRebas iqcevs erTi yofiTi scena: gmiris dedam sazamTro tansacmeli gaamzeura da sviters morRveuli Zafi moaWra. amis Semxedvare ufrosi Zma gairinda... ase sakmaod sworxazovnad xdeba filmSi moirebis miTis ilustrireba da es kidev ufro mwvaved warmoaCens scenaris sisustesa da plakatur xasiaTs. ufrosma Zmam zRvaze seirnobis epizodSi or bandits mohkra Tvali, gemidan gadaxta da mivida maTTan, romlebmac daniT sasikvdilod daWres...

Tavidanve vTqvi, rom filmis scenari siuJetis agebisa da ganviTarebis TvalsazrisiT klasikuri wesiT ar aris Seqmnili, amitomac alag-alag dramatizebul epizodebs dedramatizebuli enacvleba, personaJTa qmedebebs saTanado motivacia ar gaaCniaT da msaxiobebs xasiaTebis gaxsna uWirT, radgan scenari amis saSualebas ar aZlevT. asea orive mTavari gmiris invalidi mamis, viRacaSi Seyvarebuli dedisa da sxvaTa SemTxvevaSic. maT Soris aris Suamavali mezobeli, jano izorias SesrulebiT. me is minaxavs filmSi `koma~ da vici, rom niWieri artistia, magram `moiraSi~ dramaturgiuli masalis simwire SesaZleblobis realizebis saSualebas ar aZlevs.

unda iTqvas, rom Zalian kargia filmis saxviTi gadawyveta; mxatvar Temur xmalaZisa da operator gorka gomes andreus namuSevarSi yuradRebas iqcevs personaJTa saxeebis portretuli gadmocema da zRvispira qalaqis yofiTi da peizaJuri suraTebi, swored maTSi igrZnoba is socialuri simarTle, rac, Cemi azriT, scenaristebs daviT fircxalavasa

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da giorgi qobalias daakldaT da risTvisac yuradReba unda mieqcia filmis reJisor levan TuTberiZes.

filmis nakli advilad gamoswordeboda, qarTuli kinowarmoeba rom normalurad funqcionirebdes da arsebobdes redaqtorTa instituti, romelic scenaris naklovan mxareebze miuTiTebda dramaturgebsa da reJisors da maT gasworebas moiTxovda!..

saqarTvelos erovnulma kinocentrma `moira~ `oskaris~ nominaciis mosapoveblad waradgina, rac misi avtorebisTvis didi pativia, oRond es kinokritikas obieqturi mosazrebebis gamoTqmisagan ar aTavisuflebs.

aseve socialuri dramaa festivalis daxurvis filmic, dito cincaZis `bednierebis RmerTi~, romelic mogviTxrobs emigrantTa xvedrze erT-erT evropul qalaqSi. emigrantTa yofa arsad yofila dalxenili, miT umetes, Tanamedrove samyaroSi.

filmis mTavari gmiri qarTveli msaxiobia, aSkarad saSualo, magram sakuTar Tavze uzomo warmodgenis, ambiciuri, Semoqmedebasa da yofaSi yovelmxriv xelmocaruli adamiani. colma miatova da axla qaliSvilTan erTad cxovrobs kanadaSi, mamas ki Svili 10 welia ar unaxavs. axla es kaci cxovrobs viRac nigerielTan erTad, romelic seqsualur momsaxurebas uwevs germanel qalebs; Tavad qarTveli ki monawileobs meore msoflio omis Temaze gadasaRebi filmis masobriv scenebSi da Tavs amiT irCens. qarTveli da nigerieli Studgartis satvirTo terminalis axlos, quCis qalebis birJasTan cxovroben da ibrZvian arsebobisaTvis. amasTan, ambiciuri qarTveli eTikis normebs aswavlis am normebTan mwyralad myof nigeriels.


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maTi cxovreba erTgvarovania da imis miuxedavad, rom orives Tavisi saqme aqvs da TiTqos moxmobilebi arian germanuli sazogadoebis mier, aSkarad igrZnoba, rom es iluziaa, isini aSkarad zedmetni arian im qveyanaSi, romlisTvisac Tavi SeufarebiaT...

ori emigrantis duned mimdinare cxovreba aaforiaqa moulodnelma ambavma _ qarTvels 10 wlis unaxavma qaliSvilma Seatyobina, rom Camosvlas apirebs. aq giorgis xeli daria CvenTvis esoden tradiciulma kudabzikobam da nigerielis daxmarebiT qaliSvilis mosatyueblad qmnis sakuTari warmatebulobis iluzias. megobrebi gadabargdnen nigerielis, samogzaurod wasuli mdidari sayvarlis vilaSi, meti respeqtabelurobisTvis giorgim nacnob germanel qals sTxova, misi colis roli Seesrulebina.

ase iqmneba moCvenebiTi keTildReobis suraTi. sxvaTa Soris, saWiro fulis saSovnelad qarTvelma gayida nigerielis RmerTebis gamosaxulebebi, maT Soris, bednierebis RmerTisac. Camovida giorgis qaliSvili Tina. moCvenebiTi keTildReobis demonstrirebis Semdeg, tyuili TandaTanobiT simarTlem Secvala. giorgim qaliSvils uambo, rom maT winaprebs gansakuTrebuli qoreografiuli talanti hqondaT da am monayolSi niWierebas daxarbebuli uniWo adamianis ocneba ikiTxeba. Semdeg is iyo, rom germanel qals sayvarelma miagno da germanuli uSualobiT gaerTnen seqsiT ezoSi, rac Tinam da nigerielma daanaxes. aRmoCnda, rom Tinam germanuli icis da maleve gaerkva mamamisis dadgmuli uniWo speqtaklis arsSi. Tinamac icrua, parizis qoreografiul saswavlebelSi vswavlobo...

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male filmis sami mTavari personaJi realur cxovrebas daubrunda. rogorc vTqvi, giorgi epizodur rols asrulebs meore msoflio omis Temaze filmis gadaRebaSi da didi xvewniT gadasaReb moedanze qaliSvilsac uSova saqme, magram misi ambiciurobis gamo orivem dakarga samuSao: erT epizodSi Tokze Camokidebulma giorgi-partizanma saxrCobelidan yviriliT dauwyo Wkuis swavleba germanel msaxiobs, monologs damajereblad ver warmoTqvamo. es metiCruli gamoxtoma imiT damTavrda, rom mama-Svili gadaRebidan moxsnes...

filmis finalur epizodSi koridorSi miabijeben giorgi, nigerieli da Tina. midian sxvis qveyanaSi arsebobisa da TviTrealizebis uflebis mosapoveblad, radgan Znelia emigrantad yofna, miT umetes, ambiciuri, ufunqcio, sulierad duxWiri da araqmedunariani qarTvelisTvis.

am TvalsazrisiT `bednierebis RmerTi~ udavod warmoaCens socialur simarTles. kargia, rom Tavad emigrantma reJisorma scada, gaeazrebina emigrantebis Tema da mimaCnia, rom es cda warmatebulia.

filmi evropuli kinostandartebiT aris gadaRebuli. gamarTulia dramaturgiuli safuZveli, tempo-ritmi, saxviTi da xmovani gadawyveta, montaJi da reJisura.

giorgisa da Tinas rolebs araprofesionalebi, laSa baqraZe da Tina meliva asruleben. arsebiTad isini sakuTar Tavs asaxiereben, uSualod, gulwrfelad, amitom maTi TamaSi bunebrivia da organulad erwymis suraTis mTel qargas. danarCenebi: nadeJda brenike, jeims blizezi da ufuq bozqurTi, ramdenadac gavige, profesionalebi arian, maTi TamaSi damajerebelia, maT mier Seqmnili kinosaxeebi _ dasamaxsovrebeli.


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Cemi azriT, `bednierebis RmerTi~ saukeTesoa dito cincaZis mier saqarTvelosa da germaniaSi gadaRebul filmebs Soris.

amasTan, aucileblad unda aRiniSnos, rom suraTis dasasruls mayurebels uCndeba ucnauri SegrZneba. aSkarad SeimCneva gaRizianeba garemoTi, romelSic reJisori cxovrobs da saqmianobs. es iqidan Cans, rom kinosuraTSi yvelaferi germanuli uaryofiT konteqstSia warmodgenili, dawyebuli meore msoflio omis scenebiTa da Tanamedrove yofis CvenebiT damTavrebuli. sakiTxavia, ratom moxda ase? aSkaraa, es aris reJisoris reaqcia germaniaSi arsebul cxovrebis wesze. cxadia, germanelebi SeiZleba civebi da oficialurebi arian, magram imdenadve gasaocrad organizebulni, ramdenadac saxelmwifo da sazogadoebrivi cxovrebaa iq saaTiviT awyobili, cxovrebis donec maRalia da yvelas aqvs SesaZleblobaTa realizebis saSualeba, maT Soris, emigrantebsac, romelTa ricxvs Tavad dito cincaZec miekuTvneba... ase rom, germaniiT aseTi gaRizianeba mimaCnia raRac qarTul ambiciur gamoxtomad, iracionalurobis sferos rom ganekuTvneba... sxvaTa Soris, aseTive damokidebuleba aRmoaCnda oTar ioselians frangebis mimarT...

amrigad, ganvixileT Tbilisis me-16 saerTaSoriso festivalis gaxsnasa da daxurvaze naCvenebi ori qarTveli reJisoris filmebi. maT Soris gansxvaveba isaa, rom pirveli, `moira~, aris gardamavali periodis qarTuli filmi, romelic evropul standartebs mxolod nawilobriv pasuxobs, meore _ `bednierebis RmerTi~ ki swored evropuli standartiTaa Seqmnili...

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giorgi razmaZe, saqarTvelos SoTa rusTavelis Teatrisa da

kinos saxelmwifo universitetis doqtoranti,

xelmZRvaneli: prof. lela oCiauri

msjeloba kinosa da realobis

Sesaxeb

Jan-Jak ruso Tavis saukunes siqvelisgan daclil, mecnierebisa da xelovnebis eras uwodebs.1 XVIII saukune romantizmis xanaa. am movlenis ZiriTad aspeqtebTan rusos filosofiuri msjelobis Tanxvedris miuxedavad, misTvis Tanamedrove yofis kritika SesaZloa gamowveuli iyos xelovnebis realizmze araorientirebiT (ruso upirispirdeboda volteris fufunebis apologetikas (le mondain 1736), natif xelovnebebsa da sxv.). mas egona, rom progresi kacobriobas imsxverplebda. kacobrioba gadarCa, Tumca ris fasad? _ amaze yvela moazrovnes gansxvavebuli Sexeduleba aqvs.

XIX saukune, erTi mxriv, realizmis (kritikuli), kapitalizmisa da naturfilosofiis aRorZinebis epoqa iyo. meore mxriv, gaCnda nacionalizmis, eTnofsiqologiisa da fsevdomecnierebebis, (magaliTad, evgenika) moZRvrebebi. amave dros, gamoigones fotoaparati (dagerotipi) da daiwyo fsiqoanalizisa da kinematografis epoqa. progresi, romelic adre ramdenime aswleuls moicavda, Zalze aCqarda.

winamdebare naSromSi SemogTavazebT progresis bneli mxaris kritikas, anu, ra wvlili miuZRvis

1 ruso J. J., msjeloba mecnierebisa da xelovnebis Sesaxeb, Tb., 2014, gv. 154.

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kinos, rogorc realobis yvelaze mZlavr mediums, XX saukunis kataklizmebsa da mniSvnelovan movlenebSi.

msjeloba unda daviwyoT XIX saukunidan, anu premodernizmidan, rodesac, valter beniaminis mixedviT, gaCnda reklama.1 misi azriT, im periodis parizSi iSva Tanamedrove kapitalizmi, romelic ibadeboda arkadebsa da pasaJebSi (Tanamedrove savaWro centrebSi). daiwyo Warbi produqciis warmoeba. adamiani gaucxovda am simravlis mimarT. Tumca naprali gaCnda Tavad produqciis SeZenis procesSic _ myidvelsa da produqts Soris. ris gamoc Seiqmna aseTi WarbwarmoebulisTvis axali azriT datvriTvis aucilebloba. komersantebma daiwyes feradi, myvirala da lakonuri saxierebebis, imijebis warmoeba.

valter beniamini am movlenas modernizaciisa da kapitalizmis dialeqtikur materializmSi ganxilvisTvis iyenebs. CvenTvis ki ufro sainteresoa modernizmis periodSi Warbwarmoebul realobebze kulturis refleqsiis Taviseburebebi.

`1893 wels edisonma gaaforma patenti Kinetoscope-ze (kinetoskopi _ g.r.), filmis gamSveb yuTze, romelSic xurdafuls yridnen da xeliT amoZravebdnen. kinofiri (istmanis2 firis rgoli) erT wuTamde grZeldeboda (firis sigrZe 25-50 futs Seadgenda). 1894 wlidan aseT firebs brodveisa da amerikis yvela did qalaqSi e.w. salonebsa (parlours) an `savaWro warmodgenebSi~ (peep show) aCvenebdnen. saproeqcio oTaxebs, sadac saWvret

1 Benjamin W., The Arcades Project, New York: Belknap Press, 2002, p. 54.2 jorj istmani (1854-1932), amerikeli gamomgonebeli da biznesmeni, komania Kodak-is damfuZnebeli.

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yuTebs TiToeuli mayurebeli individualurad atrialebda, `xurdis darbazebsac~ (penny arcade) uwodebdnen~.1

kinos dabadebis mizezebsa da winapirobebze saubrisas, rogorc wesi, asaxeleben Semdeg garemoebebs: fotografias, fsiqoanalizs, atraqcionebs (Tavdapirvelad, meliesisa da lumierebis filmebs gasarTob parkebSi uCvenebdnen) da SesaZloa, kidev sxvas, Tumca kapitalizmis da kerZod, reklamis mniSvnelobaze jer aravis gaumaxvilebia yuradReba. arada, rogorc zemoT moyvanili, beleris citata da nebismieri saxelmZRvanelo kinos istoriis Sesaxeb gvauwyebs, kinematografi ar iyo spontanuri, SemTxveviTi gamogoneba, _ is iyo XIX saukunis komercializaciisa da modernizaciis kidev erTi axali SesaZlebloba.

imisTvis, rom zustad gavigoT kapucinebis bulvarSi, 1895 wels, lumierebis pirvel kinoseansze Sekrebili sazogadoebis reaqcia, ukve dasaxelebuli, valter beniaminis dausrulebeli wignis ̀ pasaJebis proeqtis~ wakiTxvac kmara. Tumca saWiroa axali varaudebis Semotanac, radgan arc zemoxsenebul naSromSi da arc sxvagan, kinos pirveli mayureblis dawvrilebiTi gamokvleva ar gvxvdeba.

viqtorianuli epoqa, romelic xelovnebaSi damoukidebeli esTetikuri stilis saxiT reprezentirdeba, manufaqturuli warmoebidan qarxnul warmoebaze gadasvlis periodia. rom gavixsenoT filmebi, romlebic am epoqis rekonstruqcias ewevian, magaliTad, `veluri, veluri dasavleTi~ (bari zonenfeldi, 1999) an `Serlok holmsi~ (gai riCi, 2009), vnaxavT

1 beleri, h., kinomontaJis aspeqtebi, Tb., 2006, gv. 23.

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Termodinamikisa da meqanikis mier1 paraleluri da usazRvro SesaZleblobebis realobebis warmoebas, specifikuri xelsawyoebisa da danadgarebis meSveobiT.

viqtorianuli epoqa dRes ukve fasdeba masze arsebuli romantizebuli Sexedulebebidan gamomdinare, rac aranakleb Seesabameba WeSmaritebas, vidre mxolod dokumenturi masalebi.

davubrundeT, am epoqis xelovnebas da kerZod, meri Selis frankenSteins, romlis pirveli gamocemis TariRic erTi wliT uswrebda inglisis dedofal viqtorias dabadebas, 1819 wels. meored, ukve avtoris saxeliT dastambuli wigni aseve erTi wliT adre gamoica, vidre 1832 wels reformebis aqts moewereboda xeli, romelic am epoqis aTvlis wertilad moiazreba. frankenSteini iqca kacobriobis meqanizebuli progresis literaturul saxed, romelic Tavis TavSi moicavda ukvdavebis dauflebis survils.

kinematografi rom ukvdavebis wyaroa, ufro swored, _ drois mumificirebis. es azri Tanamedrove kinos fuZemdebel Teoretikos andre bazens ekuTvnis.2 manve daamkvidra mumiis kompleqsis cnebac, rac niSnavs _ kinoSi (fotografiaSi) ukvdavyofili drois sakralurobas, religiurobas.

`maSasadame, unda SemovitanoT relikviisa da `suveniris~ fsiqologiis analizi, romelic aseve mimarTavs `mumiis kompleqsis~ meqanizms realobis

1 am ori movlenis stilizirebul asaxvas xelovne-baSi specialuri terminiT _ stimpankiT aRniSnaven. qveJanris dasaxeleba warmodgeba inglisuri steam-dan (orTqli) da punk-dan (nagavi).2 Базен А., Что такое кино? сб. статей, М., 1972, gv. 45

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(nivTebSi _ g.r.) gadatanis procesSi~,1 _ aRniSnavs bazeni.

misi gansazRvreba TiTqmis srul TanxvedraSia valter beniaminis auris cnebasTan, romelic orazrovnad (xan pozitiur da xan negatiur konteqstSi) moixseniebs xelovnebis nimuSebis reproducirebadobis dros dakargul auras. is wers: `auras ganvsazRvravT rogorc siSoris ganumeorebel gamovlinebas, rac ar unda axlos iyos igi~.2

beniaminisa da bazenis naazrevidan, SegviZlia erTi mTavari idea davaskvnaT _ kino aris sekularuli religia. funqciidan argumentSi gadazrdasTan erTad (rogorc ukve aRvniSneT, pirvel wlebSi is iyo komerciis saSualeba, anu damokidebuli elementi), kinematografma maleve gamoamJRavnda religiisTvis damaxasiaTebeli yvela saWiro da sabaziso atributi: rituali (= gamosaxuleba), procesia (= darbazSi Sekreba), transcendentuloba (= Suqis Caqrobas gadavyavarT ze, paralelur samyaroSi), masStabi (= ekranze nivTebisa da gansakuTrebiT, adamianebis zomebi giganturia, isini RmerTebs hgvanan), koncentracia (= mayureblis mzera mimarTulia Tavisi Tavidan odnav zemoT mxolod erTi mimarTulebiT), locva (= filmis ganmavlobaSi gancdili emociebi da saswaulis, xsnis, gamarjvebis molodini), ganwmenda, qristianul tradiciaSi ziareba (= kaTarsisi) da bolos, wmindanebis fenomeni (= kinovarskvlavebi).

kvlav davubrundeT kinetoskopsa da lumierebis

1 Базен А., Что такое кино? сб. статей, М., 1972, gv. 44.

2 beniamini v., xelovnebis nimuSi misi teqnikuri reproducirebadobis epoqaSi. istoriis cnebis Sesaxeb, Tb., 2007, gv. 33.


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pirveli seansis auditorias; _ ratom gaCnda kinematografi? im dros daiwyo sxvadasxva mowyobilobis gamogonebis bumi, romlebsac cxovreba unda gaeadvilebinaT.

Cveni gadmosaxedidan, am tendenciaSi ufro mTavaria survili, vidre Tavad SesaZlebloba. magaliTad, gamaaxalgazrdavebeli kremi, romelic Seicavda didi odenobiT vercxliswyals, mxolod da mxolod sekularuli magiis (alqimiis) nayofia.

XIX saukuneSi realizmma (aq mniSvnelovania fotografiis roli) kacobriobas waarTva rogorc warsulis monatreba, aseve gauRviva momavlis Suri1 (warmodgena xsnis Sesaxeb beniaminisTvis aris bedniereba, romelic mudmivad imyofeba savaraudo SesaZleblobebis warmodgenaSi, rac iwvevs awmyos Surs hipoTeturi momavlis mimarT), radgan mecnierebam daiwyo adamianis martod datovebis procesi.

RmerTi mokvda. is mokles darvinma, froidma da kapitalizmma. maTi jami ki aris kino, rogorc mecnierebis, filosofiuri xelovnebisa da konsumeruli merkantilizmis nazavi. isev da isev, am ukanasknelis mniSvneloba sWarbobs, radgan RmerTisgan daoblebuli adamianebi cdilobdnen xurdafuliT, sul raRac erTi wuTiT mainc, daemorCilebinaT axali droebis realoba da gamxdariyvnen demiurgebi, romlebsac aparatis saxeluris datrialebis SesaZlebloba miecemodaT.

kino, romelic SexebiT reproducirdeboda,

1 beniamini v., xelovnebis nimuSi misi teqnikuri repro-ducirebadobis epoqaSi. istoriis cnebis Sesaxeb, Tb., 2007, gv. 92.

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ratomRac, ganviTarebasTan erTad, mayureblisgan distancirda. fsevdomagiurobam ki xilulidan uxilav sivrceSi gadainacvla, _ mayurebeli veRar xedavda gamSveb aparats, is mis zurgs ukan moeqca, mTeli jadoqroba da magiuroba ki proecirebul gamosaxulebaSi gadanacvlda da mas ewoda `viTom realoba~, viTom `matareblis baqanze Semosvla~, `viTom mTvareze gafrena~ da sxv.

mxatvruli realobis gansazRvreba lumierebis kinoSi ar arsebobda. aparats isini naturis win aTavsebdnen (baqanze, qarxnis win, quCaSi) da realobis moZraobis nakads firze, e.w. pirdapiri kinos1 principiT asaxavdnen.

pirvel kinoseansze publikis cnobili reaqcia SegviZlia gadavTargmnoT rogorc daumorCilebeli, ukontrolo realobis SiSi (romelic ejaxeba cnobiers) an, rogorc magiis pirispir darCenis safrTxe, rodesac ver xerxdeba ekranis zRudeebis adekvaturad aRqma. orive SemTxvevaSi, saqme gvaqvs agresiul mediumTan, romelic ireklavs da Semdeg mayurebelSive aSiSvlebs yvela im farul Tu gacxadebul vnebas, romelic koleqtiuri aqtis dros kidev ufro mZafr formebs iRebs. amas vuwodoT lumierebis efeqti _ rodesac adamiani manipulaciis Sedegad eqceva ararealuris realobad gardaqmnis iluziis qveS da kargavs misi flobis, maSasadame, sakuTari Tavis kontrolis SesaZleblobas.

kino, rogorc parizis savaWro centrebSi gamokruli sareklamo xatebisa da simulakrebis azrobrivi Sedegi, gadaiqca agresiul xelovnebad, romelic sazogadoebis modernizaciasTan erTad,

1 rodesac filmis dro da sivrce emTxveva fizikur ganzomilebebs.


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manipulaciis erT-erTi saSualeba gaxda. nebismieri xelovnebis mizani auditoriaze gavlenis moxdenaa, sxvagvarad rom vTqvaT, _ publikis provocireba. magram arc erT sxva xelovnebas ar dauwyia arseboba SiSis danergviT, Tumca yvela maTgani samyaros, realobis mimarT arsebuli primitiuli SiSis daZlevis surviliT iqmneboda (iseve rogorc religiebi).

lumierebis seansi iyo kacobriobisTvis silis gawvna sxvadasxva xelsawyosa da produqtSi gamomwyvdeuli realobis mier. Tumca, pirvelma Sokma maleve gadaiara da kino publikasTan maleve dazavda, imiT, rom daiwyo simulakrebiT misi garToba.

meliesis mTvareze voiaJi bevrad win uswrebda nasas, 1969 wlis, apolo 11-is programas. gansxvavebiT fantastikuri Janris literaturisgan, kinoSi realurobis gancda mravaljer aRemateba sxva saxis warmosaxviTobebs.

rogorc Jan bodriari ambobs: `teritoria ukve aRar uswrebs win rukas, aRarc masze didxans cocxlobs. piriqiT, ruka uswrebs teritorias _ simulaciis winswreba _ ruka qmnis teritorias~.1

kinom realobis gayalbebis yvelaze utyuari saSualeba gaaCina. lumierebis qarxnis muSebis gamosvlaSi (miT ufro axla), verasdros gavigebT, filmSi moZravi adamianebi iyvnen Tu ara namdvilad im qarxnis muSebi, an iqneb SemTxveviTi gamvlelebi asrulebdnen reJisorebis Txovnas, an sulac is qarxana ki ara _ sawyobi iyo da a.S. amis gamokvleva azrs kargavs, radgan kino, rogorc

1 bodriari J., simulakrebi da simulaciebi, Tb., ilias saxelmwifo universiteti, 2013, gv. 16.

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meSvide xelovneba,1 ar miekuTvneba samecniero sizusteebis samyaros. piriqiT, man verafriT moirgo naturalizmis stilic ki. amitom, kinos uamravi SesaZleblobis paralelurad, kacobriobis istoriaSi, realobis maRali utyuarobis gancdiT konstruirebis saSualeba gaCnda.

XX saukunis pirveli naxevari amis saukeTeso magaliTia. `ebraeli cudia~, `kulaki xalxis mteria~, `amerika yvelaze Zlieri qveyanaa~ _ am idiomebis damkvidrebas Sua saukuneebSi Zalian didi dro dasWirdeboda, modernizmis xanaSi ki, sakmarisi iyo viTom realobis Cveneba (ara wakiTxva an mosmena), ra wuTiTac, infantilizmis stadiaSi myofi Tanamedrove kacobrioba, yovelgvari gaucxoebis gareSe, isrutavda am hiperrealobebs.

1960-iani wlebidan, aRniSnulma meqanizmma televiziaSi gadainacvla (mizani _ auditoriis ufro farTo nawilis xangrZlivad mocva), riTac kinematografi, metwilad, gaTavisuflda zemoxsenebuli Tvisebebisgan _ politikuri dRis wesrigis Seqmnisgan. televiziis rolis zrdasTan erTad `gaizarda~ mayurebelic, romlisTvisac Ria teqstiT miwodebuli manipulacia advilad amosacnobi da mosabezrebeli gaxda.

swored am periods ukavSirdeba holivudis oqros xanis, imave klasikuri holivudis sikvdilic, romelmac Tavis gadasarCenad daiwyo axali talRebisgan sasicocxlo energiis gamowova. es iyo realobis mier kinoze mitanili meore ieriSi, silis gawna. 1950-ian wlebamde msoflios kinematografSi warmoebuli koniunqturuli realoba erTbaSad ajanyda (sabWoTa kavSirSic ki,

1Canudo R., Manifeste des Sept Arts suivi de: A l’ordre du jour: la censure au cinéma, Le public et le cinéma, Séguier, 1995, p. 30.


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rkinis fardis miuxedavad, procesebi dasavleTis paralelurad ganviTarda).

Cemi dakvirvebiT, am dros Zalian mniSvnelovani roli iTamaSa modam, vidre nebismierma sxvam. es is periodia, rodesac karl lagerfildma uari Tqva `ot kuturis~ (Haute Couture) xaziT muSaobaze da `modis momavali mxolod masobriv warmoebaSi dainaxa~1 (aqve unda gavixsenoT endi uorholis `fabrika~). 1920,30,40-iani wlebis Cacmuloba ara-Tavisuflebis xazgamsmeli iyo, romelsac yovelTvis erTi ideali hyavda _ ZiriTadad, kinomsaxiobebi. aseTi varskvlavebis siarulis tempi, mixvra-moxvra da garemo iqmneboda sxeulis SesaZleblobebis gaTvaliswinebiT, romelsac, Tavis mxriv, sazRvravda Cacmuloba.

lagerfildma da modis industriaSi mosulma axalma Taobam tansacmeli moarges rigiT adamians da is araeqskluziuri, anu gamravlebis, gameorebis SesaZleblobis gaxada, igive pret-a-porte (prêt-à-porter). mokle kabaSi an jinsebSi gamowyobili msaxiobi veRar ivlida ise, rogorc, vTqvaT, greta garbo an marlen ditrixi _ es ukve sasacilod, anaqronulad aRiqmeboda.

masobrivma, utiliturma da konsumerulma realobam gaimarjva. Seicvala drois vizualizacia. nel-nela minelda qarizmatulobis2 aura, rogorc kinoSi, aseve zogadad, xelovnebaSi. kacobriobam daiwyo faSizmis, Semdeg komunizmis, makartizmisa da sxva reJimebis, warsulis Savi laqebis Sefaseba-gadaazreba.

1 Hombach, Jean-Pierre, Heidi Klum & Seal The Truth about the Divorce, Jean-Pierre Hombach, 2012, p. 109.2 pavle mociqulis mixedviT RvTiuri zebunebrivi niWi, madli (1 kor. 12:7; efes. 4:12).

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progresma kacobrioba ar imsxverpla _ iqneba Cveni pasuxi Jan-Jak rusosTvis diJonis akademiis mier dasmul kiTxvaze. Tumca man kidev ufro gazarda sarbieli, sadac eTika da `civi goneba~ WeSmaritebisTvis ganagrZoben brZolas da sadac modaraje ZaRls Zilis kidev ufro naklebi

saSualeba eqneba.

gamoenebuli literatura:

beleri h., kinomontaJis aspeqtebi, Tb., 2006. • beniamini v., xelovnebis nimuSi misi teqnikuri • reproducirebadobis epoqaSi, Tb., 2007.bodriari J., simulakrebi da simulaciebi, Tb., ilias • saxelmwifo universiteti, 2013.ruso J. J., msjeloba mecnierebisa da xelovnebis • Sesaxeb, Tb., 2014. Benjamin, W., The Arcades Project, New York: Belknap • Press, 2002, 1088Canudo, R. Manifeste des Sept Arts suivi de: A l’ordre • du jour: la censure au cinéma, Le public et le cinéma, Séguier, 1995.Hombach, Jean-Pierre, Heidi Klum & Seal The Truth • about the Divorce, 2012.Базен• , А., Что такое кино?, М., Искусство, 1972.


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giorgi RvalaZe,xelovnebaTmcodneobis doqtori

23-dRiani ,,iZulebiTi

Sinapatimroba~ sabWoeTis

dedaqalaqSi

1954 wlis 15 dekembridan, saqarTvelos kulturis ministris brZanebiT, 15-wliani kinoCinovnikobis Semdeg, leo esakia kinostudia `qarTul filmSi~ damdgmel-reJisorad daabrunes. 18 dekembers ki kinostudiis direqtor g. gigolaSvilis brZanebiT, Semoqmedi, romelic ukve studiis TanamSromlad iTvleboda, rogorc konsultanti-reJisori `baSi-aCukis~ literaturuli scenaris avtor vladimer karsaniZes miamagres da scenaris sawarmoo vargisianobaze pasuxismgebloba daakisres.

scenarists ukve mzad hqonda pirveli varianti, magram samxatvro sabWos gadawyvetilebiT, Semcirebasa da daxvewas saWiroebda. filmis reJisorad navaraudebi iyo konstantine pipinaSvili, magram, rogorc movlenebis Semdgomi ganviTareba adasturebs, mdgomareoba kardinalurad Seicvala. jer kidev guSindeli `kinoministri~, reJisor-konsultantis ampluas ver Seegua da male scenaris ukve meore gadamuSavebuli variantis Tanaavtorad da rac mTavaria, damdgmel reJisorad mogvevlina.

Zneli savaraudoa _ arCevanis arqonis, Tu iqneb, swored imis gamo, rom, rogorc reJisors, mTeli 15 weli ar umuSavia, leo esakiam, pirvelad mimarTa ekranizacias. Nnovatoruli Ziebani misTvis ucxo ar iyo, magram Tuki manamde cnobili iyo, rogorc originalur scenarebis mixedviT Seqmnili filmebis avtori, amjerad mSobliuri literaturis klasikis ekranizaciis xorcSemsxmelad mogvevlina.

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akakis nawarmoebebis ekranizaciis sakiTxi adrec idga qarTveli kinematografistebis yuradRebis centrSi. Aam sakiTxs qarTuli kinos erT-erTi pioneri, pirveli qarTveli kinoscenaristi, cnobili mwerali da sazogado moRvawe Salva dadiani jer kidev revoluciamdel periodSi ayenebda. magram akaki wereTlis gmirebi (da TviTon akakic) mayurebelma mxolod 40-iani wlebis bolos ixila. mxedvelobaSi maqvs konstantine pipinaSvilis filmi `akakis akvani~, romelsac safuZvlad daedo poetis avtobiografiuli nawarmoebi `Cemi Tavgadasavali~.

Salva dadiani Tavis wamowyebaSi marto ar yofila. Mmas mxars uWerda grigol robaqiZe, upirveles yovlisa, Tavisi uSualo, praqtikuli kinematografiuli moRvaweobiT.

1920-ian wlebSi mwerali `saxkinmrewvis~ TanamSromeli iyo da Tu erovnulma kinematografma ganviTarebis swori gezi aiRo da mSobliuri literatura gamoiyena, mwerlis damsaxurebacaa. swored man Seadgina qarTuli klasikuri mwerlobis ekranizaciis gegma. albaT, am gegmis nawili iyo robaqiZis mosazrebebi `baSi-aCukis~ Sesaxeb. E

es werili, saTauriT, `baSi-aCuki rogorc kinoromani~, 1925 wels gamoqveynda Jurnal `droSaSi~. Semdeg gadaibeWda Jurnal `axali filmebis~ 1989 wlis noembris nomerSi da bolos, calke Tavad Sevida Tbilisis saxelmwifo universitetis gamomcemlobis, 1992 wels gamocemul krebulSi `kinoxelovnebis problemebi.~

saqarTvelos gasabWoebis Semdeg ganaTlebis komisariatTan daarsda xelovnebis ganyofileba, romelsac grigol robaqiZe xelmZRvanelobda. warmarTavda saqmianobas, rogorc `mTavari

94

saxelovno komitetis~ Tavmjdomare. man 20-ian wlebSi iwinaswarmetyvela, Tu rogor warmatebulad SeiZleboda akakis moTxrobis ekranze gadatana. argumentebi damajerebeli da marTebulia. werilSi sayuradReboa mwerlisaTvis saxasiaTo weris stili da, rac mTavaria, kinematografiuli xedvis manera.

literatura yovelTvis zemoqmedebda xelovnebis nebismieri sferos Camoyalibebaze.Kkinoze misi gavlena uSualo da pirdapiria, magram es srulebiT ar niSnavs, rom nebismieri literaturuli qmnileba kinosTvis SeiZleba misaRebi da saintereso iyos.

rogorc werilidan Cans, grigol robaqiZe kinoJanrebs literaturuli Janrebis saxeobebad yofs da midis daskvnamde, rom akakis moTxroba brwyinvale kinoromania da iqve xsnis, Tu ratom aris ase da ara sxvagvarad: ̀ baSi-aCuki konoromania SesaniSnavi. Aar aris arc erTi elementi, kinos maxasiaTebeli, romelic ar iyos aq uxvad mocemuli: gmiroba, siyvaruli, saocreba, ambavTa erTi meoreSi paraleluri SeWra, buneba, SeTqmuleba, Zmadficuloba, xalxis varami, intrigis saocari xlarTi, dinamiuroba TandaTani~.1¹

mwerali agrZelebs Txrobas da gansakuTrebiT gamoyofs nawarmoebis Rirsebas. `fantaziis mxriv am moTxrobas qarTul literaturaSi ar hyavs toli. Mme maqvs mxedvelobaSi sxvadasxva xilvis texilebi. Semoqmedeba aq ufroa. me mgoni, bevrs ucxo ganTqmul nawarmoebsac gautoldeba igi am mxriv~.2²

1 krebuli `kinoxelovnebis problemebi~, Tbilisis univer-sitetis gamomcemloba, 1992, Ggv. 104.

2 Jur., axali filmebi 1989, nom. 11 g. robaqiZe baSi-aCuki rogorc kinoromani, Ggv. 20

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riT miiqcia nawarmoebma grigol robaqiZis yuradReba, naTelia. samwuxarod, werilobiTi saxiT ar SemorCenila moTxrobisadmi reJisoris damokidebuleba da CvenTvis ucnobia, riT SeiZleba leo esakia daeinteresebina. magram is xom cnobilia da axsna xom SeiZleba, Tu ratom uyvars qarTvel mkiTxvels es nawarmoebi.

`baSi-aCuki~ akaki wereTlis erT-erTi saukeTeso nawarmoebia. ideiTa da mxatvruli Sesrulebis ostatobiT samarTlianad iTvleba axali qarTuli literaturis erT-erT brwyinvale nimuSad.

moTxroba patriotuli xasiaTisaa. ZiriTad Temas warmoadgens me-17 saukunis kaxeTisa da sruliad saqarTvelos Tavsgadaxdenili ambebis warmosaxva. nawarmoebSi xazgasmulia, rom patriotizmi qarTveli xalxis umTavresi maxasiaTebelia. moTxrobaSi Caqsovilia erovnul-ganmaTavisuflebeli brZolisa da erovnuli mTlianobis idea. Ggarda amisa, akaki mogviwodebs SevinarCunoT da gavamdidroT Cveni tradiciebi, romelTa aRdgenac miZinebuli TviTSegnebis gamoRviZebis tolfasia. moTxroba mravalnairad aris sayuradRebo. Mmagram gansakuTrebul literaturul Rirsebas aniWebs mas iSviaTi kompozicia da Sesrulebis ostatoba, romelic gamoixateba Txrobis mxatvruli xerxebis gamoyenebaSi.Kkompozicia gansakuTrebulad gamosayofia. Tavisi sirTuliT, ufro didtanian romans Seefereba, vidre iseT patara nawarmoebs, rogoric `baSi-aCuki~.

moTxrobaSi uamravi istoriuli faqti Tu movlena iseTi mxatvruli mizanSewonilobiT da proporciiT aris moqceuli, isea Sekruli erTi gegmiTa da ideiT, rom mTeli nawarmoebi samagaliTo literaturuli kompoziciis nimuSs warmoadgens.

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96

Aaq avtoris gamarjveba isaa, rom kompoziciis sirTule moTxrobis kiTxvis dros sruliad ar igrZnoba.

akaki teqsts agebs saidumloebaTa kvanZebis Tavisebur gaSlaze, romelic moulodnel cxadebaTa morigeobiT mimdinareobs. moTxrobis mxatvruli Tavisebureba gansazRvrulia misi ideiT. Nfabula, siuJeti, kompozicia, gmirTa saxeebi da mxatvruli gamosaxvis saSualebaTa gamoyeneba Txzulebis ZiriTadi ideis srulyofasa da naTlad gadmocemas emsaxureba. nawarmoebSi ar gvxvdeba arc erTi zedmeti situacia, epizodi an uadgilo mxatvruli detalizacia. moTxrobas axasiaTebs iSviaTi dinamikuroba da movlenaTa ganviTarebis lakonuroba. Mmwerali erideba zedmet frazebs, gaWianurebul Txrobasa da grZel dialog-monologebs.

CamoTvlili argumentebi kidev ufro aRrmavebs, zemoT gamoTqmul azrs, rom akaki wereTlis moTxroba zedmiwevniT kinematografiulia. Mmwerlis SemoqmedebiTi midgoma aklia leo eskias films. idealSi, akakis moTxroba mxolod impulse unda yofiliyo reJisorisTvis da mTlianad mTeli SemoqmedebiTi jgufisaTvis, misi motivebi unda gamoeyenebinaT da gadaetanaT sruliad sxva xelovnebis _ kinos enaze. magram srulad ver moxerxda.

rogorc ukve cnobilia, scenaris pirveli variantis avtori iyo vladimer karsaniZe _ erT-erTi pirveli qarTveli profesionali kinoscenaristi. `baSi-aCukis~ SemoqmedebiT jgufs bedi didad ar swyalobda (filmis ekranebze gamosvlis CaTvliT). scenaris pirveli varianti samxatvro sabWom moculobis gamo daiwuna. A

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ai, ras vkiTxulobT daskvnaSi: `masalis mxriv warmodgenili scenari ori Cveulebrivi zomis filmis moculobisaa, rac yovlad dauSvebelia~.1³

am stilisa da Janris nawarmoebi moiTxovs ufro mxatvrulad daxvewas, moqmed pirTa xasiaTebis Sesatyvis, lakonur dialogs, rac scenars aklda.

meore variantze muSaobas karsaniZesTan erTad esakiac Seudga, romelmac ganizraxa scenaris gantvirTva zedmeti, daumuSavebeli da gaWianurebuli epizodebisagan. Tan esakia scenars ukve reJisoris poziciidan udgeboda. es varianti sagrZnoblad Semcirda da daixvewa. 1955 wlis aprilisaTvis ukve sareJisoro scenaric mzad iyo. kinostudia `qarTuli filmis~ xelmZRvaneloba yovelmxriv cdilobda, rac SeiZleba droulad da saqmianad Sedgomoda ̀ baSi-aCukis~ gadaRebas, magram imis gamo, rom sakavSiro kinokomitetSi filmis sawarmoo limiti ar damtkicda, kinosuraTze muSaoba Sewyda. limitis ar gamoyofas sakavSiro kulturis ministris moadgile surini imiT xsnida, rom qarTvelebs moWarbebulad uyvarT istoriul Temaze filmebis Seqmna da umjobesi iqneboda, Tuki Tanamedrove Temaze gadaiRebeno,

yvelafris miuxedavad, 1955 wlis ivnisSi limiti mainc damtkicda, Tumca kinostudiaSi Seqmnili mZime finansuri mdgomareoba, aseTi rTuli sadadgmo filmis gadasaRebad imeds ar iZleoda. filmis warmoebaSi CaSveba, savaraudod, dekembrisTvis gadaido. magram varaudi ar gamarTlda.

gadaRebebis dawyeba 1956 wlis 27 marts moxerxda. gadamRebma jgufma pavilionebSi muSaoba TvenaxevarSi daamTavra. filmi SemodgomisTvis

1 dokumenti inaxeba saqarTvelos xelovnebis muzeumSi.


98

iyo mzad da ekranebze noemberSi gamovida. amas, bunebrivia, kinosuraTis sakavSiro ekranebze gaSveba unda mohyoloda, magram swored es gaxda usiamovnebis dasawyisi.

kinos cenzorebma filmis Cveneba _ moskovSi, leningradSi, baqosa da baTumSi saWirod ar CaTvales, im motiviT, rom am qalaqebSi iranis sakonsuloebi mdebareobda. mizezi, ra Tqma unda, TiTidan iyo gamowovili. gadamRebi jgufi samkvdro-sasicocxlo brZolisTvis ganewyo.

moskovSi is aucilebeli rituali, romelic filmis gasinjvis, igive, Cabarebis saxiT, yvela e. w. mokavSire raspublikisTvis nacnobi iyo, saeWvod gaWianurda. leo esakia da misi SemoqmedebiTi jgufi, 23 dRe yovelgvari axsna-ganmartebis gareSe gaaCeres. Bbolos, roca moTminebis fiala aivso da samarTals versad miagnes, reJisorma uprecedento werili miswera sabWoTa kavSiris komunisturi partiis centraluri komitetis mdivan Sepilovs da sagareo saqmeTa ministr gromikos. es axla ioli saTqmelia, imxanad ki Zalian Znelad gasakeTebeli ram iyo. aseTi demarSi esakias gambedaobasa da principulobaze metyvelebda. saboloo jamSi mizans miaRwies. xelovanma da misma Tanamoazreebma SeZles Cinovnikebis darwmuneba, rom sami saukunis winandeli ambebis ekranze gacocxleba veranair garTulebas ver moutanda sabWoTa kavSir-iranis diplomatiur urTierTobas.

1957 wlis aprilidan filmi mTeli qveynis mayurebelma naxa, yovelgvari SezRudvis gareSi.

`baSi-aCuks~ ekranebze gamosvlisTanave didi warmateba xvda. male mayureblis usayvarles filmad iqca, magram masobrivi warmateba unaklobas yovelTvis ar niSnavs. nakli da xarvezi films

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sakmaod aqvs. moTxrobis ekranizacia mxolod erTi epizodi unda yofiliyo saqarTvelos istoriidan da aramc da aramc ar unda moecva yovelive, rac im epoqaSi xdeboda. reJisorma ver moaxerxa Tematuri lokalizacia da misi yuradReba bevr arafrismTqmel faqtze ifanteba. Uunda dakonkretebuliyo filmis siuJetic da Sesabamisad, Janric TavisTavad ganisazRvreboda da saboloo jamSi miviRebdiT erT upretenzio da, rac mTavaria, saTavgadasavlo JanrSi gadawyvetil films siyvarulsa da vaJkacobaze.

SeiZleba filmis avtorebs undodaT, akakis proza ise ametyvelebuliyo, rom ucxo ar yofiliyo kinoenisaTvis. amitomac mihyvnen ase guldasmiT literaturul pirvelwyaros, rac SemoqmedebiTi TvalsazrisiT, avtorTa sasargeblod kargs verafers ambobs. es, sxva sityvebiT, uiniciativoba da SemoqmedebiTi SiSia. Aavtorebs yuradReba unda mieqciaT imisTvis, rom sxva istoriuli xasiaTis nawarmoebTagan gansxvavebiT, moTxrobis mTavari gmirebi: mefeebi, mTavrebi, sardlebi ki ar arian, aramed ubralo xalxi. swored es xalxia istoriis Semoqmedi Zala. nawarmoebis ekranizacia, upirvelesad, Tu ramiT unda yofiliyo saintereso, albaT, imiT, rom mTavari xalxi da xalxidan gamosuli gmiria.

marTalia, filmis avtorebs mcdeloba aqvT marTebulad da damajereblad mogviTxron Cveni eris warsulze, magram es sakmarisi ar aris. filmSi gamokveTilad ver aisaxa xalxis protesti dampyrobTa mimarT. Eerovnul-ganmaTavisuflebeli brZola naCvenebia ara rogorc kanonzomieri da gardauvali movlena, aramed, rogorc konteqstidan amogdebuli, sparselebis winaaRmdeg amxedrebuli


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Tavadebisa da maTi razmebis brZolis calkeuli epizodi. Aamitomac, mTavari personaJi warmogvidgeba ara rogorc xalxis masebidan gamosuli gmiri, aramed mamaci meomari.

Sesabamisad, Cndeba SegrZneba, rom gmiri saerTod ar Cans da ikargeba, imis miuxedavad, rom ekranuli sivrce fizikurad sakmaoze meti xani ukavia. Aaqedan gamomdinare, gaumarTleblad Seviwrovda istoriuli rakursi da istorizmi, calkeul SemTxvevaSi, Seicvala melodramatizmiT, rac leo esakias namuSevars Rirsebas ar matebda.


krebuli `kinoxelovnebis problemebi~, Tbilisis • universitetis gamomcemloba~, 1992.baqraZe a., kino-Teatri, gamomcemloba `xelovneba~, • Tb., 1989.

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xelovnebaTmcodneoba

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irma doliZe,xelovnebaTmcodneobis doqtori,

saqarTvelos SoTa rusTavelis Teatrisa da kinos saxelmwifo universitetis

mowveuli pedagogi

memorialuri muzeumebi _

samuzeumo arqiteqturis

TaviseburebaTa

Sesaxeb

muzeumebis mravalferovan dargobriv-saxeobriv speqtrSi memorialur muzeumebs gansakuTrebuli adgili ukavia da yovelTvis iwveven sazogadoebis gamorCeul interess. aseTi saxlebi cnobili adamianebis yofiT garemoSi danaxvis da maT Sesaxeb meti informaciis uSualod da emociurad miRebis SesaZleblobas qmnian. ra moxda da ratom? sad daibada? ra garemoSi da rogor gaxda cnobili? sad iqmneboda Sedevrebi da ra asazrdoebda artistis STagonebas? diax, memorialuri muzeumebi erTgvarad konservatiul-statikuria, vinaidan maTi umTavresi mizani – imdroindeli atmosferos, garemos, nivTebis, yofis detalebis maqsimalurad SenarCunebaa, es ki „zRudavs“ saitis geografias, muzeumis sivrces, Sinaarssac ki. magram mxolod erTi SexedviT... es muzeumebi istoriul-memorialuri muzeumebia.

farTod gavrcelebuli aseTi muzeumebi aratipuri saeqspozicio sivrceebiT, „arasamuzeumo“ arqiteqturiT, sxvadasxva epoqis nagebobaTa TanaarsebobiT da Tanamedrove interpretaciiT droSi mogzaurobis, warsuli epoqis „SegrZnebis“ sivrce-adgilebia. amitom

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memorialuri muzeumebi istoriuli sinamdviliTa Tu misi rekonstruqciiT, umeteswilad sait-muzeumebia _ konkretul adgilTan, garemosTan, landSaftTan dakavSirebuli.

saqarTvelos orasze met muzeums Soris raodenobrivad yvelaze meti swored memorialuri muzeumebia. rogoria maTi Tanamedrove samuzeumo struqtura? Taviseburebebi? ra tendenciebi ikveTeba memorialuri muzeumebisa Tu samuzeumo kompleqsebis aRdgena-rekonstruqciis midgomebsa Tu muzeumografiul programebSi?

memorialuri muzeumi, erTi mxriv, gulisxmobs arqiteqturisa da garemos arsebuli saxiT SenarCunebas (an aRdgenas, an rekonstruqcias). meore mxriv ki, saWiroebs prezentirebas da damTvalierebelze orientirebuli infrastruqturis Seqmnas. memorialuri muzeumebi am niSniTac gansxvavdebian erTmaneTisgan, rasac umTavresad samuzeumod „gardaqmnis“ koncefcia ganapirobebs.

ase magaliTad, niko firosmanaSvilis saxelmwifo muzeumi or memorialur muzeums aerTianebs. erTi kaxeTSi, sof. mirzaanSi, sadac daibada da bavSvoba gaatara mxatvrma da meore, TbilisSi qalaqis istoriul nawilSi, firosmanis quCa #29-Si mdebare XIX saukunis ZvelTbilisur saxlSi, Sida ezoTi, aivnebiT da aTeulobiT macxovrebliT, sadac sicocxlis bolo periodi ganvlo firosmanma da araerTi Sedevri Seqmna. amJamad aq sareabilitacio samuSaoebi mimdinareobs, memorialuri muzeumi Sedgeba kibis qveS moqceuli mcire sacxovreblisa da aseve mcire zomis sagamofeno darbazisgan. ezoSi dRemde SemorCenilia sardafi, sadac gardaicvala firosmani. aucilebelia misi muzeumis

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struqturaSi Casma da damTvaliereblisTvis Cveneba-gaziareba, riTac es erT-erTi yvelaze emociuri minimuzeumi saqarTveloSi kidev ufro farTo interess gamoiwvevs. amdenad, mxatvris dabadebidan mis gardacvalebamde periodi erTian konteqstSi, niko firosmanaSvilis saxelmwifo muzeumSi (mirzaansa da TbilisSi) gaerTianda.

n. firosmanis saxl-muzeumad daarsebuli memorialuri muzeumi (1960 w.) droTa ganmavlobaSi samuzeumo kompleqsad Camoyalibda (1970-iani, 80-iani ww.). dRes is ukve sait-muzeumia. 5,5 heqtarze gaSlili kompleqsi Tvalwarmtac landSaftTan Serwymuli da TiTqos misi ganuyofeli nawilia. erT mxares, mTebis rkaliT, meore mxares ki alaznis velis farTod gaSlili umSvenieresi peizaJiT. firosmanis suraTebi xSirad asaxavs am garemos saxasiaTo xuroTmoZRvruli ZeglebiT (samrekloTi dasrulebuli darbazuli eklesiebi), romelTa naxva dResacaa SesaZlebeli.

niko firosmanaSvilis saxelmwifo muzeumi mirzaanSi aerTianebs mxatvris mier Tavisi disTvis agebul saxls (XIX s.), romelSic Tavdapirvelad gaixsna muzeumi da gamoifina muzeumis koleqciis pirveli nimuSebi; kompleqsSi Sedis galereis Senoba (arq. g. baqraZe, 1979 w.), sabWoTa arqiteqturisTvis damaxasiaTebeli sada, masiuri formebiT da garemoze gabatonebuli monumenturi simkacriT. masTan SedarebiT mcire arqiteqturul moculobebad aRiqmeba memorialuri saxli da kompleqsSi Semavali sxva nagebobebi (jer kidev saukunis win am adgilas firosmanaSvilebis gvaris aTeulobiT ojaxs ucxovria): mxatvris naTesavebis (biZaSvilebis) sacxovrebeli saxli (XIX s.), im periodisTvis damaxasiaTebeli sada, moxdenili

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interieriT; marani, muzeumis administraciis Senobebi, mxatvris skulpturuli kompozicia.1

amdenad, Cven winaSea samuzeumo kompleqsi gasuli saukuneebis sruliad gansxvavebuli saero da sakulto arqiteqturis nimuSebiT da TiTqos erT wertilSi Tavmoyrili sxvadasxva drois sinamdviliT.

XXI saukunem aqcenti muzeumis mravalfuqnciurobasa da landSaftis mniSvnelovnebaze gaakeTa. es naTlad gamoixata niko firosmanaSvilis saxelmwifo muzeumis aRdgena-rekonstruqciis proeqtSi. XIX saukunis nagebobaTa restavraciasTan erTad, igi moicavs infrastruqturis proeqts da iTvaliswinebs Tanamedrove samuzeumo moTxovnebs, muzeumis cxovrebisTvis mniSvnelovani komponentebis mravalmxrivi datvirTviT (eTnografiuli ubani, gamocemebisa da suvenirebis maRazia, kafe, parkingi, panoramuli gadasaxedi, sportuli moedani da sxv.); landSafti Tanamonawileobs samuzeumo sivrcis ier-saxis, misi xasiaTis SeqmnaSi, magram, imavdroulad, gvevlineba rogorc damoukidebeli Rirebuleba. Sesabamisad, sxvadasxva epoqis arqiteqturul ZeglebTan, saxviTi da gamoyenebiTi xelovnebis koleqciebTan erTad, sait-muzeumi warmogvidgeba rogorc kulturuli da bunebrivi memkvidreobis faseulobaTa erToblioba, aramaterialuri kulturuli memkvidreobis komponentis TanamonawileobiT. samuzeumo kompleqsis nawilad iazreba muzeumis teritoriaze kaxeTisTvis tradiciuli vazis gaSenebac. venaxTan, Rvinosa da meRvineobasTan dakavSirebuli eTnografiuli

1 doliZe i., firosmani mirzaanis muzeumis koleqciidan, Jurn. „Zveli xelovneba dRes“, Tbilisi, 06/2015. gv.6-26.

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ubniT, saqarTvelosa da kaxeTis yofisTvis damaxasiaTebeli marniT, sadegustacio sivrciT.

niko firosmanaSvilis saxelmwifo muzeumSi erTiandeba mxatvris memorialuri garemo, misi SemoqmedebiTi memkvidreoba, saero da saeklesio xuroTmoZRvrebis Zveli nimuSebi, XX saukunis sabWoTa arqiteqtura, vazi, rogorc saqarTvelos, kaxeTisa da firosmanis cxovrebisa da Semoqmedebis organuli nawili, rogorc aTaswleulebs gamovlili qarTuli kulturis cocxali tradicia; rogorc samuzeumo da kerZo koleqciaTa sivrce, rogorc kulturuli da bunebrivi memkvidreobis TanaSemoqmedebis adgili _ memorialuri garemo da epoqaTa dialogi.

Tanamedrove samuzeumo infrastruqturis CarTva memorialur kompleqsSi am tipis muzeumebis ganviTarebis mxolod erT-erTi mimarTulebaa. ufro gavrcelebulia memorialuri garemos prezentireba arsebuli saxiT (Tanamedrove Carevebis gareSe) an misi rekostruqcia. aseTi muzeumebis udidesi nawili memorialuri Tu arqiteqturul-mxatvruli Rirebulebis gamo kulturuli memkvidreobis Zegli da kompleqsia, rac kidev ufro zrdis mis mniSvnelovnebas. kulturuli memkvidreobis Zeglis statusi aqvs miniWebuli memorialuri muzeumebis arqiteqturul kompleqsebsa da sabaRe-saparke xelovnebis nimuSebs. ase magaliTad, aleqsandre WavWavaZiseul parks sof. winandalSi, niko nikolaZiseul baRs sof. did jixaiSSi da Sesabamisad, am teritoriebze arsebul samuzeumo kompleqsebs. al. WavWavaZis da niko nikolaZis saxl-muzeumebi memorialuri sait-muzeumebia (daarsebulia 1947-1951 wlebSi). arqiteqturul nagebobebTan erTad, gansakuTrebuli wvlili am

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samuzeumo kompleqsebis istoriuli da mxatvruli ier-saxis CamoyalibebaSi swored am gamorCeulad lamaz dekoratiul baRebs SeaqvT mravalferovani da iSviaTi mcenareebiT.

cnobili poetis, sazogado moRvawis, diplomatisa da mxedarTmTavris saxl-muzeumi winandalSi, al. WavWavaZis (1786-1846) mamulsa da mis sasaxleSia (dRes arsebuli Senoba agebulia 1886 wels, arq. a. ozerovi)1 warmodgenili. am SemTxvevaSi saqme gvaqvs memorialuri garemos rekonstruqciasTan XIX s. qarTuli da evropuli avejis, gamoyenebiTi (Cinuri, iaponuri, franguli, germanuli, italiuri, qarTuli, rusuli) da saxviTi xelovnebis nimuSebiT, musikaluri instrumentebiT. am rekonstruirebul garemoSia muzeumis kafec, suvenirebis maRazia, Rvinis degustaciisTvis gankuTvnili sivrce, droebiTi gamofenebisa da sakoncerto darbazebi.

samuzeumo kompleqsis nawilia marani (1835 w.) unikaluri enoTekiT, sadac sxvadasxva saxeobis aTasobiT boTli Rvinoa daculi. maT Soris boTlSi pirvelad Camosxmuli 1839 wlis mosavlis saferavi. al. WavWavaZe pirveli iyo, vinc evropuli wesiT daayena qarTuli Rvino. muzeumis damTvalierebels Rvinis dagemovnebis SesaZleblobac aqvs. esec memorialuri garemos arsebiTi Semadgeneli nawilia.

winandlis parkSi (18 heqtari) daculia dasavluri, aRmosavluri da amerikuli warmoSobis mcenareTa mravalferovani jiSebi. mis gasaSeneblad al. WavWavaZem dekoratiuli baRis specialistebi evropidan Camoiyvana. mogvianebiT, 1887 wels ki

1 beriZe v., Tbilisis xuroTmoZRvreba 1801-1917 wlebi, t. II, Tbilisi, 1963. gv. 175-176.


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landSafturi xelovnebis ostati arnold regeli moiwvia peterburgidan. 2008 wels kompleqsisa da masSi daculi eqsponatebis restavraciis paralelurad daiwyo parkis reabilitaciac. aRdgeniT-sarekonstruqcio samuSaoebi axlac grZeldeba.1

reabilitacia mimdinareobs niko nikolaZis saxl-muzeumSi, romelic al. WaWavaZis saxl-muzeumis msgavsad, ganTavsebulia niko nikolaZis (1843 – 1928 ww.) yofil mamulSi, mis mier gaSenebul parksa da sacxovrebel saxlSi (aigo 1886 wels, saboloo saxe mieca 1910 wels Svedi arqiteqtoris edmund frikis mier). muzeumSi daculia n. nikolaZisa da misi ojaxis wevrebis memorialuri nivTebi: XIX saukunis germanuli, inglisuri, avstriuli, amerikuli, rusuli warmoebis sayofacxovrebo nivTebi, mdidari biblioTeka. evropis sxvadasxva qveynidan Camotanili imave periodis uaxlesi teqnologiebis amsaxveli aparatura.2 kompleqsSi,

1 al. WavWavaZis saxl-muzeumi sof. winandalSi, arqiteqturuli proeqti, Tb., 2008 w. skmdes-s dokumentTa sacavi.

2 eqspoziciaSi warmodgenilia n. nikolaZis mier sxvadasxva qveynidan Camotanili saojaxo nivTebi da sasoflo-sameurneo manqana-iaraRebi: germaniidan pianino, barometri da Termometri, rkinis Wadrakis magida da skamebi, xelis sarecxi manqana, gogirdis Sesawamli manqana. boTlebis Tavsacobi manqana, abano. avstriuli lamfebi. specialuri SekveTiT parizSi damzadebuli mzis saaTi sofel jixaiSisTvis, romelzec aRniSnulia soflis meridianebi. Tujis Rumeli. kopenhagenSi damzadebuli rZis separatori da karaqis sadRvebi. londonidan Camotanili ponis etli. saweri magida. amerikaSi damzadebuli simindis saRerRi manqana. sabeWdi manqana, romelic ramdenime enaze beWdavda da SeeZlo erTdroulad ori sxvadasxva teqsti akrefa. ,,kodakis~ firmis fotoaparati, erT-erTi pirveli gamoSveba. ruseTidan Camotanili Tivis sawnexi manqana da sxv. ix.: http://www.samtredia.com.ge/index.php?p=./pages/kultura/muzeumi

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aseve, Sedis sameurneo nagebobebi, Tavla, muzeumis administraciis Senoba. Wa qarisZraviani satumbiT, dekoratiuli baRi infrastruqturuli elementebiT (bilikebi, ganaTebis boZebi), sadac SemorCenilia n. nikolaZis mier sxvadasxva qveynidan Camotanili endemuri jiSis xeebi (amerikuli kaklis xeebi, sapnis xe, korpis muxa, himalais kedari da sxv.).1

gansakuTrebul yuradRebas imsaxurebs muzeumis teritoriaze ganTavsebuli saqarTveloSi pirveli da erTaderTi qaris Zrava, romelic n. nikolaZem 1910 wels aago. am konstruqciiT xdeboda wylis meqanikuri amotumbva Widan da Senoba-nagebobebis Tu baRis teritoriis wyliT momarageba.

aRsaniSnavia, rom saxl-muzeumSi calkea gamoyofili niko nikolaZis vaJis giorgi nikolaZis (inJiner-gamomgonebeli, metalurgi, samecniero teqnikuri terminologiis Semqmneli) cxovrebisa da moRvaweobis amsaxveli gamofena. amdenad, samuzeumo kompleqsi did jixaiSSi niko da giorgi nikolaZeebis or memorialur muzeums aerTianebs.

niko nikolaZis saxl-muzeumSi SenarCunebulia memorialuri garemo (1921 wels saqarTvelos gasabWoebis Semdeg nikolaZis mamuli saxelmwifo sakuTrebaSi gadavida da aq wiTelarmielTa samxedro nawili ganTavsda. 1926 wels ki sasoflo-sameurneo skola da mogvianebiT teqnikumi funqcionirebda). amJamad sareabilitacio samuSaoebis meore etapi mimdinareobs.2 muzeumis samomavlo ganviTarebisTvis didi mniSvneloba

1 niko nikolaZis saxl-muzeumis (didi jixaiSi, samtrediis municipaliteti) kompleqsis reabilitaciis proeqti, Tb. 2013 w. skmdes-s dokumentTa sacavi

2 saqarTvelos kulturuli memkvidreoba 2014-2015, Tbilisi, 2015, gv. 33.


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aqvs al. WavWavaZis saxl-muzeumis gamocdilebis gaziarebas da msgavsi midgomebis gamoyenebas Tanamedrove samuzeumo infrastruqturis Seqmnisa da dekoratiuli baRis SenaCuneba-ganviTarebis saqmeSi. memorialuri muzeumis potenciali am mxriv ganuzomlad didia. reabilitaciasTan erTad gansakuTrebuli datvirTva unda mieces axal eqspozicias _ cnobili sazogado moRvawisa da mecnieris _ niko nikolaZis portretis srulad gamokveTisa da qveynis istoriaSi Setanili wvlilis warmosaCenad.

memorialuri kompleqsebis muzeumebad adaptaciis gansxvavebuli magaliTebia al. yazbegis memorialuri kompleqsi stefanwmindaSi, sadac stefanwmindis istoriuli muzeumia ganTavsebuli da sof. oZisSi (duSeTis municipaliteti) giorgi da daviT erisTavebis saxl-muzeumi.

stefanwmindis istoriuli muzeumi, rogorc al. yazbegis memorialuri muzeumi, 1934 wels daarsda. samuzeumo kompleqsi Sedgeba galavniT SemozRudul teritoriaze (farTobi _ 5,167kv.m.) ganlagebuli sxvadasxva nagebobisgan: al. yazbegis papis, gabriel yazbegis mier agebuli saxli (XIX s.), sadac daibada al. yazbegi (1848-1890 ww.), masSi ganTavsebuli eqspoziciebiT; msgavsi arqiteqturuli formebisa da imave masaliT naSeni al. yazbegis biZis, niko CofikaSvilis saxli (amJamad ganTavsebulia muzeumis fondsacavi), am or Senobas Soris 1990-ian wlebSi agebuli, amJamad ufunqcio Senoba, sagvareulo eklesia, samrekloebi, karibWeebi, sagvareulo sasaflao, auzi, al. yazbegis Zegli da sxva mcire arqiteqturuli formebi.

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muzeumis Senoba fasadiT mimarTulia dasavleTisken, saidanac iSleba xedi myinvarwversa da daba stefanwmindaze, mis Tavze aRmarTuli gergetis samebis kompleqsiT (es potenciali efeqturad unda iqnes gamoyenebuli infrastruqturis dagegmvisas da muzeumis Senobis aivnis am funqciiT datvirTvis gaTvaliswinebiT). kompleqss miniWebuli aqvs kulturuli memkvidreobis Zeglis statusi. amJamad igegmeba sareabilitacio samuSaoebis ganxorcieleba. memorialuri kompleqsebisgan gansxvavebiT, stefanwmindis muzeumi ar axdens mwerlis garemos rekonstruqcias. igi mxaris istoriasa da yofas eZRvneba. al. yazbegis cxovreba ki am istoriis nawiladaa moazrebuli.1

giorgi da daviT erisTavebis saxl-muzeumi sof. oZisSi kulturuli memkvidreobis Zeglia. rogorc muzeumi is 1961 wels daarsda. ganTavsebulia XVIII s. bolosa da XIX s. dasawyisSi erisTavebis mier aSenebul memorialur sasaxleSi, sadac daculia mama-Svilis, cnobili sazogado moRvaweebis daviT da giorgi erisTavebis cxovrebasa da SemoqmedebasTan dakavSirebuli masalebi: memorialuri koleqciebi, sayofacxovrebo nivTebi, gamoyenebiTi xelovnebis nimuSebi, dokumenturi da fotomasalebi.

muzeumis amJamindeli mdgomareoba gansakuTrebulad mZimea (dazianebulia sarTulSua gadaxurva, aivnis iatakebi da moajirebi, nagebobis gadaxurva, fasadebi, ukana mxares Camoingra aivani). ar arsebobs koleqciaTa gamofenisa da damTvalierebelTa miRebis pirobebi, miuxedavad amisa, muzeumi vizitorebs ufasod emsaxureba.

1 doliZe i., kaWarava e., stefanwmindis istoriuli muzeumis funqcionirebisa da reeqspoziciis Sesaxeb, gamofenis koncefcia da saeqspozicio gegma, krebuli „muzeumi da kulturuli memkvidreoba I, 2014, gv. 136-143.


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samsarTulian nagebobas aqvs sardafis sarTuli, sadac 2 sxvadasxva moculobis marania sawnaxeliTa da qvevrebiT. sasaxleSi sul 18 oTaxia. eqspozicia warmodgenilia III sarTulis ramdenime oTaxSi, sadac gamofenilia erisTavebis memorialuri nivTebis uaRresad saintereso koleqcia dokumenturi masaliT (3 oTaxi). sasaxleSi, aseve, mowyobilia saTeatro darbazic.

Senobis reabilitaciis sakiTxi gasuli saukunis bolos daisva. 1990 wels momzadda erisTavebis sasaxlis restavraciis proeqti, romelic ar ganxorcielda.

kompleqsisgan ramdenime aseul metrSi ganlagebulia ruseTis saokupacio jaris blok-posti, amitom muzeumis, kulturuli memkvidreobis Zeglis, memorialuri sasaxlis reabilitacia da gacocxleba, giorgi da daviT erisTavebis Rvawlis xazgasmasTan erTad, politikuri datvirTvis matarebelicaa.

sareabilitacio samuSaoebi giorgi da daviT erisTavebis saxl-muzeumSi ukve mimdinare wels daiwyeba. es masStaburi memorialuri kompleqsi mravlamxriv saintereso da mravalfunqciuri muzeumis Seqmnis SesaZleblobas iZleva _ memorialuri garemos rekonstruqciT, Teatris istoriisa da qarTuli kulturisadmi miZRvnili mravalferovani eqspoziciebiT.

saqarTveloSi samocdaaTze meti memorialuri muzeumia. Cven mier ganxiluli ramdenime nimuSis magaliTzec ki kargad Cans maTi ganviTarebis potenciali. memorialuri muzeumebi istoriis, epoqis, pirovnebis interpretatorebad gvevlinebian, amitom kulturuli memkvidreobis Zeglebis dacva-SenaCunebasTan erTad, didi mniSvneloba aqvs maTi

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samecniero, saganmanaTleblo-SemecnebiTi funqciis win wamowevas da XXI saukunis teqnologiuri siaxleebiT ganebivrebuli damTvaliereblisTvis saintereso da mimzidveli formiT SeTavazebas.


m. SavguliZe, kaxeTis regionis muzeumebis istoria • me-20 saukuneSi da maTi ganviTarebis perspeqtivebi (Telavis istoriuli muzeumis da al. WavWavaZis saxl-muzeumis magaliTze), sadisertacio naSromi, Telavi, 2011. m. mania, evropeli arqiteqtorebi TbilisSi, Tb., • 2006.i. qaraia, m. burWulaZe, l. qaraia., s. ciskariSvili, • saqarTvelos muzeumebi, gzamkvlevi, Tb., 2006firosmani, niko firosmanaSvilis saxelmwifo • muzeumi mirzaanSi, Tbilisi, 2012.a. maZRaraSvili, firosmanis garemo, Tbilisi, 1992.• al. WavWavaZis saxl-muzeumi dRes, fuWi skefsisi Tu • gamarTlebuli molodini, Jurn. „Zveli xelovneba dRes“, Tb., 02/2011.saqarTvelos istoriisa da kulturis ZeglTa • aRweriloba 2, Tb. 2008.


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qoreologia

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xaTuna damCiZe, saqarTvelos SoTa rusTavelis Teatrisa da

kinos saxelmwifo universitetis doqtoranti, xelmZRvaneli: asoc. prof. anano samsonaZe

Tamar mefis saxe qarTul xalxur

qoreografiaSi

Tamar mefis saxe qarTul folklorSi gamorCeulia Seqmnili nawarmoebebis simravlisa da mravalferovnebis mxriv. xalxurma Semoqmedebam qarTlsa da kaxeTSi, raWasa da svaneTSi, aWarasa da lazeTSi, TuSeTsa da fSav-xevsureTSi, guriasa da imereTSi saTayvanebel monarqsa da wmindans uamravi legenda, Tqmuleba, leqsi, locva, simRera da cekva miuZRvna. Tamars ukavSirdeba ara mxolod missave epoqaSi Seqmnili folkloruli nimuSebi, aramed momdevno saukuneebSi momxdari movlenebi, rac xSirad kontaminaciis saxes iRebs.

Tamar mefis saxe qarTul xalxur folklorSi, sxvadasxva dros a. SaniZis, v. kotetiSvilis, p. umikaSvilis, al. xaxanaSvilis, vaJa-fSavelas, al. yazbegis, iv. javaxiSvilis, d. arayiSvilis, z. faliaSvilis, z. CxikvaZis, gr. CxikvaZis, m. maWavarianis, a. TaTaraZis da sxvaTa samecniero-kvleviTi da saeqspedicio Sromebis gamoyenebiT, damuSavebuli aqvT qsenia sixaruliZes (`Tamar mefe xalxur SemoqmedebaSi~), Tina SioSvils (`Tamar mefe qarTul folklorSi~), nino CitaZis sabakalavro naSromSi ̀ Tamar mefesTan dakavSirebuli simRerebi, aRmosavleT saqarTvelos xalxur musikaSi~ da samagistro naSromSi `qarTveli mefeebi xalxur musikaSi~.

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Seswavlis safuZvelze cxadi gaxda, rom maTi garkveuli raodenoba saferxulo unda yofiliyo. maTgan nawils hangi da sacekvao leqsika, nawils ki _ mxolod sacekvao leqsika aqvs dakarguli da mxolod leqsis an simReris saxiT arian fiqsirebulni. qarTul xalxur qoreografiaSi, srulad sinkretuli saxiT, mxolod sami _ erTi raWuli `Tamar qali~ da ori svanuri `Tamar dedfal (ravqensia)~ da ̀ Tamar dedfal (saieriSo)~ _ SemorCa.

svaneTma, rogorc aRvniSne, Tamaris saxelobis ori ferxuli Semoinaxa. qarTuli sacekvao folkloris es unikaluri nimuSebi sruldeba dResac. qoreografma da qoreologma avTandil TaTaraZem SeZlo maTi kompoziciuri aRwerilobis fiqsireba. svanur xalxur qoreografiaSi maT Rirseuli adgili uWiravT. `Tamar dedfal ravqensia~ da `Tamar dedfal saieriSo~ erTmaneTisagan gansxvavdebian rogorc teqstiT, musikaluri qargiT, aseve sacekvao leqsikiT. ̀ Tamar dedfal ravqensias~ musikaluri zoma 6/8, xolo `Tamar dedfal saieriSosi~ 4/4. orive ferxuli SemsrulebelTa mixedviT, Sereuli saxisa, masSi monawileoben rogorc mamakacebi, aseve qalebi. avTandil TaTaraZec mianiSnebs, rom `ferxuli `Tamar dedfali~, svanur ferxulTa Soris, gamorCeulia Tavisi rTuli teqnologiiT. amasve vkiTxulobT `eTnografiul werilebSi svanebze~: `Tavisufal svaneTSi darCenilia xalxuri simRera Tamar dedofalze. simRera ufro namdvilad Senaxuli aRmoCnda uSgulis sazogadoebaSi. ferxulSi imRerian amas da iseTi axlarTul-CaxlarTuli, rTuli fexis xmareba unda, rom marto uSgulelebma ician es ferxuli. maxlobeli

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soflebi kalas da ifaris sazogadoebisa cdilan eswavlaT uSgulelebisagan, magram cdas amaod Cauvlia. Tumca gadauRiaT, magram daumaxinjebiaT, zogi ram CaumatebiaT da zogi gamoukliaT~1.

ferxulebis teqstebi amkoben Tamaris silamazesa da brwyinvalebas, gamoxatulia aRfrTovaneba misi samkauliTa da mefuri siZlieriT. ra vqensiac kiTxvas niSnavs _ qarTulad ̀ ra vqna~-s, rac avtors eniT auwereli silamazis gadmocemis uZlurebiT gamowveulma grZnobam warmoaTqmevina:

`o, sixarulo, Tamar dedofalo, yvelaze ukeTeso, Tamar dedofalo!Tmebi gqonda xuWuWi,Tvalebi gejda giSrisa,kbilebi gqonda margalitisa,SigniT gecva atlasi,gareT gecva abjari,fexze gecva, o, Ceqmebi,Tavze gedga zuCi;cxeni gyavda qviSisferisa,unagiri gedga oÁ, moWedili,aRviri gedva movercxlili,maTraxi gqonda oqrosi,Tamar dedofalo, Tamaro,yvelaze ukeTes, Tamar!~2

am SemTxvevaSi, teqstis Sinaarsis ukeT gacnobis TvalsazrisiT mxolod qarTul Targmans warmogidgenT. leqsis ramdenime varianti, Tina SioSvilis naSromSi, `Tamar mefe qarTul folklorSi~ aris ganxiluli.

1 eTnografiuli werilebi svanebze, Tb., 1973., gv. 89.

2 SioSvili T., Tamar mefe qarTul folklorSi, baTumis S. rusTavelis saxelmwifo universitetis qarTvelologiis centri, Tb., 2014., gv. 27.

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mecnieri Salva aslaniSvili aseT aRwerilobas gvawvdis: `Cven SemTxveva gvqonda svaneTSi mogvesmina ferxuli (saweso ferxulis tipis) `Tamar dedfal~, romelic dasawyisSi dinjad sruldeboda samwilad zomaSi, momReralni TandaTan aCqarebdnen temps. garkveul momentSi samwiladi zoma orwiladiT Seicvala, da simReram sacekvao xasiaTi miiRo~.1 ferxulis cekvaSi gadazrda, rogorc Cans, svaneTsa da raWaSi tradiciul wesad iyo miRebuli. savaraudod, es detali SedarebiT gvian Cndeba folklorul nawarmoebSi, radgan misi saritualo, sawesCveulebo xasiaTisa da maJorul tonalobaSi Sesrulebuli cekvis erT mocemulobaSi gaerTianeba, SesaZleblad ar mimaCnia.

avTandil TaTaraZe warmogvidgens aseve Tamarisadmi miZRvnil sasceno kompozicias, romelSic mxolod mamakacebi monawileoben: ̀ Tamar dedfal ceruliT~, Cven mier xalxuri ferxulis safuZvelze Seqmnili sakuTari samnawiliani (Tamar dedfal ravqensia, Tamar dedfal saieriSo da ceruli) kompoziciaa, romelic saqarTvelos simRerisa da cekvis ansamblSi daidga 1968 wels. aRdgenilia 1978 wels. am ferxuliT SevecadeT, agvemoZravebina saqarTvelos simRerisa da cekvis saxelmwifo ansamblis momReralTa gundi, ufro sworad, aRgvedgina ferxulTa safuZveli _ erTdroulad simRera-cekvis miviwyebuli uZvelesi tradicia. amitom, ferxuls iwyebs momReralTa gundi da asrulebs pirvel nawils _ ravqensias. meoresa da mesameSi, mxolod mocekvaveni monawileoben~.2 aq

1 aslaniSvili S., narkvevebi qarTuli xalxuri simRerebis Sesaxeb, tomi I, Tb., 1954, gv. 264.

2 TaTaraZe a., qarTuli xalxuri cekva, Tb., 2010, gv. 285.

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kidev erTi mniSvnelovani detali iCens Tavs: am ori saferxulos gaerTianeba erT kompoziciad da uZvelesi saritualo nimuSis cekviT dasruleba, rasac, savaraudod, Zvel dros ar unda hqonoda adgili. aRniSnuli faqtori, scenis principebis gaTvaliswinebis Sedegs unda warmoadgendes.

Tamar dedfal (saieriSo) svanurad:`orio dela, Tamar dedfal, Taiamare,orio dela, orgelSina, Taiamare,orio dela, CidmaCene, Taiamare,orio dela, qmnil uha, Taiamare,orio dela, kvecnel, uha, Taiamare,orio dela, CaJild jirda, Taiamare,orio dela, CidmaCene, Taiamare,orio dela, hngrel jigan, Taiamare,orio dela, oqrem lSkad, Taiamare,orio dela, xaRvril jis da Taiamare~...

Tamar dedofali (saieriSo) qarTulad:`orio dela, Tamar dedofali, Taiamare,orio dela, yvelaze ukeTesi, Taiamare,orio dela, qeri daumwifebeli, Taiamare,orio dela, puri daumwifebeli, Taiamare,orio dela, cxeni gyavda, Taiamare,orio dela, yvelaze ukeTesi, Taiamare,orio dela, unagiri edga, Taiamare,orio dela, moWedili, Taiamare,orio dela, aRviri qonda, Taiamare,orio dela, moWedili Taiamare~...1

rac Seexeba ferxulTa Semsruleblebis Semadgenlobas, av. TaTaraZe mas rogorc Sereuls afiqsirebs, Tumca dResdReobiT isini scenaze mxolod mamakacTa mier sruldeba. es ori


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ferxuli calkeuli nimuSebia da variantebad ar moviazrebT.

Tamar mefisadmi miZRvnili folkloruli nimuSebi dRevandel dRemde amSveneben folkloruli ansamblebis repertuars.

meore kuTxe saqarTveloSi, romelmac aseve Semoinaxa Tamar mefisadmi miZRvnili qoreografiuli nimuSebi, aris raWa. raWaSi, Tamar mefis saxels bevri folkloruli nimuSi ukavSirdeba. maTi didi nawili saferxuloa, Tumca zogierTi maTgani mxolod leqsis saxiT SemorCa, radgan hangic ki dakarguli aqvT, ara Tu sacekvao leqsika. maT krebiTad raWul Tamarikebs uwodeben da erTi simReris variantebad moiazreben msgavsebis gamo. Tamar mefisadmi miZRvnili nimuSebis gansakuTrebuli simravle, konkretulad am istoriuli personaJisadmi qarTveli xalxis siyvaruliT aris ganpirobebuli. esenia: Tamar qali, Tamariki, Tamarika, Tamarikis simRera, waiyvanes Tamar-qali, waiyvanes Tamariki, Tamaris saferxulo.

Tamar mefisadmi miZRvnili raWuli simRerebi msgavsebas svanur simRerebTanac amJRavneben. maTi zogadi kompoziciuri arqiteqtonikac msgavsia, Tumca, sacekvao leqsika gansxvavebuli. eTnomusikologebi, raWuli sasimRero folkloris qarTl-kaxurTan siaxlovezec amaxvileben yuradRebas da aRmosavleT da dasavleT qarTul musikalur dialeqtebs Soris Sualedur, gardamaval dialeqtad moiazreben.1 Tamarikebis ocamde sanoto da fonoCanaweri arsebobs. maT Soris, musikismcodneebi am

1 CitaZe n., Tamar mefesTan dakavSirebuli simRerebi raWul musikalur dialeqtSi, axalgazrda eTnomusikologTa konferenciis moxsenebebi (mokle Sinaarsi), Tb., 2011, gv. 13.


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nimuSebs erTi simReris saxesxvaobebad miiCneven. qoreografiuli TvalsazrisiT ki dafiqsirebuli mxolod erTi nimuSi, avTandil TaTaraZis mier Cawerili, `waiyvanes Tamar qali~ (igive `Tamar qali~_ x.d.) mogvepoveba. am saferxulo simReris gavrcelebis are ZiriTadad zemo da mTaraWaa. misi kaxuri analogi, ̀ waiyvanes Tamar-qali~, ara mxolod saxelwodebis mxriv, hangis TvalsazrisiTac identurobas amJRavnebs.1

CamoTvlili variantebidan yvelaze mkafiod gamoxatuli saferxulo struqtura pavle beriSviliseul variants aqvs SerCenili. swored es varianti axlavs avTandil TaTaraZiseul raWul ferxuls `Tamar qali~. sasimRero variantebis Caweris pirveli, yvelaze adreuli nimuSi d. arayiSvils ekuTvnis. eTnomusikologebisgan gansxvavebiT, eTnoqoreologebs ar gaaCniaT SesaZlebloba mravalricxovani variantebis Sedarebisa da analizis safuZvelze, sacekvao leqsikis droSi ganfenili variaciuloba da ganviTareba Seafason.

raWaSi gavrcelebuli Tamar mefis sadideblad Seqmnili ferxulebidan, rogorc aRvniSneT, Semonaxulia `Tamar qali~, romelic svanuri saferxulos msgavsad, sinkretizmis sruli SemadgenlobiT gvaqvs saxeze. monawileebi Sedgebian qalebisa da mamakacebisgan, musikaluri zomaa 3/4.

`waiyvanes Tamar qali, oho lelie levda, Tamro,

Sesves toriksa cxenzeda, lelie levda, Tamro,

ra cxensa Tamro Sejdeba, lelie levda, Tamro,

im cxenis bedis werasa, lelie levda, Tamro!

zeviT zurgisa Zvalzeda, lelie levda, Tamro,

1 CitaZe n., qarTveli mefeebi xalxur musikaSi, samagistro naSromi, Tb., 2012, gv. 24.

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zed bebero daaCndeba, lelie levda, Tamro,

qveSiT fexisa folzeda, lelie levda, Tamro,

zed nail moacvdeboda, lelie levda, Tamro...~1

avTandil TaTaraZe ferxulis, `Tamar qali~, Sesaxeb aseT aRwerilobas gvaZlevs. `Tamar qali _ sayofacxovrebo Sinaarsis raWuli ferxuli, Seqmnili Cerqezebis mier, raWidan vinme Tamaris gatacebasTan dakavSirebiT, romelic xalxuri gadmocemiT, qalisaTvis Seuferebeli ZaliT, RoniTa da woniT gamoirCeva~.2 ZiriTadad, Tamarikebad cnobili cikli, raWaSi Tamar mefisadmi miZRvnilebad aris miCneuli. SesaZloa, Tamaris mefuri siZliere Semoqmedis STagonebam mis fizikur siZliered gardasaxa da msubuqi iumoric SesZina. rac Seexeba ferxulis, `Tamar qali~, igive `waiyvanes Tamariki~, Cerqezebis avtorobas, rogorc a. TaTaraZe aRniSnavs, CvenTvis ucnobia. ucnobia aseve misi sainformacio wyaro. am leqs-simReris meore raWul variantSi Cndeba CerqezeTi, sadac Tamaris afxazeT-CerqezeTSi gamgzavrebis Sesaxebaa naTqvami. Tumca, es ar niSnavs, rom igi CerqezTa mier aris Seqmnili:

`waiyvanes Tamar qaliafxazeTSi, dielo da...Tamaro, CiCqiniano,biWebic giCiviano,i cxeni bediT arisa,ra cxen Tamari Sejdesa.Tamari midis Cergessa,miarawkunebs Ceqmebsa~.3


2 TaTaraZe a., qarTul cekvaTa ganmartebani, Tb., 1986, gv. 13.

3 SioSvili T., Tamar mefe qarTul folklorSi, baTumis S. rusTavelis saxelmwifo universitetis qarTvelologiis


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arsebobs mosazreba, rom warmarTul saqarTvelos hyavda qalRvTaeba, wminda giorgis dobili Tamari, romelic Semdgom mefe Tamarma gadafara. warmarTuli epoqis Tamari dedofali iyo da misi saxeba, mogvianebiT istoriuli Tamar mefis personaJSi gansxeulda. mkvlevarebi Tvlian, rom saferxulo simRerebSi moxsenebuli Tamari, am ori Tamaris kontraminaciaa, sadac istoriulma Tamarma meti simkveTre SeiZina.

`waiyvanes Tamar qalis~ kaxur versiaSi ki didubeSi Tamaris daviT soslanze qorwineba aisaxa.1

raWaSi, dResaswaulebze asrulebdnen saferxulo simReras `Tamar mefe RmerTs uyvarda~. es simRera vaxtang gorgasals ukavSirdeba. paralelurad, igive striqonebi xalxur zepirsityvierebaSi Tamarisadmi miZRvnil leqsad Cndeba. aRsaniSnavia is garemoeba, rom am leqsis zogierT variantSi sityva `RmerTis~ magier `xalxia~ naxsenebi (`Tamar mefe xalxs uyvarda~). raWuli saferxulos es versia iwyeba sxva cnobili leqsis striqonebiT:

`wuTisoflis stumrebi varT,Cven wavalT da sxva darCeba,Tu erTmaneTs ar vaxarebT,amis meti ra SegvrCeba, hee...hee... da ferxuli CavabaT,biWebo genacvalebiT.Tamar mefe xalxs uyvarda,cidan Camoesma reka,ialbuzzed fexi Sedga,

centri, Tb., 2014, gv. 90.1 SioSvili T., Tamar mefe qarTul folklorSi, baTumis S. rusTavelis saxelmwifo universitetis qarTvelologiis centri, Tb., 2014, gv. 89.

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didma mTebma Seqmnes dreka.lekebsa Semoutia,CerqezeTSi gadareka.axla ki SemouaroT,marcxnivac SemouaroT,marjvnivac SemouaroT~.1 arqauli ritmisa da kilos saferxulod Tvlis

mkvlevari qsenia sixaruliZe leqss, `Tamar mefe da xonTqari~, sadac Tamaris mzadebaa gadmocemuli dampyrobTa winaaRmdeg brZolis win:

`Tamar mefe da xonTqarimaRalma RmerTma wahkida,zRvaSi CauSva xomaldi,zed almasebi dahkida,Sig Casxa qarTvelT laSqari,mraval wyalobas dahpirda~.2 eTnomusikologi nino CitaZe metad saintereso

aspeqtebs gamoyofs, rac sagulisxmoa am nawarmoebis arsis gasagebad; `Tamar mefe~ _ igive `Tamar mefe da xonTqari~, kaxeTSi XIX da XX saukuneebSi z. CxikvaZis (1896), gr. CxikvaZis (1960), o. CijavaZis (1960), m. maWavarianis (1878) mier iqna Cawerili. amasTan, `Tamar mefe-s~ (`Tamar mefe da xonTqari~) m. maWavariseuli varianti, danarCenebisagan gamorCeuli orwiladi metrisa da uCveulo ritmis gamo, saferxulo ki ara, ufro sacekvaoa. misi sxva musikaluri parametrebis didi msgavseba danarCen variantebTan gvafiqrebinebs, rom es nimuSi ferxulis cekvaSi gadasvlas unda asaxavdes~.3

1 samxreT-dasavleT saqarTvelos zepirsityviereba, X, Tb., 1990, გვ. 35.2 sixaruliZe q., qarTuli xalxuri sagmiro-saistorio sityviereba, Tb., 1949, gv. 72

3 CitaZe n., Tamar mefesTan dakavSirebuli simRerebi aRmosavleT


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rogorc vxedavT, xalxuri mTqmelis mier Seqmnili leqsi anaqronizmis Semcvelia. eTnografebis mier Seswavlili masalis gaTvaliswinebiT, saferxulo simRera `Tamar mefe da xonTqari~ uZvelesia da Tamarisa da ruqnadinis dapirispirebis motivs asaxavs. misi variantebi arsebobs raWaSi, imereTSi, qarTlsa da fSavSi. Tumca, rogorc nino CitaZe aRniSnavs, am saleqso variantTa hangi, kaxeTis garda arsad SenarCunebula. cnobilia, rom raWveli mestvireebi, gudastvirze amRerebdnen. `Tamar mefe-s~ saferxulo SesrulebasTan dakavSirebiT, saintereso cnobebs gvawvdis v. kotetiSvili simReris poetur teqstze saubrisas: `es leqsi imiTac aris sagulisxmo, rom igi `ferxisa~ aris, e.i. ferxulis wesiTa sruldeboda. dRemde Senaxuli am simReris kilo da xasiaTi, Tavisi ritmiTa da korifei-gundis partiebiT, sruliad garkveulad amtkicebs am debulebas. es simReris xasiaTi, TavisTavad metyvelebs Tavis uZveles warmoSobaze; rac Seexeba teqsts, Cveni azriT, teqstic ZvelisZvelia, mxolod erTgvari kontaminaciis wesiT, rac xalxur Semoqmedebas axasiaTebs. am Zvel TqmulebaSi Tamaris saxeli iqna Canergili, da mTlad Tqmuleba Tamars Semoevlo, istoriul mefes~.1…

saferxulod moixseniebs ivris fSavSi gavrcelebul leqss `hbrZanebda dambadebeli~ qsenia sixaruliZe, naSromSi `Tamar mefe xalxur SemoqmedebaSi~, sadac Tamaris warmatebuli mefobis Sesaxeb aris moTxrobili:

`brZanebda mama ufali _

saqarTvelos xalxur musikaSi, Tb., 2009, gv. 100, sabakalavro naSromi.

1 kotetiSvili v., xalxuri poezia, Tb., 1961, gv. 375.

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Tamar ganefdes qalia,daigdos mamis saxelo,Sairtyas mamis xmalia, saxeliT gamarjvebuliTamari dedufalia!zRvasa gadahkra Ciqila,gadaaqana zRvania;Sua zRvas Cadga samani,samani, rkinis saria,xmeleTi Cvenke daigdo,_ RmerTo mimravle ymania!qristianT salocavia, TviTon xmelgorze brZania...~.1 istoriis grZel gzaze xalxurma fantaziam

qristiani mefe miTiur samoselSi gaxvia da warmarTuli da qristianuli simboloebi erTmaneTs Seuzava kidev erT fSavur saferxuloSi:

`pirvelad RmerTi vaxsenoT,eg ufro didebulia,memr Tamar mefe vaxsenoT,eg RmerTTan wildebulia...~2 sainteresoa uZveles Tqmulebaze agebuli

saferxulo `iaÃsari~, romelic Tamaris cikls ukavSirdeba. Tamari `RvTisSvilad~ iyo miCneuli. amitomac, misi saxeli daemata warmarTobisdroindeli saritualo ferxulebis Sinaarss. qarTul xalxur zepirsityvierebaSi xSiria kontaminaciis SemTxvevebi. aRmosavleT saqarTveloSi, Tamar mefisadmi miZRvnili ferxulebis gamarTva, fSav-xevsureTsa da TuSeTSi xatobebze icodnen. akaki SaniZe aRwers: SuafxoSi, iaxsaris dResaswaulze

1 sixaruliZe q., Tamar mefe xalxur SemoqmedebaSi, Tb., 1943, გვ. 15.2 sixaruliZe q., Tamar mefe xalxur SemoqmedebaSi, Tb., 1943, გვ. 27.


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`...Suaze daasvenes iaxsaris xati, gamarTes ferxisa da cekva-TamaSi. rom iTamaSebdnen, Semde iaxsaris sasargeblod vercxlis TasSi fuls agdebdnen~...1

qsenia sixaruliZe `iaxsaris~ saferxuloSi Tamaris xsenebas axal movlenad Tvlis. xalxis siyvarulma, wmindani mefis saxeli, mTis RvTaebebs gauTanabra.

a. SaniZe aRwers aseve `...Tamar-nefis xatobaSi~ Sesrulebul simRerasac da mis Tanmxleb ferxiasac: `rodesac daiwyes ferxisa, xalxi orad gaiyo. iwyebda erTi, ambobda sityvebs, sxvebi ki bans eubnebodnen. roca erT muxls gaaTavebdnen, meore rigi enacvleboda imave wesiT da Tu pirvel sityvebs ver gaigonebdi, meored Tqmis dros Seasworebdi~.2 samwuxarod am leqsebis mqone saferxulo simRerebi da sacekvao leqsika ar SemorCa. `iaxsaris~ saferxulos variantebi dafiqsirebulia, rogorc fSav-xevsureTSi, aseve TuSeTSi.

`metad sainteresoa agreTve ivris fSaveli xatis msaxurebis mier Tamaris xatSi laSarobasTan dakavSirebuli saferxulo. igi iaxsaris saferxulos moyvanili nawilisa da kuTxuri xasiaTis laSaris jvris leqsis kontraminaciis nimuSia:

`Svidi wlis qali Tamari mefed Tqves dedofalia,zRvis pirze SaviyareniT,Sagveqna saomaria.zRvasa gadahkra Ciqila,gadaaqana wyalnia.

1 CitaZe n., Tamar mefesTan dakavSirebuli simRerebi aRmosavleT saqarTvelos xalxur musikaSi, Tb., 2009, gv. 72. sabakalavro naSromi.

2 iqve, gv. 72.

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Sua zRvas Cadga samani,ar gadmiscildes cvaria,Sig aaSena sioni,daadga oqros jvaria.saxeli Tamar mefisazed daawera gvaria.urjuloTi da TaTarTiyvela sarwmunomc aria~.1

saferxulo simRerad ganixileba `amboben, rom Tamar mefe~. ̀ yvela musikaluri parametric: hangis SedarebiTi sisadave, metrul-ritmuli ganviTareba, harmoniuli ena, kupleturi forma _ migvaniSnebs am simReris saferxulo wyobaze~.2 simReris orpiruli Sesruleba, romelic saferxuloebis erT-erTi ZiriTadi damaxasiaTebeli niSania, dakargulia da fandurze Sesasruleblad qceula. orpiruli `Tamar mefe goris cixeze~, aseve saferxulod aris miCneuli. simReris `ia da vardo, Tamaro~ ori variantia SemorCenili. 1960w. xevSi Cawerili, o. kapanaZisa da e. garayaniZis mier notirebuli, `qiziy boloze~, sadac Tamaris saxeli kontaminaciiT unda iyos dakavSirebuli, aseve, saferxulo unda yofiliyo. saqarTveloSi farTod iyo gavrcelebuli Tamaris epitafiuri leqsi `Tamar dedofali viyav~, romelic Tina SioSvilis informaciiT, xevSi, samebis dReobaze ferxulSi imRereboda.

miuxedavad imisa, rom zogierTma dakarga saferxulosTvis damaxasiaTebeli niSan-TvisebaTa

1 SioSvili T., Tamar mefe qarTul folklorSi, baTumis S. rusTavelis saxelmwifo universitetis qarTvelologiis centri, Tb., 2014, gv. 30.2 CitaZe n. Tamar mefesTan dakavSirebuli simRerebi aRmosavleT saqarTvelos xalxur musikaSi, Tb., 2009, gv. 44. sabakalavro naSromi.


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erToblioba da iqca erTxmianad, mainc zogierTi mkafiod gamoxatuli niSani _ sinkopirebuloba, vibraciuloba, maTi saferxulo xasiaTis mimaniSnebelia.

saerTo hangis, msgavsi harmoniuli enis, xmaTa ganviTarebisa da struqturis gamo, saferxulo wyobis simRerebs _ `Tamar mefe da xonTqari~, àmboben, rom Tamar mefem~ da `Tamar mefe goris cixeze~ _ eTnomusikologebi, erTi da imave simReris variantebad moiazreben.

amgvarad, saxeze gvaqvs, svaneTsa da raWaSi SemorCenili, Tamar mefisadmi da zogadad Tamarisadmi miZRvnili, sami, sinkretulobis TvalsazrisiT, srulyofili nimuSi da qarTlSi, kaxeTSi, mesxeT-javaxeTsa da mTa-TuSeTSi, sxvadasxva dros mopovebuli mravalricxovani saferxulo leqs-simRerebi. `saferxulo tipis nimuSebia: qarTluri `Tamar mefe da xonTqari~, àmboben, rom Tamar mefem~, `Tamar mefe goris cixeze~, ìa da vardo, Tamaro~, moxevuri `qiziy boloze~ da mesxur-javaxuri `Tamar dedofali viyav~, romelTaTvisac variaciuloba aris damaxasiaTebeli. saferxulo wyobaze migvaniSnebs am simRerebis TiTqmis yvela musikaluri parametric: hangisa da musikaluri enis sisadave, xmaTa paraleluri ganviTareba, organizebuli metri, rbilad sinkopirebuli ritmi da mokle kupleturi forma.1

1 CitaZe n., Tamar mefesTan dakavSirebuli simRerebi aRmosavleT saqarTvelos xalxur musikaSi, Tb., 2009, gv. 99. sabakalavro naSromi.

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aslaniSvili S., narkvevebi qarTuli xalxuri • simRerebis Sesaxeb, tomi I, Tb., 1954.eTnografiuli werilebi svanebze, Tb., 1973.• TaTaraZe a., qarTuli xalxuri cekva, Tb., 2010.• TaTaraZe a., qarTul cekvaTa ganmartebani, Tb., • 1986.kotetiSvili v., xalxuri poezia, Tb., 1961.• samxreT-dasavleT saqarTvelos zepirsityviereba• X, Tb., 1990.sixaruliZe q., Tamar mefe xalxur SemoqmedebaSi, • Tb., 1943.sixaruliZe q., qarTuli xalxuri sagmiro-saistorio • sityviereba, Tb., 1949.SioSvili T., Tamar mefe qarTul folklorSi, • baTumis S. rusTavelis saxelmwifo universitetis qarTvelologiis centri, Tb., 2014.CitaZe n., qarTveli mefeebi xalxur musikaSi, • samagistro naSromi, Tb., 2012.CitaZe n., Tamar mefesTan dakavSirebuli simRerebi • aRmosavleT saqarTvelos xalxur musikaSi, Tb., 2009, sabakalavro naSromi. CitaZe n., Tamar mefesTan dakavSirebuli simRerebi • raWul musikalur dialeqtSi, axalgazrda eTnomusikologTa konferenciis moxsenebebi (mokle Sinaarsi), Tb., 2011.


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menejmenti

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naira galaxvariZe, saqarTvelos SoTa rusTavelis

Teatrisa da kinos universitetis asocirebuli profesori

kuratoroba da misi Camoyalibebis

zogierTi aspeqti

Tanamedrove pirobebSi did popularobas iZens „axali ekonomikis“ Teoria, romlis mTavari mimarTulebac adamianiseuli kapitalis funqcionaluri mniSvnelobis zrdaa. swored, adamianiseuli kapitali da ara manqanebi da nedleuli warmoadgens qveynis konkurentunarianobisa da ekonomikuri zrdis mTavar wyaros.

adamiani sazogadoebrivi arsebaa da sabazro ekonomikis pirobebSi Tavisuflebis garkveul xarisxs flobs. ganswavlul, moralurad aRzrdil, SemoqmedebiTi niWis mqone pirovnebas SeuZlia pozitiurad marTos moTxovnilebebi da Seusabamos isini sazogadoebisa da saxelmwifos interesebs.

iuneskos sayovelTao deklaraciaSi kulturuli mravalferovnebis Sesaxeb, romelic miRebulia 2001 wlis 2 noembers, iuneskos generaluri konferenciis 31-e sesiaze aRniSnulia, rom „dRes mimdinare ekonomikuri da teqnologiuri cvlilebebis gaTvaliswinebiT, rac farTo SesaZleblobebs uqmnis SemoqmedebiTi da inovaciuri saqmianobis ganviTarebas, gansakuTrebuli yuradReba unda daeTmos SemoqmedebiTi samuSaos miwodebis mravalferovnebas, avtorebisa da xelovnebis muSakTa uflebebis saTanadod aRiarebas da aseve kulturuli daniSnulebis nivTebisa da momsaxurebaTa specifikas, romlebic warmoadgens

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ra identobis, Rirebulebebisa da azris matarebels, ar unda iqnas ganxiluli rogorc Cveulebrivi nivTi an samomxmareblo saqoneli“.1

evrokavSiris erT-erTma damaarsebelma v. halteiinma evropuli Tanamegobroba samsafexurian raketas Seadara, romelSic pirveli safexuria _ kulturuli mravalferovnebis Sesaxeb SC-s sayovelTao deklaracia (2001 wlis 2 noemberi, muxli 8) _ vaWroba, meore _ ekonomika, mesame ki politika. es gamonaTqvami amJamad ase Seicvala: Tu evrokavSiri samsafexuriani raketaa, kultura evropis integraciis dRevandeli koncefciis mixedviT, ara mxolod kidev erTi, meoTxe safexuria, aramed danarCeni safexurebis ganzomileba da arsebiTi mxarea.

kulturis rolisa da kulturis integraciis aucileblobis gageba Rrmavdeba sazogadoebrivi ganviTarebis ekonomikuridan socialur-kulturuli prioritetebisaken gadanacvlebasTan erTad.

Tanamedrove kulturologiaSi kulturis rogorc cnebis 500-mde gansazRvreba arsebobs. am gansazRvrebaTa Soris sainteresoa nikoloz rerixis ganmarteba: „kultura aris WeSmariti Semecneba. kulturis mizania sakacobrio problemebis gadaWrasTan mecnieruli da STagonebiTi miaxloeba. kulturisaTvis misaRebia aRmoCenebi da cxovrebis gaumjobeseba, radganac igi sufevs azrSi da cnobierebaSi. kultura icavs eris istoriul Rirsebas“.

rac ufro gamorCeulia da gansxvavebulia ama Tu im eris kultura, miT ufro Rirebulia igi

1 kulturuli mravalferovnebis Sesaxeb UNESCO-s sayovel-Tao deklaracia, 2001 wlis 2 noemberi, muxli 8.

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mTeli kacobriobisaTvis materialuri yofierebis gamovlinebisagan gansxvavebiT, mxolod WeSmarit kulturul faseulobebs SeuZliaT gadalaxon dro da sivrce SemoqmedTan erTad.

termini „kulturis“ universaluri gansazRvreba mocemulia mexikoSi miRebuli kulturis politikis deklaraciaSi: „kultura xelovnebis da literaturis garda moicavs cxovrebis wess, adamianis ZiriTadi uflebebis dacvas, faseulobaTa sistemebs, tradiciebsa da rwmenas.“

globalizaciis erT-erTi Tanmdevi pozitiuri efeqtia komunikaciis saSualebebis ganuwyveteli zrda da informaciaTa gacvlis procesis gamartiveba, rac xels uwyobs kulturaTa dialogs.

msoflioSi mimdinare politikuri Tu sociokulturuli cvlilebebi gardatexas iwvevs azrovnebaSi da cvlis kulturul „transfers“. am kuTxiT sainteresoa yuradReba gavamaxviloT kuratorobaze.

„roca Tqven gTxoven axsnaT Tqveni profesiis arsi, Cveulebrivad Tqven ras pasuxobT?“ _ am kiTxviT iwyeboda frangi xelovnebis sociologis natali enikis dialogi cnobil kuratorTan harald zeemenTan, romelic 1989 wels Sedga, xolo wignis saxiT gamovida _ 1995 wels. es iyo pirveli mcdeloba kuratoruli praqtikis Teoriuli gansazRvrisa. Tavis wigns natali enikma „gansakuTrebuli SemTxveva“ iqidan gamomdinare uwoda, rom misi mTavari gmiri harald zeemani raRac unikaluri gamocdilebis matarebeli iyo. 1969 wels zeemani organizebas ukeTebs gamofenas _ „roca urTierTobebi formebad gadaiqcevian“. miRebulia _ am faqtTan iyos asocirebuli kuratorobis, rogorc gaTviTcnobierebuli praqtikis formireba.

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1987 wels safrangeTis qalaq grenoblSi, Tanamedrove xelovnebis centrSi, Seiqmna skola, sadac pirvelad iyo mcdeloba _ kuratoroba gadaeqciaT profesiul sagnad. miRebulia, rom kuratoroba, rogorc gaTviTcnobierebuli saqmianoba, daibada 1960-iani wlebis bolosa da 1970-iani wlebis dasawyisSi.1

1969 wels harald zeemanma gamofenaSi „roca urTierTobebi formebad gadaiqcevian“ gaaerTiana internacionalur mxatvarTa farTo wre, romlebmac muSaoba mimarTes procesualur da socialur-interaqtiul formebze. gamofenis eqsponatebi warmoadgendnen ara imdenad TviTdasrulebul xelovnebis nimuSebs, ramdenadac mxatvarTa moqmedebebis droSi gaSlil Sedegs. amdenad procesualoba, moulodneloba da performatiuloba ara marto nawarmoebebisaTvis, (nimuSebisaTvis), aramed TviT gamofenis wardgenisTvisac mniSvnelovani gaxda.

zeemanis gamofenis naazrebi da wakiTxva iTvaliswinebda, rom mnaxvelis yuradReba mimarTuli yofiliyo aramarto wardgenil obieqtebze, aramed gamofenis organizatoris figuraze, pirovnebaze, romelmac moifiqra es procesualuri movlena, aago misi dramaturgia da ureJisora mis Catarebas droSi, e.i. gamofenis Semqmneli warmoadgens im figuras, romlis saavtoro neba-survili gamovlindeba eqspoziciur sanaxaobaSi, e.i. is xdeba kuratori, xolo gamofena warmoadgens raRac ufro dids, vidre ubralod sivrceSi Tanmimdevrulad ganlagebul obieqtebs, is xdeba proeqti ufro zustad ki _ kuratoris proeqti.

1 Мизино Виктор, Пять лекций о кураторестве, Москва, Аг Маргинем Пресс, 2015, ст., 13.

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Tanamedrove kuratorisa da xelovanis warmatebis erT-erTi umniSvnelovanesi winapirobaa _ swrafi gadaadgilebisa da moqmedebis unari, maT garSemo arsebuli kulturuli fonis gaTvaliswinebiTa da piradi kavSirebis saSualebiT, isini maTTvis tipur da, imavdroulad, gansxvavebul strategiebs avrceleben.

gamofenis momzadebis dros kuratoris saqmianoba erTi ZiriTadi mizniskenaa mimarTuli _ xeli Seuwyos da gaaadvilos gamosafeni masalis interpretacia da misi warmodgena saukeTeso kuTxiT. gamofenis mzadebisas udidesi mniSvneloba aqvs masalis interpretacias, rac kargad xsnis gamofenis kuratoris funqciis ganxorcielebis mniSvnelobas nebismieri sagamofeno proeqtis dros. gamofenis momzadebis procesSi kuratoris movaleoba Semdeg sferoebs moicavs:

1. gamofenis koncefciis SemuSaveba;2. kuratoruli kvleva-Zieba;3. koleqciis Sefaseba, SerCeva da Sekreba;4. dokumentaciis Sedgena; 5. konservacia; 6. gamofenis mokle Sinaarsis momzadeba.STambeWdavi da saintereso gamofenis organizeba

saintereso ideidan iwyeba, magram misi efeqturi realizacia didadaa damokidebuli kuratoruli kvleva-Ziebis xarisxze, roca xdeba SemuSavebuli Tezisis gaSla-gavrcoba da sagamofenod SerCeuli nivTebis, koleqciebisa da gamofenis Semadgeneli sxva masalis damuSaveba.1

kuratorma naCvenebi masalebis adekvaturad unda SeimuSavos axali wardgenis unari, axali

1 sanadiraZe nino, kulturis sferos proeqtebis menejmenti da dagegmareba, Tbilisi, 2011, gv. 95.

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specialurad konstruirebuli sivrcul-droiTi parametrebiT. amitom nebismieri xelovnebis nimuSis wardgenis aqti moiazreba rogorc saavtoro Zalisxmeva, xolo Tavad gamofena xdeba proeqti.

inovacia da SemoqmedebiTi warmosaxva sagamofeno praqtikis aucilebeli ganuyreli Tvisebaa. amdenad, SeiZleba vTqvaT, rom kuratoruli moRvaweoba aucileblad ayalibebs muSaobis saavtoro stils, e.i. iZens sakuTar xelweras. kuratorisa da mxatvris erToblivi dialoguri muSaoba xdeba sagamofeno Cveneba da misi sivrcobriv-droiTi ganzomileba.

ibadeba kiTxva, _ „kuratoruli saqmianoba“ ratom daiwyo swored 1960-iani wlebis bolosa da 1970-iani wlebis dasawyisSi?

1967 wels gamovida cnobili ekonomistisa da sociologis jon kenet gelbreitis wigni „axali industriuli sazogadoeba“. sazogadoebrivi warmoebis parametrebis cvlilebis miseul analizSi gelbreiti adasturebda, rom warmoebis aqtiur subieqtad xdeba codna, mecniereba, adamiani.

1973 wels amerikelma sociologma deniel belma Semoitana cneba _ „postindustriuli sazogadoeba“. termini _ „momavali postindustriuli sazogadoeba“ misi cnobili wignis dasaxelebaSia gamoyenebuli. naSromSi gadmocemulia postindustriulobis kompleqsuri analizi, sadac mniSvnelovan faqtors warmoadgens is, rom kulturas beli moiazrebs ara imdenad raRac keTilSobilur da uxv „zednaSenad“, ramdenadac _ rogorc mamoZravebel Zalad samrewvelo „bazisisa“. aqedan gamomdinareobs belis mier SemoTavazebuli postindustriuli Sromis gansazRvra, romlis azri Semdegze daiyvaneba: „warsulSi adamianebi


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upiratesad urTierTzemoqmedeben bunebasTan mimarTebaSi, Semdeg manqanebTan, amJamad ki isini erTmaneTze zemoqmedeben.1

aqedan gamomdinareobs, rom Tu gamofenis organizatori, postindustriul epoqaSi, sakuTari Tavis aRqmas daiwyebs ara rogorc ubralo administratorad, aramed, rogorc moTamaSe figurad da msaxiobad, maSin misi axali roli efuZneba sazogadoebriv procesebsa da sawarmoo gardaqmnebs.

amieridan, gamofenis organizatori _ es aRaraa swavluli, anda mkvlevari, romelic ama Tu im mecnieruli meTodikis Tanmimdevrulad gamzadebuli, dasrulebuli nawarmoebebiT, qmnilebebiT awyobs eqspoziciur rigebs. dRes is ufro cocxali codnis matarebelia. misi moRvaweobis, ase vTqvaT sqmianobis, SemecnebiTi faseuloba ibadeba mxatvarTan SemoqmedebiTi dialogiT, xolo maT mier Seqmnili produqti ukve ara imdenad eqspoziciuri Cvenebaa, ramdenadac _ sagamofeno movlena. imis Tqma rom kuratoruli saqmianoba axali postindustriuli warmoebis saSualebaa. samarTliania daisvas kiTxva _ Tu materialur warmoebas aqvs sxvadasxva tipologiisa da aRweriTi midgomebis mdidari tradiciebi, ra SeiZleba iTqvas warmoebaze, romelic ar tovebs fizikur Sedegebs? rogoria aseTi saqmianobis racionaluroba?

dasawyisisaTvis unda vaRiaroT, rom ramdenadac kuratoruli praqtika, rogorc Sromis kerZo SemTxveva, efuZneba komunikaciasa da Suamavlobas, misi warmateba damokidebulia imaze, Tu ramdenad flobs kuratori komunikaciur siaxleebs.

1 Белл Д., Грядущее постиндустияльное обшество, Образец социального прогнозирования, М., 2001.

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kuratoruli proeqtis praqtikuli ganxorcieleba ganuyofelia uzarmazari komunikaciuri investiciebisagan. amdenad, kuratoris Sroma gansazRvruli zomiT Sedgeba intensiuri komunikaciebiTa da urTierTobebiT.

kuratoris ZiriTadi instrumentebia _ ena, metyveleba da saerTo inteleqti. ramdenadac kuratoruli proeqti aris SemoqmedebiTi sawarmo, kuratori masSi rTavs maT, romelTa SemoqmedebiTi potencialic miaCnia ueWvelad, uciloblad da aqedan gamomdinare, maT, vinc moaxdens masze esTetikur da adamianur zemoqmedebas.

2004 wlis 14-16 maiss TbilisSi Catarebul saerTaSoriso simpoziumze _ „Zieba sazRvrebis gareSe: kuratoruli saqme da kulturaTaSorisi gacvla interkulturul epoqaSi“ _ helen hirSis mier gakeTebul moxsenebaSi naTqvamia: „msoflio mTlianobaSi kulturis „aqtiorTa“ gavlenis sferod iqca~.

`iyavi sazRvrebs gareSe, magram igrZeni Tavi yvelgan ise, rogorc sakuTar saxlSi“ _ aseTia mravali warmatebuli „kulturTa elCis“ recepti. araviTari mniSvneloba ara aqvs adgilmdebareobas, Tuki flob saWiro kavSirebsa da mniSvnelovan wreSic trialeb.

amdenad, Tavisufleba da damoukidebloba is prioritetebia, romlebic mniSvnelovnad ganapirobebs urTierTobebs Tavisufal pirovnebebsa da damoukidebel sazogadoebas Soris.


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kulturuli mravalferovnebis Sesaxeb • UNESCO-s sayovelTao deklaracia, 2001 wlis 2 noemberi, muxli 8.sanadiraZe nino, kulturis sferos proeqtebis • menejmenti da dagegmareba, Tbilisi, 2011.Белл• Д., Грядущее постиндустрияльное обшество, Образец социального прогнозирования, М., 2001.Мизино• Виктор, Пять лекций о кураторестве, Москва, 2015.

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dilavardisa daviTuliani,saqarTvelos SoTa rusTavelis Teatrisa da kinos

saxelmwifo universitetis mowveuli pedagogi,ekonomikis akademiuri doqtori, profesori

samTosaTxilamuro turizmis

ganviTareba saqarTveloSi

turizmi saqarTvelos ekonomikis erT-erTi wamyvani, gamorCeuli da swrafad ganviTarebadi dargia.

saqarTvelos Tavisi bunebrivi, geografiuli, klimaturi, rekreaciuli SesaZleblobisa da istoriul-kulturuli memkvidreobis gamo, turizmis didi potenciali gaaCnia. resursuli potencialis mxriv, erT-erTi gamorCeuli qveyanaa, romlis mimarTac interesi uZvelesi droidan arsebobda. amis dadasturebaa Tqmuleba argonavtebis Sesaxeb da is faqti, rom X-XII saukuneebSi intensiuri savaWro kavSirebi damyarda msoflios qveynebTan da misi teritoria adgilobrivi da satranzito mniSvnelobis gzebiT daiqsela, maT Soris gamorCeuli iyo uZvelesi `abreSumis gza~.

bunebam saqarTvelo uxvad daajildova mravali sikeTiT. mTel msoflioSi arc ise bevri adgili moiZebneba, sadac SedarebiT mcire teritoriaze ganlagebuli iyos amdeni gansxvavebuli landSafti. mis teritoriaze wlis erTsa da imave dros SeiZleba SexvdeT TiTqmis yvela tipis klimats _ SavizRvispira notio da Tbili subtropikuli klimatidan didi kavkasionis marad Tovlian-yinulovan klimatamde. am TvalsazrisiT saqarTvelos samarTlianad uwodeben kontrastebis qveyanas. yovelive es ganpirobebulia misi specifikuri geografiuli mdebareobiT,

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rTuli reliefiT, vertikaluri zonalobiT da Savi zRvis siaxloviT. aqedan gamomdinare, saqarTvelos turistul potencials gansazRvravs: Savi zRvis siaxlove, romlis sigrZe qveynis masStabiT 318 kilometria; didi da mcire kavkasionis mTagrexilebi Savi zRvidan kaspiis zRvamde, romelic gadaWimulia 1500 km-ze; kurortebi da sakurorto adgilebi, romlebic mravlad aris qveyanaSi.

turizmi udides gavlenas axdens ekonomikis mTel rig dargebze da ganapirobebs maTi ganviTarebis aucileblobas. es dargebia: transporti da kavSirgabmuloba, mSenebloba, soflis meurneoba, farTo moxmarebis sagnebis warmoeba da saerTod, infrastruqturis TiTqmis yvela dargi. igi gvevlineba rogorc qveynis socialur-ekonomikuri ganviTarebis Taviseburi katalizatori. Tavis mxriv, turizmis ganviTarebaze moqmedebs mTeli rigi faqtorebi. kerZod: demografiuli, istoriul-kulturuli, religiuri, politikur-saganmanaTleblo, samecniero-teqnikuri progresi; turizmis ganviTarebaze agreTve moqmedebs mosaxleobis cxovrebis done, Tavisufali drois xangrZlivoba, ekonomikuri da politikuri stabiluroba da sxva.

turizmi aris amave dros biznesis sfero, romelic dinamikurad viTardeba. turizmiT biznesmenTa dainteresebas mravali faqtori gansazRvravs. pirvel rigSi, turistuli biznesisaTvis ar aris saWiro didi investiciebi. turistul bazarze sakmaod warmatebulad funqcionireben msxvili, saSualo, da mcire turistuli firmebi. amasTan erTad, turistul biznesSi kapitali swrafad brunavs. erovnuli turizmis kargad dagegmil, dinamikurad da profesiulad gatarebul politikas, saboloo jamSi, qveyana ekonomikur aRmavlobamde mihyavs.

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amave dros turizmi did rols asrulebs qveynis Semosavlebis zrdaSi, axali samuSao adgilebis SeqmnaSi, mosaxleobis dasaqmebasa da saerTod ekonomikis aRmavlobaSi.

turizmi qveynis imijia da misi ganviTareba SeuZlebelia mTeli rigi faqtorebis gaTvaliswinebis gareSe. turizmi ver ganviTardeba, Tu qveyana politikurad da ekonomikurad stabiluri ar aris. turizms sWirdeba ekonomika, kargi gzebi, maRali klasis sastumroebi, satransporto saSualebebi, garTobis saSualebebi, mowesrigebuli sabanko da sadazRvevo saqmianoba, sazogadoebrivi wesrigi, soflis meurneoba, momsaxurebis sfero, xalxuri rewvisa da suvenirebis warmoebis maRali done, maRalkvalificiuri kadrebis momzadeba da turistisaTvis sasiamovno garemos Seqmna.

turizmis sxvadasxva mimarTulebis ganviTarebisaTvis saqarTvelos didi potenciali gaaCnia. igi erT-erTi gamorCeuli sakurorto qveyanaa. amis ZiriTadi pirobaa misi metad mimzidveli da lamazi buneba, zomieri klimati, mudmivi TovliTa da yinuliT dafaruli kavkasionis qedi, Savi zRvispira zoli, wyaluxvi mTis mdinareebi da CanCqerebi, karstuli mRvimeebi, samkurnalo, mineraluri, miwisqveSa sasmeli wylebi, tradiciuli arqiteqtura, kulturis mdidari da unikaluri memkvidreoba da sxva.

saqarTveloSi turizms, rogorc ekonomikis erT-erT dargs, ganagebs turizmis erovnuli administracia, romelic 2010 wlidan ekonomikisa da mdgradi ganviTarebis saministros sajaro samarTlis iuridiuli piria da gadamwyvet rols asrulebs turizmis zrdasa da ganviTarebaSi. misi mizania turizmis ganviTarebis saxelmwifo politikis

samTosaTxilamuro turizmis ganviTareba saqarTveloSi

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Camoyalibeba da ganxorcieleba, misi xelSewyoba da amis safuZvelze qveyanaSi Semosavlebis zrda.

saqarTvelos turistuli kompleqsis erT-erTi perspeqtiuli da ganviTarebadi Semadgeneli nawilia samTo turizmi.

samTosaTxilamuro turizmi turizmis specialur saxeebs miekuTvneba, radganac is turizmis kombnirebul saxed iTvleba da moicavs samkurnalo-gamajansaRebel, sportul, samoyvarulo, ekologiuri turizmis elementebs. igi aSkarad gamoxatuli sezonuri saxea. turproduqtis Seqmnis mixedviT samTosaTxilamuro turizmi kapitaltevadi da Sromatevadi turizmis saxeebs miekuTvneba da turizmis sxva saxeebisagan gansxvavebiT mTeli rigi Taviseburebani aqvs. pirvel rigSi unda aRiniSnos ganTavsebis saSualebebis Taviseburebani, romelic gaTvaliswinebulia mTis Sales (Sale - Sveicariis alpebisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli patara saxlebia) tipis specializebul sastumroebSi, romlebic arqiteqturulad erwymian peizaJs. sastumroebTan axlos aucilebelia sawevelebis (amweebis) arseboba. sawevelebi ramdenime tipad iyofian: bugelis, skamebiani, kabinis da gondolis. sastumroebi ganlagebulia samTosaTxilamuro trasebis axlos. sirTulis mixedviT trasebi iyofa mwvane, lurj, wiTel da Sav trasebad. turizmis am saxeobaSi did rols TamaSobs damatebiTi momsaxurebis asortimenti: instruqtorebis momsaxureba, aRWurvilobis gaqiraveba da sxva. aq gansakuTrebiT didi mniSvneloba aqvs samedicino dazRvevis arsebobas. rogorc wesi, sadazRveo premia 2,5-jer metia, vidre turizmis Cveulebriv saxeebSi. miuxedavad imisa, rom samTosaTxilamuro turizmi sakmaod Zvir saxed iTvleba, yovel wels izrdeba im


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turistebis raodenoba, romlebic turizmis am saxiT arian gatacebulni.

msoflioSi saTxilamuro dasvenebis popularul adgilebad iTvleba avstria, safrangeTi, Sveicaria, bulgareTi, andora, italia, slovakeTi, TurqeTi, fineTi, SvedeTi, norvegia. SedarebiT naklebpopularulia germania, aSS. bolo dros popularobas iZens CexeTi, rumineTi, slovenia, espaneTi, kanada, saqarTvelo. xolo saukeTeso samTosaTxilamuro kurortebia israelSi, indoeTsa da iaponiaSi. turizmis am saxeobis ganviTareba yvelaze metadaa damokidebuli bunebriv pirobebze. pirvelxarisxovani mniSvneloba eniWeba myari Tovlis safaris arsebobas weliwadSi 4-5 Tvis ganmavlobaSi. garda amisa, aucilebelia sxva faqtorebic: adgilis simaRle, reliefis Tavisebureba, amindis pirobebi, mcenareulobis xasiaTi, zvavsaSiSroebis arseboba da, ra Tqma unda, landSaftis mravalferovneba da unikaluroba.

Tovlis siuxviT gamoirCeva kavkasionis mTavari qedis mTebi. aq samTosaTxilamuro srialisaTvis saukeTeso pirobebi 2000-2500 metr simaRlezea. simaRlezea damokidebuli aklimatizaciis xarisxic, anu organizmis SesaZlebloba gadalaxos Jangbadis simcirisagan gamowveuli usiamovnebani. zRvis donidan 2000 metr simaRleze, Tuki organizmi janmrTelia, praqtikulad is ar ganicdis sirTuleebs, xolo aRniSnuli simaRlis zeviT, SesaZlebelia _ Jangbadis ukmarisoba. aqedan gamomdinare, bunebriv-klimaturi pirobebis gaTvaliswinebiT, yvelaze popularuli samTosaTxilamuro kurortebi ganlagebulia zRvis donidan 1500-1800 metr simaRleze.

samTosaTxilamuro turizmis daCqarebuli ganviTareba ganapiroba sabazro ekonomikis


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damkvidrebis aucileblobam da saWiroebam qveyanaSi, rasac didi yuradReba eqceva bolo aTwleulebis ganmavlobaSi. amis dadasturebaa is, rom 2014 wlidan ekonomikisa da mdgradi ganviTarebis saministros daqvemdebarebaSi gadaeca Sps `mTis kurortebis ganviTarebis kompania~, romelic adre sxva saxelwodebiTa da sxva daqvemdebarebaSi arsebobda. igi warmoadgens sakmaod Camoyalibebul da moqmed struqturas, romlis ZiriTadi saqmianoba mimarTulia saqarTvelos mTis kurortebisa da samTo turizmis ganviTarebisaken. kerZod, am kurortebis da samTosaTxilamuro turizmis obieqtebis teqnikuri bazis gaumjobesebis, gafarToebis da agreTve investiciebis mozidvisaken.

saqarTveloSi saxelmwifo da Sereuli sakuTrebis turistuli sawarmoebis garda, funqcionireben kerZo turistuli obieqtebic, romlebsac saxelmwifo struqturebTan saerTo ara aqvT. turizmis am saxeobis, mimarTulebis, kerZod, samTo turizmis erT-erTi pirveli da uZvelesi obieqtia popularuli samTosaTxilamuro kurorti `bakuriani~.

bakuriani mdebareobs Tbilisidan 140 kilomet manZilze, borjomis xeobaSi, zRvis donidan 1800 metr simaRleze. XIX saukuneSi, mas Semdeg rac borjomis mineralurma wyalma gaiTqva saxeli, am xeobas ruseTidan uamravi xalxi ewvia. swored am periodSi (1898-1901 ww.) gaiyvanes viwro liandagiani rkinigza. 1910 wels aq Cavidnen pirveli moTxilamureebi. cota mogvianebiT niko nikolaZis Svilma, evropaSi ganswavlulma giorgi nikolaZem sportis zamTris saxeobebis popularizacia da bakurianis ferdobebis aTviseba daiwyo. 30-ian wlebSi aq ukve funqcionirebda saTxilamuro trasa da sabavSvo


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sanatoriumi. bakurianis, rogorc saTxilamuro centris, dabadebis TariRad miCneulia 1935 weli, rodesac amierkavkasiis industriuli institutis (amJamad politeqnikuri universiteti) studentebma, romlebmac sxva studentebic SemouerTdnen, aq Caatares sawvrTneli Sekreba. ramdenime xnis Semdeg bakurianSi moTxilamureebisaTvis tramplinebi, bagirgzebi, bilikebi gaakeTes. amJamad igi msoflio moTxilamureTa Sekrebis adgilia. garda amisa, misi mwvane safarisa da ganaSenianebis, unikaluri pirobebis gamo turistebs iRebs wlis nebismier dros. kurortis ganTavsebis simaRle 1800 metria, xolo sacigurao trasis sigrZe _ 10 km. dRes bakurianSi funqcionirebs sxvadasxva sirTulis 12 keTilmowyobili trasa. maT Soris mniSvnelovania:

istoriuli koxtagora, zRvis donidan 2155 m. amJamad sruliad ganaxlebuli bakurianis nawilia, romelic mravalwliani ufunqciobis Semdeg 2015 wels gaixsna profesionalebisa da moyvarulTaTvis.

didveli _ zRvis donidan 1861 m. _ bakurianis Tanamedrove nawilia, 14 km trasiT, xelovnuri gaTovlianebis sistemiT, Ramis ganaTebiT, yvelasaTvis mosargebi sasrialo trasiT.

mitarbi _ koxta 2-is saxeliT cnobili, zRvis donidan 2255 m. am turistuli infrastruqturis mSenebloba daigegma da 2015 wlis ivlisSi xeli moewera memorandums, romelic iTvaliswinebs saxelmwifos kerZo biznesTan TanamSromlobas, bakurianisa da mitarbis turistuli infrastruqturis reabilitaciasa da ganviTarebas. kerZod, dainergeba oTxsezoniani mTis kurortis koncefcia, rac xels Seuwyobs mTis kurortebis Semdgom popularizacias saqarTveloSi.

saxelmwifosa da kerZo seqtoris partniorobis


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es modeli gamoyenebuli iqneba saqarTvelos sxva samTo kurortebis ganviTarebisaTvisac. mitarbSi, koxta 2-is saxeliT cnobil mTaze damontaJdeba ori sabagiro, mimdebare teritoriaze ki aSendeba samas sawolze gaTvlili turistuli infrastruqtura.

gudauri _ saqarTvelos kurortebs Soris yvelaze maRla mdebare samTo-saTxilamuro kurortia, zRvis donidan 2196 metr simaRleze, romelic arsebobis 30 wels iTvlis. 1980-ian wlebSi saqarTveloSi, bakurianis Semdeg, kidev erTi samTo saTxilamuro zonis Seqmna gadawyda. zamTris kurortisaTvis Sesaferisad miCneuli iqna gudauris bunebrivi pirobebi _ saWiro daqanebis ferdobebi da uxvi da xangrZlivi Tovlis safari. gadamwyveti faqtori aRmoCnda dedaqalaqTan da centralur satransporto magistralTan siaxlove. 1980-ian wlebidan gudaurSi nel-nela gaCnda mTis kurortisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli sakurorto infrastruqtura. avstriuli investiciebis wyalobiT gudaurSi aSenda pirveli sastumro, moewyo bagirgza da 1988 wels kurorti oficialurad gaixsna. dRes gudauri umaRlesi standartebis samTosaTxilamuro kurortia, Sesaferisi infrastruqturiTa da aTobiT keTilmowyobili sastumro-saxliT. aq aris oTxi sirTulis trasa: damwyebTaTvis, moyvarulTaTvis, profesionalTaTvis da eqspertebisaTvis. gudauri dReisaTvis iTvleba saqarTvelos erT-erT saukeTeso da Tanamedrove samTosaTxilamuro kurortad, sadac trasebis sigrZea 57 km.

mestia _ mestiis rogorc saTxilamuro kurortis ganviTareba axali proeqtia, romelic saqarTvelos xelisuflebis xelSewyobiT mimdinareobs. erT-erTi gamorCeuli zamTris kurorti `mestia~ mdebareobs mestiis qvabulSi


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(zRvis donidan 1500 m.). igi zemo svaneTis regionuli centria, Tbilisidan 456 km. da zugdididan, romelic uaxloesi rkinigzis sadguria, 128 km-iT aris daSorebuli. lamazi buneba, saTxilamuro gza, idealuri garemo xdis mas ase mimzidvels da gamorCeuls. mestias turizmis ganviTarebisaTvis didi potenciali aqvs. saTxilamuro turizmis garda igi alpinistebisTvisac metad sainteresoa. aq aris damontaJebuli Tanamedrove sabagiro gza, romelic 2013 wels gavida eqspluataciaSi. mestia turistebs sTavazobs araCveulebriv bunebas. mestiaSi Casulni aRmoCndebian uSbisa da TeTnuldis mwvervalebis tyveobaSi. unikaluria svanuri koSkebi, romlebic waruSlel STabeWdilebas axdenen stumrebze. erTia, rodesac Seni TvaliT naxav svaneTis ulamazes bunebas, eziarebi unikalur kulturul memkvidreobas, xolo meorea mestiis muzeumi, sadac Tavmoyrilia am regionisa da zogadad saqarTvelos unikaluri saganZuri. mestiaSi mravladaa saojaxo sastumroebi da turistebisaTvis momsaxurebis centrebi.

hawvali _ mestiidan 8 km-Si fiWvnarSi gavliT aris maRali turistuli potencialis mqone hawvali. aq ukve sami welia moqmedebs 2400 m sigrZis saTxilamuro trasa, romelic evropis saTxilamuro kurortebs arafriT Camouvardeba.

TeTnuldi _ mestiidan 15 km-Si mdebareobs unikaluri samTo kurorti ̀ TeTnuldi~ zRvis donidan 2200 metrze. misi mSenebloba daiwyo 2014 wels da 2016 wlis ianvarSi dasrulda. unikaluri kurorti turistebs wlis oTxive sezonze emsaxureba, saTxilamuro periodi ki 6-7 Tvea. TeTnuldis sasrialo trasa amierkavkasiaSi yvelaze grZeli _ 9,5 kilometria da Tanac yvelaze didi vertikaluri vardna aqvs. specialistebis daskvniT TeTnuldis


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saTxilamuro trasebi gautoldeba evropis sasrialo trasebs. ekonomikisa da mdgradi ganviTarebis saministros mTis kurortebis ganviTarebis kompaniam popularizaciisaTvis, mestiidan TeTnuldamde da piriqiT, ufaso avtobusebi daniSna. aseve ufaso iqneba sabagiroc turistebisaTvis.

goderZi _ sruliad axali samTosaTxilamuro kurortia, romelic mdebareobs maRalmTian aWaraSi, baTumidan 120 km-ze, zRvis donidan 2025 metr simaRleze, goderZis uReltexilze. 2015 wlis dekemberSi pirvelad miiRo stumrebi da miCneulia oTxsezonian kurortad. noembridan aprilis CaTvliT TovliTaa dafaruli, romlis safaric 6-7 m. aRwevs. 8 km sasrialo gza da ori sabagiro vizitorebs sTavazobs sxvadasxva sirTulis trasebs.

gomarduli _ Suaxevis raionSi; sof. gomarduli mdebareobs zRvis donidan 1150 m, 74 kilometris daSorebiT baTumidan. Tovlis safari 2-3 metramde aRwevs. pirveli Tovli noemberSi modis. aq gakeTebulia 250 m sigrZis saTxilamuro trasa. kurorti damsveneblebs sTavazobs saojaxo tipis sastumroebs da kotejebSi dabinavebas. aq gaTvaliswinebulia 2500 metri sigrZis saTxilamuro trasisa da 2000-metriani sabagiros gakeTeba.

beTania _ es SedarebiT axali zamTris kurortia Tanamedrove standartebis saTxilamuro trasiT da infrastruqturiT. mdebareobs TbilisTan axlos _ 18 kilometris daSorebiT.

garda zemoT ganxiluli samTo kurortebisa, saqarTveloSi gvaqvs kidev SesaniSnavi bunebriv- klimaturi, rekreaciuli samTo turizmisaTvis perspeqtiuli kurortebi `baxmaro~ da `gomis mTa~.

baxmaro _ mdebareobs Coxatauris raionSi, 52 km. Coxatauridan, zRvis donidan 2100 m. igi


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pirvelad aRmoaCines mwyemsebma, rogorc ciebisa da tuberkuloziT daavadebulTa samkurnalo adgili. 1893 w. guriis mazris eqimma daviT iancma moinaxula, iq daisvena, aaSena patara saxli da TviTon ganikurna am senisagan. 1923 w. baxmaro kurortad iqna aRiarebuli. amJamad, SedarebiT keTilmowyobili kurortia, Tumca, sakurorto infrastruqtura jer kidev mosawesrigebelia. misi sakurorto sezoni Zalian moklea - 2 Tve. Tovlis safari _ 4-5 m. baxmaro es aris adgili, sadac zRvisa da mTis haeri erTmaneTs erwymis da sadac 21 dReSi sisxlis formula icvleba. aq samoyvarulo da eqstremaluri srialis moyvarulTaTvis trasebis gakeTeba SeiZleba.

gomis mTa _ mdebareobs ozurgeTSi. misgan 33 km daSorebiT, zRvis donidan 2250 metrze. esec baxmaros tipis kurortia. misi ganumeorebeli buneba da WinWaos tba dauviwyar STabeWdilebas tovebs. uxvTovliania da samTosaTxilamuro sportis ganviTarebisaTvis idealuri reliefi aqvs.

Savi zRvispireTSi mdebare kurortebi: ureki, SekveTili, grigoleTi, xolo iqve axlos maRalmTian alpul zonaSi mdebare baxmaro da gomis mTa qmnian sakurorto turistuli momsaxurebis erTian sistemas, unikalur bunebriv resurss, romlis gamoyeneba da qveynisa da xalxis samsaxurSi Cayeneba aamaRlebs Cveni qveynis ekonomikis ganviTarebis dones.


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l. dolikaSvili da sxv. turizmis safuZvlebi, Tb., • 2013.saqarTvelos turizmis erovnuli administraciis • kvlevebisa da dagegmis sammarTvelos masalebi.Sps `mTis kurortebis ganviTarebis kompaniis~ • masalebi.`saerTo gazeTi~, #6. 2016. •


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zurab zanguraSvili, saqarTvelos SoTa rusTavelis

Teatrisa da kinos saxelmwifo universitetis asocirebuli profesori

globalizacia da saerTaSoriso

turizmis kulturuli garemo

saerTaSoriso turizmis garemoSi igulisxmeba masze moqmedi faqtorebisa da pirobebis erToblioba. ganasxvaveben saerTaSoriso turizmis Sida da gare garemos. Sida garemo _ Tavisi miznebiT da amocanebiT, warmoebis teqnologiiT, _ firmis sameurneo meqanizmia, romelic moicavs misi yvela struqturuli adgilmdebareobisa da saqmianobis sferos miuxedavad momuSave adamianebs _ maTi unariT, moTxovnilebebiT da kvalifikaciiT. firmis dasaxuli miznebis warmatebas uzrunvelyofen adamianebi, romelTa interesebi da faseulobebi, motivebi da ganwyoba, stimulebi da socialuri SezRvudebi ganapirobeben maT aqtivobasa da wvlils saqmianobis saboloo SedegebSi. firmis irgvliv moqmedi yvela faqtori da piroba, romelic moqmedebs mis saqmianobaze da masze reagirebis aucileblobas ganapirobebs, turizmis gare garemos warmoadgens. axasiaTebs garkveuli Tvisebebi: urTierTdamokidebuleba, mravalsaxeoba, dinamikuroba da ganusazRvreloba.

saerTaSoriso turizmze moqmedi faqtorebi da pirobebi SeiZleba iyos kontrolirebadi da arakontrolirebadi. kontrolirebadia is faqtorebi da pirobebi, romlebic firmis mxridan regulirebas ar eqvemdebareba. aseTebia momxmareblebi, ekonomika, politika, saxelmwifo

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mmarTveloba, konkurentebi, mecnierul-teqnikuri progresi da sxva. saerTaSoriso turizmi saerTaSoriso biznesis Semadgeneli nawilia, amitom misi garemos Seswavlisas mxedvelobaSia misaRebi saerTaSoriso biznesis globaluri garemo, romlis Seswavlas, firmebis garda, mravali organizacia axorcielebs. 2013-2014 wlebis reitingSi biznesis warmoebis simartiviT liderebis pirvel aTeulSi Sedian: axali zelandia, aSS, norvegia, gaerTianebuli samefo, samxreT korea, islandia, irlandia. turizmze moqmedi gare faqtorebi da pirobebi mravalferovania. funqciuri niSniT maTi sistematizaciis Sedegad gamoyofen Semdeg ZiriTad jgufebs: samarTlebrivi, politikuri, ekonomikuri, teqnologiuri, kulturuli garemo da sxva.

saerTaSoriso turizmis samarTlebrivi garemo erovnul da saerTaSoriso samarTals efuZneba. misi SeswavliT SesaZlebelia formebis, dargebis da qveynebis samarTlebrivi urTierTobis, biznesisa da sazogadoebis kavSirurTierTobaTa da urTierTdamokidebulebaTa Secnoba. saerTaSoriso turizmis ganviTarebisas gaTvaliswinebuli ama Tu im qveyanaSi moqmedi samarTlebrivi sistemebi sam ZiriTad tipadaa dayofili: CveulebiTi samarTlis sistema, samoqalaqo samarTlis sistema, Teokratiuli samarTlis sistema. calkeul saxelmwifoTa erovnuli kanonebi uSualod moqmedeben turizmis warmoebis procesze rogorc qveynis SigniT, ise sxva qveynebTan saqmiani urTierTobis dros. saerTaSoriso turistuli samarTlis mniSvnelovani wyaroa saerTaSoriso ormxrivi xelSekrulebebi. saerTaSoriso turizmis regulirebis sakiTxebSi gansakuTrebul rols TamaSobs turizmis organizacia, vaWrobis msoflio

zurab zanguraSvili

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organizacia da turizmTan dakavSirebuli sxva saerTaSoriso organizaciebi.

CveulebiTi samarTlis sistema dafuZnebulia tradiciebze, precedentze, zne-Cveulebebsa da wes-Cveulebebze. samarTlis am sistemaSi kanoni ganimarteba sasamarTlos mier da es ukanaskneli umTavres rols asrulebs. CveulebiTi samarTlis fuZemdebelia inglisi da igi farTod gamoiyeneba britaneTis yofil koloniebSi. CveulebiTi samarTlis nimuSia agreTve aSS, Tumca iq aseve moqmedebs samewarmeo saqmianobis maregulirebeli erTiani komerciuli indeqsi, romlisTvisac damaxasiaTebelia samoqalaqo samarTlis sistemis Tvisebebi. CveulebiTi da samoqalaqo samarTlis sistemebis ganmasxvavebeli Taviseburebebis mkafio nimuSia am or sistemaSi moqmedi xelSekrulebiTi samarTali. CveulebiTi samarTlis sistemis Tanaxmad, kontaqtebi muSavdeba detalurad sxvadasxva SesaZlebeli situaciebis miTiTebiT, xolo samoqalaqo samarTlis sistemis Tanaxmad, aseTi detalizacia araa aucilebeli, vinaidan xelSekrulebaSi miTiTebuli sakiTxebi Camoyalibebulia samoqalaqo kodeqsSi, romelsac iyeneben dacvis wamoWrisa da sasamarTloSi misi garCevisas.

saerTaSoriso turizmis regulirebaSi gansakuTrebul rols TamaSobs ormagi dabegvris Tavidan acilebisa da gadasaxadebis gadaudeblobis aRkveTis Sesaxeb arsebuli SeTanxmebebi, romelTa mTavari mizania qveynebs Soris ekonomikuri TanamSromlobis gaRrmavebisa da investiciebis mozidvis xelSewyoba. am SeTanxmebiT teqstebi efuZneba ekonomikuri TanamSromlobisa da ganviTarebis organizaciis models da

globalizacia da saerTaSoriso turizmis kulturuli garemo

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gansazRvravs qveynebs Soris dabegvris principebs. SeTanxmebis mTavari mizania aseve gadasaxadebis gadauxdelobisagan Tavis arideba, rac miiRweva sagadasaxado miznebisaTvis informaciis gacvlis saerTaSoriso standartebis danergviT.

globalizacia msoflio ekonomikis ganviTarebis axali etapia, romelic gulisxmobs sxvadasxva civilizaciuri sistemebis daaxloebas, maT Soris arsebuli gansxvavebis waSlas, msoflio ekonomikis subieqtebis mier warmoebul msoflio eqpsansias iseT sferoebSi, rogorebicaa: vaWroba, finansebi, warmoeba, komunikacia, mecniereba, teqnika, kultura, religia, terorizmi da a.S.

globalizaciis sxvadasxva aspeqti arsebobs. maT Sorisaa: * samrewvelo (industriuli) globalizacia

_ saerTaSoriso warmoebis Camoyalibeba, momxmareblebisa da kompaniebisaTvis ucxouri produqtebis xelmisawvdomobis donis amaRleba;

* finansuri globalizacia _ saerTaSoriso finansuri bazrebis gaCena, korporaciuli, erovnuli, da zenacionaluri msesxeblebisaTvis sagareo dafinansebis xelmisawvdomobis gaumjobeseba;

* ekonomikuri globalizacia _ erTiani globaluri bazris formireba, romlis safuZvelia saqonlisa da momsaxurebis, warmoebis faqtorebis saerTaSoriso moZraoba;

* politikuri globalizacia _ msoflio mTavrobis (xelisuflebis) formireba, romlis funqciaSi Seva saerTaSoriso urTierTobebis regulireba, socialur-ekonomikuri globalizaciis Sedegad miRebuli uflebebis garantiebis uzrunvelyofa;

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* informaciuli globalizacia _ informaciis nakadebis intensifikacia geografiulad daSorebul qveynebs Soris; CvenTvis sainteresoa kulturuli

globalizacia _ kulturuli kontaqtebis zrda da msoflio kulturis Camoyalibeba.* ekologiuri globalizacia _ globaluri

ekologiuri gamowvevebis zrda (magaliTad klimatis cvlileba, gruntis wylebisa da haeris dabinZureba, okeaneebSi Tevzis maragis amowurva, florisa da faunis agresiuli saxeobebis gavrceleba da sxva), romelTa gadawyveta saerTaSoriso TanaSromlobas saWiroebs;

* socialuri globalizacia _ yvela erovnebis adamianTa Tavisufali moZraobisa da maTi socialuri dacvis uzrunvelyofa.globalizaciis yoveli zemoT aRniSnuli

aspeqti msoflioze sxvadasxva saxiT zemoqmedebs da sxvadasxva Sedegi gaaCnia.

globalizaciisTvis damaxasiaTebelia: urTierTqmedebisa da urTierTgavlenis gaZliereba, ama Tu im kavSirebisa da institutebis gafarToeba da gaRrmaveba drosa da sivrceSi iseTi saxiT, rom, erTi mxriv, adamianTa yoveldRiur saqmianobaze sul ufro metad moqmedebs dedamiwis sxva nawilSi mimdinare movlenebi da, meore mxriv, lokalur movlenebs mniSvnelovani globaluri Sedegebis motana SeuZliaT. qveyanaTa urTierTkavSirebisa da urTierTgavlenis gaZlierebis Sedegad, maTi sazRvrebi sul ufro gamWvirvale xdeba.

saerTaSoriso turizmis warmatebis uzrunvelyofaSi gansakuTrebul rols TamaSobs adamiani da kulturuli garemo. amitom am


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sferoSi dasaqmebuli piri kargad unda flobdes anTropologias, raTa ukeT aRiqvas ama Tu im qveynis mosaxleobis socialur-kulturuli faseulobebi, maTi Tundac umniSvnelo Taviseburebebi; adamianiseul garemosTan erTad, turizmisTvis mniSvnelovani kulturuli garemo, romelic masobrivi turistuli nakadebis generirebis resursia.

turistebs Cveulebriv izidavs ucxo qveynebis kultura, ainteresebT sxva xalxis adaT-wesebi da tradiciebi, yofa-cxovrebis sxvadasxva elementebi. amis gamo turistuli sawarmoebi did yuradRebas uTmoben iseTi saeqskursio da animaciur-gasarTobi programebis Seqmnas, romlebic turistebs kulturul memkvidreobasTan (garemosTan) Sexebis saSualebas aZlevs. miuxedavad imisa, rom kultura mxolod erTi faqtoria, romelic gansazRvravs turistuli regionis saerTo mimzidvelobas, is Zalian mdidari da mravalferovani sferoa. sazogadoebis kultura kompleqsuradaa asaxuli maTi cxovrebis, saqmianobisa da garTobis saSualebebSi.kulturuli turizmi moicavs mogzaurobis yvela aspeqts, romlis drosac adamianebi ecnobian erTmaneTis cxovrebasa da azrebs.

istoriuli Zeglebis dacvis erovnuli organizacia iZleva sxva farTod gavrcelebul ganmartebas: „kulturuli da istoriuli turizmi _ es aris mogzauroba im adgilebisa da saqmianobebis Sesaswavlad, romlebic warmogvidgenen xalxsa da istorias warsulsa da awmyoSi. turizmi kulturuli urTierTobebisa da saerTaSoriso TanamSromlobis xelSewyobis mniSvnelovani saSualebaa“.

amrigad, turizmi kulturuli urTierTobebisa

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da saerTaSoriso TanamSromlobis ganviTarebis mniSvnelovani saSualebaa. meore mxriv, qveynis farglebSi kulturuli faqtorebis ganviTareba _ mnaxvelTa mozidvis resursebis gaZlierebis gzaa. bevr qveyanaSi turizmi _ „kulturuli urTierTobebis“ politikas SeiZleba ukavSirdebodes. gamoiyeneba ara mxolod codnisa da urTierTgagebis xelSemwyobi, aramed turistul bazarze qveynis mimzidveli da xelsayreli imijis Sesaqmneladac.

SesaZleblobebi, romelTa meSveobiTac qveyana Tavs warudgens turistebs, SeiZleba CaiTvalos mis kulturul faqtorebad. aq igulisxmeba garTobis saSualebebi, sakvebi, sasmeli, stumarTmoyvareoba, xelovneba, arqiteqtura, Teatri, festivalebi, warmoebuli da xelnakeTi nivTebi da eris yofa-cxovrebis sxva maxasiaTeblebi.

warmatebuli turizmi ara mxolod ukeT gamarTuli satransporto da sastumro sferoa, aramed, upirvelesad, yofa-cxovrebis tradiciul wesSi gansakuTrebuli erovnuli Tvisebebis SenarCuneba da turistebisaTvis wardgenaa. eris kulturuli sanaxaobebi gonivrulad da SemoqmedebiTad unda iqnas warmoCenili. erTferovnebis xanaSi arsebobs safrTxe imisa, rom erTi qveynis produqti TiTqmis identuri iqneba meore qveynis produqtisa. Sesabamisad, arsebobs kulturuli mravalferovnebis xelSewyobis didi saWiroeba. arqiteqturuli proeqtebisa da mxatvruli warmodgenis gaumjobesebuli teqnika SesaZlebelia gamoyenebul iqnas msoflios yvela kuTxis TviTmyofadobis gamosaxatavad.

ufro viwro gagebiT, turizmSi kulturuli faqtorebi dominantur rols TamaSoben ZiriTadad im sferoebSi, romlebic specialurad gankuTvnilia


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codnisa da ideebis gadacema-gacvlisaTvis. kulturuli globalizacia da globalizaciis

kultura miznad isaxavs religiuri, eTnikuri, erovnuli da kulturuli gansxvavebebis waSlasa da erTsaxovani globaluri kulturis formirebas. globaluri kultura dasavluri samyaros pirmSoa da masTan dakavSirebuli procesebi mimdinareoben Tanamedrove msoflios Zlieri metropoliebidan da kulturis umsxvilesi centrebidan. eseni arian Tanamedrove axali kulturuli imperiebi. unda aRiniSnos, rom amgvari globaluri kultura da ideebi yovelTvis winaaRmdegobaSia da SeuTavsebadia saxelmwifo Zalismier politikasa da, rac yvelaze mTavaria, TiToeuli qveynis kulturul maxasiaTeblebTan. zogierT qveyanaSi kulturuli globalizaciis procesi did winaaRmdegobebsa da SezRudvebs awydeba. yoveli qveynis kultura gamoirCeva sakuTari bunebiT, specifikiT, TviTmyofadobiT, istoriiT, TvisebebiT, tradiciebiT, RirebulebebiT, romlebic met-nakleblad aferxeben e.w. kulturuli imperializmis mzard process. Tumca xdeba piriqiTac, rodesac qveynis kultura izRudeba, iCrdileba, am zewolas ganicdis globaluri kulturis mxridan. miuxedavad amgvari gavlenisa, qveynis, eris kultura mainc inarCunebs sakuTar bunebas, radgan mas globalizaciis mavne procesebisagan garkveuli saxis TavdacviTi meqanizmebi gaaCnia.

garkveul wilad igulisxmeba is maxasiaTeblebi, romlebic TiToeuli eris, erovnuli kulturis ganmasxvavebel niSnebs moicavs. esenia: 1) erovnuli xasiaTi, 2) istoria, 3) erisadmi kuTvnilebis aRqma da gancda, 4)drois faqtori, 5) garkveul sivrceSi arseboba, 6) ena, 7) araverbaluri komunikacia, 8)

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Rirebulebani da faseulobani, 9) qcevis norma, wesebi, tradiciebi da Cveulebebi, 10) socialuri jgufebi, gaerTianebebi da kavSirebi.

globalizaciis eraSi kulturis TviTmyofadobisa da misi Tvisebebis SenarCuneba damokidebulia Tavad imqveynis, eris, mosaxleobis siZliereze, imaze _ Tu ramdenadaa is erovnulad Sekruli maxasiaTeblebi istoriuli fesvebi, ramdenad faseulia is tradiciebi, ramdenad miiRebs maTi kultura garedan Semosul globalur gardaqmnebs. miuxedavad imisa, rom eris roli da misi funqcia swored amgvari gardaqmnebis fonze sagrZnoblad Sesustda, igi mainc arsebobs da zog qveyanaSi gzasac uRobavs da aferxebs globalur cvlilebsa da siaxleebs, rac maTi erovnuli,

TviTmyofadi kulturisTvis miuRebelia.


Carlz r., geldneri j.r. brent riTCi turizmi • (safuZvlebi praqtika Teoria), „baTumis SoTa rusTavelis saxelobis universiteti“, 2013.qaTamaZe d. „saerTaSoriso turizmi“, Tbilisi, 2015. • larisa yorRanaSvili, „saerTaSoriso turizmi“, • Tbilisi, 2012.Александрова• А. Ю. „Международный туризм“, М.,2002.


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nino sanadiraZe,saqarTvelos SoTa rusTavelis Teatrisa da

kinos saxelmwifo universiteti,humanitarul, socialur mecnierebaTa, biznesisa

da marTvis fakulteti, profesori

CREATIVITY _ kulturis sferos

marTvisa da warmoebis

Taviseburebebi

kulturis resursebTan mimarTebaSi

miuxedavad imisa, rom Tanamederove samyaros kulturis ramdenime aseuli ganmarteba gaaCnia, Cvens gansaxilvel Temas warmoadgens kulturis resursebis da kulturis urTierTkavSiri Tanamedrove warmoebis TaviseburebaSi.

gaerTianebuli erebis ganaTlebis, mecnierebis da kulturis organizacia iunesko „kulturas“ Semdegnairad gansazRvravs: „TviTmyofadi, sulieri, materialuri, inteleqtualuri da emociuri maxasiaTeblebis erToblioba, rac ganmsazRvrelia konkretuli sazogadoebisa Tu socialuri jgufisaTvis“. Cveni ganmartebiT ki, kultura adamianTa moRvaweobis Sedegia, romelsac Tanadroul procesebTan da kulturis mimdinareobasTan SesaZlebelia naklebad hqondes kavSiri.

kultura ganixileba, rogorc sazogadoebis an socialuri jgufisTvis damaxasiaTebeli sulier, materialur, inteleqtualur da emociur niSan-TvisebaTa erToblioba, romelic xelovnebasa da literaturasTan erTad moicavs cxovrebis stils, cxovrebis unars, faseulobaTa sistemebs, tradiciebsa da rwmenebs.

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warsulSi ZiriTadi yuradReba mimarTuli iyo xelovnebis calkeuli nimuSebisa da umniSvnelovanesi Zeglebisaken. msoflioSi swrafma industriulma ganviTarebam ganapiroba adamianebis mier Tavis sacxovrebel da samuSao garemosTan mWidro urTierTkavSiris gacnobiereba, rac adamianebis kulturuli arsebobis safuZvels, cxovrebis dabalansebuli xarisxis erTgvar mentalur da sulier aTvlis wertils warmoadgens.

kultura es aris, socialuri gamocdilebis safuZvelze damdgari Sedegi, romelsac xSirad memkvidreobiT iRebs esa Tu is sociumi da xSirad gonivrulad, xSirad ki mxolod STabeWdilebis mosaxdenad iyenebs. Tanamedrove samyarom didi xania kultura, rogorc socialuri gamocdilebis Sedegad miRebuli memkvidreoba, socialuri da ekonomikuri ganviTarebis resursad aqcia da ara kulturis, aramed kulturis sferos marTva- gankargvas mihyo xeli. kulturis sferos menejmenti kulturis ganviTarebisa da gavrcelebisTvis Sesaferisi garemos Seqmnis dagegmvas gulisxmobs da arafer kavSirSi araa kulturis, rogorc TviTgamorkvevis fenomenTan.

kulturis sfero, garda SemoqmedebiTi procesebisa, gulisxmobs kulturis ekonomikis, samarTlis, dafinansebis, marTvis, informirebis, profesiuli kadrebis momzadeba-gadamzadebis, materialur-teqnikuri bazis ganviTarebisa da sxvaTa erTobliobas. kulturis Sedegebisa da xelovnebis saSualebiT ganxorcielebuli cvlilebebi TanamedroveobaSi ufro metad did rols iZens vidre rodesme.

kulturis sferos arakomerciuli xasiaTi ar niSnavs, biznesisTvis arasaintereso da

166

aramimzidvel mimarTulebas, aramed piriqiTac, _ dReisaTvis mTel msoflioSi kulturis kreatiuli industria da mewarmeoba ekonomikis erT-erTi yvelaze swrafad mzardi seqtoria. biznesisa da kulturis urTierTTanamSromlobas sazogadoebis ganviTarebisa da gardaqmnisaTvis gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba aqvs da samoqalaqo sazogadoebisTvis realizebis saSualebas warmoadgens, romlis gaTvaliswinebiTac SesaZlebelia gamovyoT kulturisa da xelovnebis zegavlenis ramdenime aspeqti Tanamedrove sazogadoebis ganviTarebaze:

a)kulturis sferos gavlena ekonomikaze _ kulturis da xelovnebis sfero qmnis konkretul samuSao adgilebs, aqvs sakuTari avtonomiuri gasaRebis bazari da sainvesticio SesaZlebloba, riTic uSualo wvlili Seaqvs konkretuli regionis ekonomikis ganviTarebaSi; kultura da xelovneba socialurad momgebiani sferoa, imdenad, ramdenadac axdenen sazogadoebis faseulobaTa, cnebaTa akumulirebasa da translirebas, romlebic komerciuli da arakomerciuli saqmianobis drosac gamoiyeneba.

b)kulturis socialuri zegavlena – kultura da xelovneba uzrunvelyofs socialurad mniSvnelovani moRvaweobis sxvadasxva saxes, ganaTlebis SesaZleblobebs, pozitiurad zemoqmedebs adamianTa cnobierebaze, xels uwyobs pirovnebisa da sazogadoebis sulier ganviTarebas da SemoqmedebiTi resursis gamovlenas; kultura da xelovneba amdidrebs socialur garemos, ris Sedegadac izrdeba kulturisa da xelovnebis roli socialur komunikaciaSi, maT Soris, Tanamedrove teqnologiebis gamoyenebiT.

bolo dros gavrcelebuli kamaTi imis Sesaxeb,

nino sanadiraZe

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SeiZleba Tu ara kultura ekonomikur resursad mogvevlinos _ mravalgvaria. sadavoa Temebi, ra igulisxmeba ekonomikur SesaZleblobebSi – kulturis Tu kulturis sferos SesaZleblobebi. bolo wlebis manZilze kulturis ekonomikuri SesaZleblobebi mkveTrad gaizarda, kreatiuli industriebis wliuri brunva 2016 wlisTis 1.3 trilion aSS dolars Seadgens da misi zrdis tempi uswrebs warmoebisa da momsaxurebis seqtorebs. kulturis turizmi, msoflio turizmis seqtoris Semosavlebis 40% Seadgens, xolo mTel msoflioSi kultura dasaqmebisa da Semosavlebis mniSvnelovan wyarod ganixileba.

kulturis industriis funqcionirebisa da saqmianobis Sedegebis ganxilvisas mkvlevarebi, upirveles yovlisa, raodenobriv (moculoba fasis mixedviT) da xarisxobriv Sefasebaze amaxvileben yuradRebas da ganixilaven rogorc sazogadoebrivi industriis sxvadasxva formis urTierTTanamSromlobas. swored mis safuZvelze keTdeba daskvna, Tu ramdenad efeqturia ama Tu im SemoqmedebiTi aqtis Sedegobrivi kavSiri an saqmianoba. aqve aRsaniSnavia sivrcobrivi aspeqtebis gaTvaliswinebac, romelic saSualebas iZleva, kulturis sferos saqmianoba ganvixloT, rogorc ganviTarebis, aseve misi im teritoriul-administraciul kompleqsTan kavSiris mixedviTac, sadac is aris gavrcelebuli. mewarmeoba kulturaSi adamianuri saqmianobis specifikuri sferoa, romelic kulturisa da biznesis integraciis Sedegad warmoiSva. igi damaxasiaTebelia sabazro urTierTobis warmoSobis, ganviTarebisa da transformaciis periodisTvis, romelic iqmneba da realizdeba sazogadoebrivi ganviTarebis

Creativity _kulturis sferos marTvisa da warmoebis Taviseburebebi kulturis resursebTan mimarTebaSi

168

industriuli da postindustriuli modelis CarCoebSi. mewarmeobas kulturaSi winaaRmdegobrivi xasiaTi aqvs. am saqmianobis specifika materialuri da sulieri Rirebulebebis Seqmnis zRvarze warmoiSoba. mewarmeoba universaluri movlenaa da damaxasiaTebelia adamianuri saqmianobis gansxvavebuli sferoebisTvis. warmoebis mimarTuleba kulturaSi imiTac sainteresoa, rom am procesis mTavari figura xdeba samewarmeo saqmianobis subieqti, anu Semoqmedi, romelic Tavis TavSi aerTianebs sxvadasxva profesiul funqciebsa da socialur rolebs. mosazreba, rom Tanamedrove sazogadoebaSi Seiqmna kulturis momsaxurebis bazari, Tanamedrove termins warmoadgen. Sesabamisad, arsebobs termini _ kulturis produqti, romelic kulturis industriis Semadgenel cnebad Camoyalibda. kulturis ekonomika ganixilavs kulturis produqtebs, rogorc sazogadoebis moRvaweobis erT-erT formas, romelTa siaSic Sedian kargad cnobili mimarTulebebi da dargebi. kulturis produqtebs, garda sazogadoebriv-saganmanaTleblo daniSnulebisa, ekonomikuri sargeblis motanac SeuZlia.

kulturis produqtis definicia, rogorc aseTi, leqsikonSi ar moipoveba. dasavleli mecnierebi, bazarze orientirebis gavleniT, midrekilni arian Seiswavlon kulturis industria kulturis produqtis instrumentuli midgomis WrilSi, rac gulisxmobs mis ganxilvas ekonomikur sibrtyeSic. am SemTxvevaSi unda aRiniSnos damkvidrebuli ganmarteba, romelic kulturas Rirebulebebis eqvsi maxasiaTebliT acalkevebs. esTetikuri, sulieri an religiuri, socialuri, istoriuli, simboluri Rirebuleba da namdvilobis,

nino sanadiraZe

169

avTenturobis, unikalurobis Rirebuleba; yvela CamoTvlili maxasiaTebliT Seqmnili kulturis produqti aris saqoneli an momsaxureba, romelic Rirebulia Tavisi mniSvnelobiT da gaaCnia sxvadasxva faseulobebi. kulturis produqtis Rirebuleba gamoixateba imaSi, rom TiToeuli momxmarebeli mas sxvadasxvanairad aRiqvams da sxvadasxvanairi interpretaciiT warmoidgens. es aris produqtebi, romlebsac momxmarebeli moixmars Tavis warmodgenebsa da aRqmebSi da ara sxvadasxva praqtikul mdgomareobebSi romelime praqtikuli problemis gadasaWrelad. kulturis sferos produqtebis Taviseburebas, rogorc wesi, „sulieri warmoebis“ Taviseburebas ukavSireben, kulturis sferos produqtebi ara imdenad sagnobrivi xasiaTisaa, ramdenadac azrovnebis fenomenebs ukavSirdeba. xSirad maTi warmoeba maT gamoyenebas emTxveva. ufro metic, materialuri produqtebisgan gansxvavebiT, romlebic gamoyenebis procesSi cvdeba, kulturuli faseulobebi gamoyenebisas sul ufro met Rirebulebas iZens. aseve aRsaniSnavia, rom kulturis produqtis orjer an metjer sruliad erTnairad danaxva SeuZlebelia erTi da imave adamianisTvisac ki.

cneba „kreatiuli ekonomika“ ganimarteba rogorc calkeuli pirebisa da biznesis erToblioba, romelic awarmoebs kulturul, mxatvrul da inovaciur produqcias da momsaxurebas. mocemuli sistema agreTve moicavs sivrces, sadac Semoqmedni Tavisuflad warmoadgenen TavianT namuSevars, urTierToben momxmarebelTan da uziareben erTmaneTs ideebs. kreatiuli ekonomikis mTavari Tvisebaa adamianebis mier SemoqmedebiTi fantaziis gamoyeneba ideis Rirebulebis gazrdis mizniT. kulturis

Creativity _kulturis sferos marTvisa da warmoebis Taviseburebebi kulturis resursebTan mimarTebaSi

170

industriisa da kreatiuli mewarmeobis dagegmvis SesaZleblobas ara kultura _ Sedegi, aramed arsebuli kulturis sfero qmnis. kulturis sferos strategiuli dagegmareba unda xorcieldebodes kulturis yvela qvedargisaTvis da sasurvelia gamoyenebul iqnes Semdegi kriteriumebi:

kulturis sferos saerTo-ekonomikuri ganviTareba, rac ganapirobebs ekonomikuri pirobebis formirebas, romlebic, Tavis mxriv, SeZlebs uzrunvelyos kulturis sferoSi moRvawe subieqtTa konkurentunarianoba momsaxurebis bazarze da maRali safinanso-ekonomikuri Sedegebi;

kulturis sferos dawesebulebebisa da sawarmoebis teqnikuri aRWurvisken mimarTuli inovaciuri ganviTareba da yvela im samecniero miRwevaTa danergva da gamoyeneba, romelic xels uwyobs efeqturobasa da momsaxurebis xarisxis amaRlebas;

kulturis sferos Semadgeneli instituciebis xelSewyoba Tanamderove bazarTan da moTxovnebTan mimarTebaSi, (msgavsi instituciebia: biblioTekebi, samecniero Tu sxva kulturul-dasasvenebeli dawesebulebebi, kulturuli memkvidreobis Zeglebi da sxv.).

kulturis sferos strategiuli dagegmarebis SemTxvevaSi misi zemoqmedeba gare cvlilebebze orsaxovania da kulturis resursebis gamoyenebis gansxavebul Sedegebs ganapirobebs: grZelvadiani zemoqmedeba gulisxmobs strategiul gegmebs, moqmedeba xdeba gegmiuri ciklis gareT, realuri drois reJimSi da ganxorcieleba aucilebelia eqvemdebarebodes erTian misias, romlis miRweva SesaZlebeli xdeba taqtikuri amocanebis gansazRvris dros.

nino sanadiraZe

171

maia Rvinjilia,saqarTvelos SoTa rusTavelis Teatrisa da

kinos saxelmwifo universitetis doqtoranti,xelmZRvaneli: prof. miron tuRuSi

aramaterialuri kulturuli

memkvidreoba da turizmi

abreSumis gzaze

yoveli turistuli regioni, qveyana, qalaqi iswrafvis, rac SeiZleba racionalurad gamoiyenos arsebuli turistul-rekreaciuli resursebi ekonomikuri mogebisa da Semosavlebis zrdis miRebis mizniT. turistuli resursebis efeqturi gamoyenebisa da turistebis misaRebad aucilebelia maTi cxovrebis wesis, erovnuli xasiaTis Taviseburebebis, turistuli interesis obieqtebis adekvaturad aRqmis SesaZleblobis Seswavla.

yovelive aqedan gamomdinare, turizmi mniSvnelovan rols asrulebs ara marto sxvadasxva regionis da qveynis istoriis, ekonomikis, tradiciebis da kulturis urTierTgaziarebasa da gamdidrebaSi, aramed erebs Soris urTierTpativiscemis, daxmarebisa da megobrobis humanuri grZnobebis gaRvivebasa da damkvidrebaSi. am mxriv aRsaniSnavia sxvadasxva xalxis kulturuli memkvidreobis gacnoba da Seswavla.

mto-s (msoflio turistuli organizacia) wevrma TripAdvisor-ma, warmoadgina moxseneba, `abreSumis gzis gaswvriv mogzaurobis tendenciebi TripAdvasor, 2016”, romelic efuZneba 10.678 mogzauris gamokiTxvas. kvleva gviCvenebs, rom aTidan rva mogzaurs smenia abreSumis gzis Sesaxeb da rom abreSumis gza yvelaze metad

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asocirdeba aT qveyanasTan _ CineTs, monRoleTs, yazaxeTs, uzbekeTs, irans, TurqeTs, TurqmeneTs, yirgizeTs, tajikeTsa da azerbaijanTan. mto-sTan TanamSromlobiT Catarebuli kvlevis Sedegad aseve dadginda, rom turistebis meti raodenoba wavidoda samogzaurod abreSumis gzis qveynebSi, Tu maT eqnebodaT SesaZlebloba mieRoT erTiani `abreSumis gzis~ viza.1

abreSumis gzis programa warmoadgens mto-s iniciativas, romelic xels Seuwyobs mdgradi turizmis ganviTarebas abreSumis gzis istoriul marSrutebze. miznad isaxavs _ maqsimaluri sargebeli miiRos turizmidan abreSumis gzis gaswvriv mcxovrebma adgilobrivma mosaxleobam, da amave dros, xeli Seuwyos investiciebis mozidvas da am marSrutis bunebrivi da kulturuli memkvidreobis dacvas. garda amisa, is cdilobs xeli Seuwyos abreSumis gzis qveynebsa da regionebs Soris TanamSromlobas, raTa abreSumis gzaze Seiqmnas Tavisufali da dauviwyari mogzaurobis pirobebi.

amJamad, abreSumis gzis programaSi CarTulia mto-s 33 wevri saxelmwifo, gaeros specializebuli saagentoebi, rogorebicaa iunesko da gaeros vaWrobisa da ganviTarebis konferencia _ UNCTAD, aseve dainteresebuli mxareebis kerZo seqtoris farTo qseli.

sainteresoa „abreSumis gzis“ marSrutis gaswvriv mdebare qveynebis aramaterialuri kulturuli memkvidreobis Zeglebi, romlebic Setanilia iuneskos aramaterialuri kulturuli memkvidreobis siaSi. am gzaze mdgradi turizmis

1 http://media.unwto.org/press-release/2016-03-14/public-private-partnerships-key-success-silk-road-tourism

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ganviTarebas mxars uWers msoflio turistuli organizacia gaeros saagentoebis UNESCO-sa da UNDP-is partniorobiT. uZvelesi abreSumis gza iyo pirveli damakavSirebeli xidi aRmosavleTsa da dasavleTs Soris, aseve vaWrobisTvis uprecedento meqanizmi da istoriul imperiebs _ CineTs, indoeTs, sparseTsa da roms Soris urTierTobis saSualeba. rogorc kulturebs Soris sakontaqto arxi, gza xels uwyobda xelovnebis, religiis, ideebisa da teqnologiebis gacvlas. dRes abreSumis gza vizitorebs sTavazobs SesaZleblobas, kargad gaecnon aramaterialuri kulturuli memkvidreobis unikalur nimuSebs.

2010 wlidan xelaxla daiwyo abreSumis gzis programa. msoflio turistuli organizaciis xelmZRvanelobiT Catarda konferenciebi da RonisZiebebi, romlebic Seexeboda abreSumis gzis gaswvriv turizmis winaSe mdgari globaluri da adgilobrivi problemebis ganxilvas, aseve memkvidreobis marTvas, mogzaurobis gaadvilebasa da daniSnulebis adgilis menejments. sazogadoebis cnobierebis amaRleba abreSumis gzis mniSvnelobaze warmoadgens msoflio turistuli organizaciis mTavar prioritets, xolo 2012 wels abreSumis gzis brendis kampaniam daiwyo abreSumis gzis mdgradi mogzaurobis promouSeni, romelic xazs usvams misi SesaniSnavi aramaterialuri kulturuli memkvidreobis aqtivebis mniSvnelobas. magaliTad, SegviZlia moviyvanoT uzbekeTis `abreSumisa da saneleblebis~ festivali, romelic miznad isaxavs centralur aziaSi da mis farglebs gareT abreSumis gzis aRorZinebas, radgan is im tradiciebs moicavs, romlebic marSrutis gaswvriv mcxovrebi eTnikuri jgufebisTvis saerToa. turizmis ganviTarebis es

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komponenti buxaris `abreSumis da saneleblebis~ festivalis aseTi kulturuli aqtivebis profils mniSvnelovnad zrdis da axal samuSao adgilebs uzrunvelyofs.

`abreSumisa da saneleblebis~ festivali yovelwliurad tardeba buxaraSi, uzbekeTSi, abreSumis gzis erT-erT mniSvnelovan savaWro adgilas. festivali xels uwyobs tradiciebis SenarCunebasa da adgilobrivi kulturuli memkvidreobis Cvenebas da biznes urTierTobebis gaumjobesebas damkveTsa da xelosans Soris. RonisZiebis mizania buxaris turistuli SemoTavazebebis gaumjobeseba da abreSumis gzis qveynebSi ufro meti turistis mozidva. marTalia Tavdapirvelad es festivali orientirebuli iyo mxolod uzbekeTze, Tumca Semdeg is gafarTovda da moicva centraluri aziis sxva qveynebi, aseve kavkasia da ruseTi. Tumca es jer kidev ar gamxdara turistebis mozidvis ZiriTadi atraqcia buxaraSi.

festivalis Sou programa Seicavs, rogorc uzbekeTis, aseve sxva mezobeli qveynebis 40-mde saxis tradiciul produqtsa da wes-Cveulebas. stumrebs SeuZliaT daagemovnon da SeiZinon tradiciuli aRmosavluri saneleblebi da tkbileuli, rogoricaa „halva“; aseve SeuZliaT uyuron eTnomodisa da musikalur gadacemebs, daeswron xelnakeTi nivTebis damzadebis process, romelSic Sedis ulamazesi xaliCebi, abreSumis nakeTobebi, qudebi, musikaluri instrumentebi, tradiciuli uzbekuri marionetebi da sxv. turistebs aseve saSualeba aqvT CaerTon uzbekuri samzareulos erT-erTi mniSvnelovani kerZis _ flavis momzadebasa da dagemovnebaSi.

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dReisTvis 40 qveyanaze metia istoriuli saxmeleTo da sazRvao abreSumis gzis gaswvriv ganlagebuli, rac jer kidev mowmobs am marSrutebis gavlenas maT kulturas, tradiciebsa da wesCveulebebze.

rac Seexeba turebs abreSumis gzaze mdebare qveynebSi _ germanuli turistuli firma “Diamir Erlebnisreisen” turistebs sTavazobs Semdegi saxis turs: „Große Seidenstraße – 7 Länder“,1 e.i. `didi abreSumis gza _ 7 qveyana~, romelic grZeldeba 44 dRe da Rirs 6990 evrodan (SeTavazebulia aseve 14, 16, 18, 28, 30-dRiani turebi). turi moicavs Semdeg qveynebs: saqarTvelo, somxeTi, irani, TurqmeneTi, uzbekeTi, yirgizeTi, yazaxeTi. am qveynebis unikaluri aramaterialuri kulturuli memkvidreobis Zeglebi Setanilia UNESCO2-s msoflio warmomadgenlobiT nusxaSi, romelSic 2013 wels sapatio adgili daikava „qvevris Rvinis dayenebis uZvelesma, tradiciulma qarTulma meTodma“, 2001 wels ki UNESCO-s msoflio unikalur, xelTuqmnel Sedevrebs Soris „qarTuli mravalxmianoba“ dasaxelda.

rac Seexeba saqarTvelos, abreSumis gza SesaZleblobas aZlevs qveyanas ganaviTaros ekonomika, vaWroba, daamyaros axali kavSirebi, ukeT warmoaCinos tradiciebi, sainvesticio da turistuli potenciali, rac Zalian mniSvnelovania Cveni xalxis keTildReobisTvis. saqarTvelos mTavroba did mniSvnelobas aniWebs mis, rogorc satranzito qveynis potencialis ganviTarebas.

saqarTvelos, rogorc ori geopolitikuri

1 https://www.diamir.de/start/reise/gruppenreise/grosse-seidenstrasse-7laender-riesengrosse-seidenstrasse.html2 http://www.unesco.org/culture/ich/en/lists


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arealis damakavSirebelis roli, odiTganve ekisreboda, radgan is dasavleTisa da aRmosavleTis gzagasayarze iyo moqceuli. gverdigverd arsebobda ori civilizacia da maT Soris savaWro-kulturuli kavSirebi abreSumis did gzaze gadioda. saqarTvelo abreSumis gzis ganuyofeli nawili iyo yovelTvis.

2014 wlis 19 ivliss CineTis qalaq sianSi (istoriulad abreSumis gzis saTave) starti aiRo saavtomobilo turma _ „mogzauroba aTiaTaskilometrian abreSumis gzaze“, romelic masStaburi kulturul-ekonomikuri mediaRonisZieba iyo.

eqspediciis monawileebis „abreSumis gzis“ marSruti aseTi iyo: CineTi, yazaxeTi, yirgizeTi, ruseTi, saqarTvelo, TurqeTi, saberZneTi, italia. es aris masStaburi ekonomikur-kulturuli eqspedicia, romlis mizania „abreSumis gzis“ qveynebis ekonomikuri, sainvesticio, turistuli, kulturuli da istoriuli mdgomareobis gacnoba CineTis mosaxleobisTvis (pirdapiri CarTvebis, sainformacio gamoSvebaSi gaSuqebisa da Canawerebis saSualebiT).

mogzauroba aTiaTaskilometrian `abreSumis gzaze“ gagrZeldeba momavali eqvsi wlis ganmavlobaSi da yovelwliurad Seicvleba eqspediciis Semadgenloba, Camovlen sxvadasxva sferos warmomadgenlebi.

„abreSumis gzis“ farglebSi saqarTvelos turistuli potenciali kidev ufro moimatebs. infrastruqturulad moewyoba „abreSumis gzis“ gaswvriv arsebuli teritoriebi. mniSvnelovania iseTi pirobebis Seqmna, rom saqarTveloSi rac SeiZleba meti investori Camovides da aseve investiciebi sxvadasxva sferoSi Caidos.

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saqarTvelos, rogorc ori geopolitikuri arealis damakavSirebelis istoriuli funqcia, SesaZleblobas miscems qveyanas „abreSumis gzis“ meSveobiT aRadginos savaWro-kulturuli kavSirebi da gamoiyenos Tavisi geografiuli mdebareoba ekonomikis zrdis sasargeblod. axali kavSirebi CineTis respublikasTan savaWro-ekonomikuri TvalsazrisiT qveynis winsvlisaTvis gadadgmuli nabiji iqneba, radgan CineTi saqarTvelos umsxviles partniorTa xuTeulSi Sedის. rogorc zemoT aRvniSneT, abreSumis gzis amoqmedebiT, xeli Seewyoba savaWro urTierTobebis ganviTarebas, rac TavisTavad iTvaliswinebs met dasaqmebul adamians, met investicias da met turists saqarTveloSi.


https://www.diamir.de/start/reise/gruppenreise/grosse-•seidenstrasse-7laender-riesengrosse-seidenstrasse.htmlhttp://www.economy.ge/ge/media/news/saavtomobilo-•turis-mogzauroba-atiataskilometrian-abresumis-gzaze-monawileebs-saqartvelos-premier-ministri-da-mtavrobis-wevrebi-sexvdnenhttp://www.unesco.org/culture/ich/en/lists•http://en.unesco.org/silkroad/silk-road-themes/intangible-•cultural-heritagehttp://media.unwto.org/press-release/2016-03-14/•public-private-partnerships-key-success-silk-road-tourism


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malxaz Rvinjilia, saqarTvelos SoTa rusTavelis Teatrisa da

kinos saxelmwifo universitetis kulturuli turizmis mimarTulebis xelmZRvaneli, profesori

Rvinis turizmi, agro da

kulturuli turizmis

gzajvaredinze

Tanamedrove periodSi sul ufro xSirad gvesmis terminebi _ agroturizmi, kulturuli turizmi, Rvinis turizmi. Cvens sociumSi maT mniSvnelovnad daimkvidres samoqmedo areali da gansakuTrebiT turizmis axal mimarTulebebad iTvleba. rasakvirvelia, TiToeul cnebas Tavisi adgili da funqcia gaaCnia turistul sivrceSi, magram maTi detaluri ganmartebis gareSe, calkeul SemTxvevebSi bundovani xdeba, romeli maTgania sabaziso da romeli misi Semadgeneli.

Cveni kvlevis mizans swored arsebuli scientonimebis definicireba warmoadgens, raTa sazogadoebisTvis naTeli iyos TiToeuli maTganis saasparezo sivrce da maTi turistul industriaSi CarTvis mocemuloba.

upriani iqneba Tuki ganmartebebs kulturuli turizmidan daviwyebT: kulturuli turizmi materialuri da aramaterialuri memkvidreobis obieqtebis turistebisaTvis warmoCenas isaxavs miznad. mis samoqmedo sivrceSi Sedis saqalaqo, festivalebis, safortifikacio, religiuri, piligrimuli, qoreografiuli, folkloris, samuzeumo, gastronomiuli, Rvinis da sxv kulturuli turebi. amdenad, Rvinis turizmic rogorc SemecnebiTi produqti, kulturuli turizmis

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Semadgeneli elementia. agroturizmi ki sasoflo-sameurneo savargulebze ganxorcielebuli turia, romelic miznad isaxavs soflis yofa-cxovrebis, agrokulturebis, xexilisa Tu pirutyvis movla-patronobis unar-CvevebSi turistebis garkvevas. turistebis aqtiur CarTvas aRniSnul saqmianobaSi, tradiciuli sasoflo-sameurneo iaraRebisa da saWapane saSualebebis gamoyenebis SesaZleblobebs.

swored aq xdeba kulturuli da agronomiuli mimarTulebebis gadakveTa. Znelia gansazRvro ,rTvelSi turistis CarTva, Rvinis dagemovneba, gastronomiuli kerZebis soflad gasinjva kulturuli turizmia Tu agroturizmi. Tumca vinaidan zemoxsenebul TiToeul maTgans Tavisi samoqmedo aspeqti gaaCnia, mocemul adgilas, mocemul momentSi erTi da igive obieqti imis Sesabamisad, Tu ra mizniTaa is gamoyenebuli, SeiZleba iyos kulturuli da/an agroturizmis obieqti.ase, mag., Rvinis dagemovneba maranSi, romelic specialurad Seqmnil sadegustacio darbazs warmoadgens – Rvinis turizmia da kulturuli turizmis Semadgenelia. maSin, roca rTvelSi yurZnis krefaSi monawileoba da Semdgom qeifi venaxis piras agroturistuli mimarTulebaa.

asevea gastronomiuli turebis SemTxvevaSic: gastronomiul dawesebulebaSi, sadac specializebulia gurmanebisaTvis Tundac erovnuli samzareulos SemoTavazeba, gastronomiuli turi iTvleba kulturuli turizmis Semadgenel komponentad. rac Seexeba fermeris sakarmidamo nakveTSi ganTavsebul saxlSi dagemovnebul adgilobrivi warmoebis yvelisa da xorcproduqtisagan damzadebul kerZs, igi agroturistul produqtad miiCneva.

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Rvino, rogorc qarTveli kacis TviTmyofadobis simbolo, marTlac kulturisa da agronomiis sazRvarzea, rac istoriulad qarTveli kacis miwasTan Tbilma da loialurma damokidebulebam gamoiwvia. amitomac Rvino, romlis samSoblodac Cven saqarTvelos vTvliT, marTalia kulturul fenomens warmoadgens, magram vinaidan Cvens miwazea aRmocenebuli da tradiciebSi mtkiced Camjdari da asaxuli, agronomiisa da kulturis gzajvaredinzea, amitomac SeiZleba igi agrokulturul fenomenad (agrokulturul turistul resursad) vaRiaroT.

imisaTvis, rom arsebuli mosazreba kidev ufro ganvamtkicoT, saWiroa msoflios wamyvani qveynebis gamocdilebebi da Tanamedrove qarTuli realoba SevadaroT erTmaneTs, gavakeToT garkveuli Sepirispireba, veZioT saerTo Sexebisa da gadakveTis wertilebi.

italiaSi, romelic agroturizmis samSoblod iTvleba, rTveli da yurZnidan Rvinis warmoeba swored agroturizmis Semadgeneli nawilia. isini Tvlian, rom vinaidan venaxebis warmoeba soflad xorcieldeba, Rvinis turizmic Sesabamisad agroturizmis Semadgenelia.

gansxvavebuli suraTia safrangeTis SemTxvevaSi. aq Rvinis turizmi ukve calke mimarTulebadaa gamoyofili da is araTu agro an sasoflo turizmTan, aramed, faqtobrivad, kulturuli turizmis Tanabar mimarTulebadaa aRiarebuli. es ganpirobebulia safrangeTis turizmSi Rvinis turizmis, rogorc industriis ganviTarebis maRali doniT.

mevenaxeoba, rogorc mecniereba saqarTveloSi Seiswavlida vazis biologiur Tvisebasa da am

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Tvisebis gaumjobesebas, venaxis gaSeneba-movlis xerxebsa da sistemebs.

saqarTveloSi mevenaxeobisa da vazis jiSTmcodneobis sakiTxebis safuZvliani Seswavla daiwyo 1930-iani wlebidan. iv. javaxiSvilma naSromSi ,,saqarTvelos ekonomikuri istoria~ (wign. 2. 1934 w.) ganixila saqarTveloSi gavrcelebuli vazis aborigenuli jiSebi, maTi warmoSoba gavrceleba, ramac didi samsaxuri gauwia vazis jiSebis aRdgenasa da Semdgom Seswavlas. 1931 wels akademikos ColoyaSvilis xelmZRvanelobiT TelavSi daarsda sakavSiro mevenaxeoba-meRvineobis samecniero kvleviTi instituti.

mevenaxeoba saqarTveloSi tradiciulia, soflis meurneobis 66-raionidan 60 raionSi misdeven mevenaxeobas. qarTveli xalxi aTaseuli wlebis manZilze qmnida meRvineobis kulturas, imuSavebda, rogorc sufris Rvinos, ise sadeserto Rvinis miRebis teqnologias. amas adaturebs arqeologiuri gaTxrebis Sedegad saqarTvelos teritoriaze napovni uZvelesi sagnebi: Tixis qvevrebi, oqros, vercxlis da brinjaos fialebi da sxva. alaznis velis samarovnebi (Zv. w. I aTaswleuli), mravalferovani Rvinis WurWelia dadasturebuli kaxeTis teritoriaze, aRmoCenil sakulto Zeglze _ Silda, melaani, rac miuTiTebs salocav adgilebSi Rvinis gamoyenebis faqts. melaanSi aRmoCenilia brinjaos mamakacis iTifaluri gamosaxuleba _ marjvena xelSi Rvinis sasmisiT, mxariRliv maxvilis Camosakidebeli sartyeliT. daTariRebulia Zv.w. aR. IX-VII ss-iT. bagineTSi napovni WurWeli, romelic Zv. w. IV-III aTaswleuliT TariRdeba. vanSi aRmoCenili qvevrebis sardafi Zv. w. III-II ss., varZiaSi aRmoCenili qvevrebs Soris

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erTi iyo ormagkedliani Termosis msgavsi. aseve saqarTvelos sxvadasxva kuTxeSi Seswavlili sacxovrebeli saxlis kompleqsi, sadac Tavisi adgili ekava saojaxo marnebs. rac Rvinis dayenebis sagangebo teqnikuri wesis arsebobaze migviTiTebs. marans Zvel saqarTveloSi garda teqnikurisa, zog SemTxveveSi religiuri datvirTvac ki hqonda. warmoadgenda wminda saxls da im dros, rodesac saqarTveloSi mteri Semovidoda, eklesia-monastrebs daarbevda da gaanadgurebda, zogierTi saeklesio rituali, magaliTad, jvriswera, naTloba da sxva swored maranSi aResruleboda. marnis calkeul kuTxeSi sruldeboda zogierTi rituali, rogoricaa: marnis saaxalwlo milocva, Wuris Tavis Semolocva, agunas gadaZaxeba, zedaSes Sesma.

qarTl-kaxeTSi gavrcelebuli iyo keramikis rTuli Semadgenlobis sasmisi, romelic Wur-marans ganasaxierebda. eTnografiuli monacemebis mixedviT, sasmisi ,,marani~ qorwilSi ritualur sasmisad ixmareboda, igi nayofierebis simbolo iyo. dRes sasmisi ,,marani~ aRdgenilia Tanamedrove keramikul warmoebaSi da amSvenebs qarTul sufras. sasmisi ori nawilisagan Sedgeba: zeda nawilSi Semomwkrivebulia aTamde WinWila, erT-erTi maTgani Rvinis Casasxmelia. qveda nawilis wina mxares marnis karis an yoCis Tavia gamosaxuli amdenad, igi Wur-marans ganasaxierebs.

xalxurma tradiciam saqarTveloSi dRemde Semoinaxa ori saxis marani: daxuruli da Ria. daxuruli marani upiratesad aRmosavleT saqarTveloSia gavrcelebuli. qarTl-kaxuri marani moqceulia sacxovrebel kompleqsSi _ orsarTuliani qviTkiris saxlebis pirvel sarTulze.

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TelavSi 2007 wels centr pointi jgufis sastumroebisa da kurortebis qselma gaxsna sastumro ,,rCeuli marani~, sadac msurvels SeuZlia miiRos monawileoba rTvelSi, Rvinis dawurvaSi, iqiraos mwkrivi venaxSi. am mwkrivSi mokrefili yurZnidan damzadebuli Rvino personalur qvevrSi Seinaxeba an Camoisxmeba boTlSi, personaluri etiketiT.

2007 welsve ZalaSi Sevida kanoni bioagrowarmoebis Sesaxeb. serTificirebis adgilobrivma damoukidebelma organom _ `kavkassertma~ saerTaSoriso akreditacia gaiara. aranakleb sainteresoa turistebisaTvis soflis tradiciul cxovrebaSi monawileobis miReba: mosavlis aReba, meRvineoba, glexuri meurneobis teqnologiebis Seswavla da sxva. mimdinareobs sasoflo turizmis programa, ukve 70-ze metma ojaxma gaiara Sesabamisi treningi. maTgan 19 _ ukve CarTulia sasoflo turizmis programaSi da iRebs stumrebs.

biomeurneobis asociacia ,,elkanas~ xelSewyobiT arseboben biomeurneobebi da iwarmoeba bioproduqcia. misi mizania garemos dacva, biomeurneobis xelSewyoba, igi aqtiurad exmareba soflebisa da regionebis mosaxleobas ekologiurad sufTa kvebis produqtis warmoebaSi.

germaniis teqnikuri TanamSromlobis sazogadoebis ZiriTadi samuSao mimarTuleba moicavs, Rvinis warmoebasa da turizmis seqtorSi, mcire da saSualo sawarmoebis samuSao garemos gaumjobesebas, axali bazrebis moZiebas, konkurentunarianobis amaRlebas da a.S. 2006 wels turistuli industriis Semosavalma Seadgina 777 mlrd. aSS. dolari. gaizarda turizmSi investiciebi, 2007 wlisaTvis 1mlrd. aSS dolars


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gadaaWarba, xolo dReisaTvis es monacemebi 2,3 mlrd-s aRemateba.

Rvinis turizmis asociacia dainteresebul marnebs sTavazobs kompania TNT-s momsaxurebis specialur pirobebs, maT Soris, saqarTvelodan saerTaSoriso gzavnilebis „xelidan xelSi“ miwodebis serviss msoflios 200-ze met qveyanaSi.

2016 wels saqarTvelo rom Rvinis turebiT dainteresebul mogzaurTaTvis msoflios erT-erTi yvelaze mimzidveli regioni gaxdes, amis realuri winapirobebi arsebobs. pirvel rigSi, is, rom gaeros msoflio turizmis organizacia Rvinis turizmis pirvel saerTaSoriso konferencias 2016 wels saqarTveloSi Caatarebs da saxelmwifo amisaTvis mniSvnelovani proeqtebis ganxorcielebas gegmavs. saerTaSoriso mediis prognozebic Cvens molodinebs emTxveva.

sul axlaxans britanulma Jurnalma Condé Nast Traveller, romelic maRali segmentis momxmarebelzea gaTvlili, msoflios Rvinis saukeTeso daniSnulebis adgilebis CamonaTvali gamoaqveyna, romelic ase gamoiyureba: vale (Sveicaria), mozeli (germania), israeli, etnas mTa (sicilia), ronis veli (safrangeTi), piemonte (italia), ufliswul eduardis kunZuli (kanada), santorini (saberZneTi), saqarTvelos respublika.

daskvnis saxiT SeiZleba iTqvas, _ Cveni argumenti imis Sesaxeb, rom Rvinis turizmi agrokulturuli fenomenia, myardeba swored saqarTveloSi, rogorc vazis samSobloSi, yurZnis movla-dawurva-daWaSnikeba da sxvadasxva xasiaTis ritualebSi misi aqtiurad gamoyenebis TvalsazrisiT.

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kvaracxelia n. kulturuli turizmi. Tb., 2009• saqarTvelos eTnografia/eTnologia. roland • TofCiSvili redaqciiT. Tb., 2010. gamomcemloba ,,universali~.http://www.vinoge.com/qarTuli-Rvino/Rvinis-turizmi-• Rvinis-samSobloSihttp://www.vinoge.com/Rvinis-turizmi•


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dodo WumburiZe,saqarTvelos SoTa rusTavelis Teatrisa da

kinos saxelmwifo universitetis humanitarul, socialur mecnierebaTa, biznesisa da marTvis fakultetis mowveuli pedagogi, menejmentis

(xelovnebis menejmentis) doqtori,

marTvis funqciebi da kulturis

sferos Taviseburebebi

organizaciebis ekonomikuri zrdis, gansxvavebulis tituliT damkvidrebis survils, bazarze miRweuli poziciebis uryevad SenarCunebisken swrafvas da marTvis funqciebis efeqturad gamoyenebis koeficientis zrdisken miswrafebas yvela sferoSi moRvawe menejeri amJRavnebs, gamonaklisi arc kulturis sferoa. logikuria, rom organizaciis warmatebis mTavar winapirobas marTvis procesis sworad da Tanmimdevrulad warmarTva warmoadgens.

zogadad organizaciis mier warmoebuli produqtebis raodenoba damokidebulia imaze, Tu rogor aris bazarze dabalansebuli moTxovna da miwodeba; arsebobs Tu ara mniSvnelovani sxvaoba warmoebuli da realizebuli saqonlis raodenobas, aseve TviTRirebulebasa da fass Soris.

kulturis sferos specifikurobidan gamomdinare, aRniSnul sferoSi moqmedi organizaciebis mesveurebi gansxvavebul damokidebulebas avlenen marTvis funqciebis mimarT. kulturis gansakuTrebulobis asaxsnelad moviSvelieb cnobili qarTveli filosofosis merab mamardaSvilis sityvebs _ „kultura aris imis floba, risi flobac sagnobrivad, nivTierad

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da momxmareblurad SeuZlebelia“.1 kulturis sferoSi moRvawe organizaciebis warmomadgenlebma unda uzrunvelyon warmoebis procesis uwyvetoba da gazardon ekonomikuri zrdis maCvenebeli.

„biznesisa da kulturis urTierTTanamSromlobas sazogadoebis ganviTarebisa da gardaqmnisaTvis gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba aqvs da samoqalaqo sazogadoebis realizaciis saSualebas warmoadgens, romlis gaTvaliswinebiTac SesaZlebelia gamovyoT kulturisa da xelovnebis zegavlenis ramdenime aspeqti Tanamedrove sazogadoebis ganviTarebaze.

kulturis uSualo gavlena ekonomikaze gamoixateba SemdegSi:

• kulturisa da xelovnebis sfero qmnis konkretul samuSao adgilebs, aqvs sakuTari avtonomiuri gasaRebis bazari da sainvesticio potenciali, uSualo wvlili Seaqvs konkretuli regionis ekonomikis ganviTarebaSi;

• kultura da xelovneba ganaTlebis, masmediis, turizmis, garTobis industriis ganviTarebis ZiriTad wyaros warmoadgens“.2

kulturis sferos warmoebis procesis gansxvavebuloba imaSic vlindeba, rom novatoruli, SesaZloa unikaluri kulturuli nawarmoebis Seqmnisas xelovani ar iTvaliswinebs „bazris xmas“. imavdroulad, xelovanma SesaZloa mizanSewonilad ar CaTvalos daeqvemdebaros sazogadoebis umravlesobis moTxovnas da ukuagdos sazogadoebrivi azri.

„xelovneba es savsebiT pozitiuri ramaa,

1 mamardaSvili m., „leqciebi antikur filosofiaSi“, 2013, Tb., gv. 334.

2 sanadiraZe n., „kulturis sferos proeqtebis menejmenti da dagegmareba“, Tb., 2011, gv. 46.

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gancxromisa da siamovnebis sagani, romelic yvelasTvis Tanabrad unda iyos ganawilebuli. da, bunebrivia, am sagans CamorTmeuli unda hqondes yovelgvari aranivTieri, araTvalsaCino sulieri Sinaarsi da unda eqvemdebarebodes mxolod WeSmarit, ostatur damSvenebasa da wesrigSi moyvanas, morTvas“.1

kulturis sferoSi produqtis Seqmnas idealisturi rakursiT Tu ganvixilavT, xazgasasmelia, rom xelovani TviTgadarCenaze metad TviTgamoxatvis misias emsaxureba. yovelive aRniSnuli maSin miiRweva, rodesac xelovans Sinagani xma asazrdovebs da SemoqmedebiTi ideis realizebisTvis asparezi sWirdeba. gverds ver avuvliT xarisxis cnebas. produqtis xarisxis eWvqveS yofnas verc erTi sfero ver egueba. gamonaklisi arc kulturis sferoa.

„xelovanma icis, rom misi produqti maZiebeli gonebis Sedegia. mudmivad is arasdros iqneba erTi da igive. sxva sityvebiT rom vTqvaT, _ SemoqmedebiTi samyaro inovaciuria. amis gamo menejmentsa da SemoqmedebiT samyaros Soris gansxvaveba TvalsaCinoa“.2

„Semoqmedeba mxolod niWsa da intuicias ar efuZneba, masSi cnobierebacaa CarTuli, iqaa mizandasaxuloba, aseTi mxatvruli nawarmoebi aRrmavebs samyaros codnas, garkveulad warmarTavs, zogjer cvlis kidec warmodgenebs cxovrebaze. niWi mudam individualuria da TviTmyofadi amitom niWiers SeuZlia ifiqros, ilaparakos da akeTos is, rac miaCnia aucileblad. amgvari Sinagani

1 mamardaSvili m., „leqciebi antikur filosofiaSi“, 2013, Tb., gv. 334.

2 hagorti h., „saxelovnebo menejmenti“, Tb., 2013, gv. 29.

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Tavisufleba mcireTa xvedria, arc advilia, radgan moiTxovs mTeli arsebis, sulier ZalTa srul mobilizacias. unda gqondes danaxulisa da nagrZnobis Sinagani fiqsirebis unari da daxvewili moTxovnileba harmoniisa. WeSmariti musikosisTvis orkestris odnavi Secdomac ki autanelia. asea es yvela sxva xelovanisTvisac, radgan harmoniis, nawilTa Sexmatkbilebis gareSe ar arsebobs mxatvruli nawarmoebi“.1

Semoqmedma SesaZloa idea ver moaqcios sazogadod misaReb CarCoSi. ufro metic, SesaZloa misi aRqma bevrisTvis sirTules warmoadgendes, magram kulturis sferoSi moRvawe menejerma xeli unda Seuwyos SemoqmedebiTi ideis ganviTarebas, mas unda esmodes „potenciuri produqtis“ arsi da mniSvneloba, aseve unda hqondes gaTvlili mosalodneli Sedegebi. organizacis ganviTarebis ganmapirobebel faqtors unda qmnides yoveli axali produqtisa da proeqtis ganxocieleba, romelic organizaciis misiis CarCoSia moqceuli.

„kulturis dawesebulebis misia unda Camoyalibdes misi muSaobis Sinaarsisa da daniSnulebis obieqtur, mokle da sasurvelia, STamagonebel formulad. igi unda pasuxobdes kiTxvas risTvis sWirdeba adamianebs es organizacia? misiis formulireba gvaiZulebs CavuRrmavdeT organizaciis arsebobis aucileblobas da misi perspeqtivebis sakiTxs. misia aseve warmoadgens organizaciis grZelvadiani politikis safuZvels“.2

menejeri, misi rolidan da aRebuli

1 uruSaZe n., `saxli saTamaSoi~, 1999, Tb., gv. 12.

2 lordi b., lordi g. d. „samuzeumo saqmis menejmenti“, Tb. 2006, gv. 7.

marTvis funqciebi da kulturis sferos Taviseburebebi

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pasuxismgeblobidan gamomdinare, kargad unda flobdes TiToeuli ideis ganviTarebisaTvis saWiro gzebs da xerxebs, aseve marTvis funciebis gamoyenebis Tanmimdevrulobas da mizanSewonilobas.

„oTxi menejeruli funqcia _ dagegmva, organizeba, gaZRola da kontroli aucilebelia menejeris yvela saqmianobisaTvis. menejeruli ierarqiis yvela doneze da organizaciis yvela departamentSi efeqturi menejmenti niSnavs gadawyvetilebebis miRebas da am oTxi saqmianobis warmatebiT gatarebas“.1

kargi ideis sasurvel Sedegamde miyvana organizaciis resursebis optimalur gadanawilebas saWiroebs. samoqmedo gegmaSi detalurad unda gaiweros rogorc miznis ganxorcielebis SesaZleblobebi da safrTxeebi, aseve Sefasebis kriteriumebi. kulturis menejeri unda grZnobdes, sad aZlevs Tavisuflebas SemoqmedebiT jgufs da sad aviTarebs pragmatul damokidebulebas.

„gegmis warmateba swori saprogramo SeTavazebebiT iwyeba: gegmis mowonebis Semdeg, aucilebeli xdeba jer kolegebis gaTviTcnobiereba, radgan SesaZloa, vinme mniSvnelovani TanamSromeli gegmis gareSe darCes _ im mowveuli mrCevlebis darad, visac dagegmvis procesSi monawileobis ufleba ar miscemia da amdenad, saTanadod veRar Seasrulos saqmis masze dakisrebuli nawili“.2

marTvis funqciebis mniSvnelovan etaps warmoadgens dagegmva, rodesac ideebis generirebidan

1 gareT r. jonsi, jenifer m. jorji. „Tanamedrove menejmentis safuZvlebi“ (wigni momzadda da gamoica saqarTvelos sazogadoebriv saqmeTa institutis (GIPA) mier), Tb., 2006, gv. 28.

2 brumi glen m., katlipi skot m., senteri a., „sazogadoebasTan urTierTobis Sesavali“, Tb., 2010., gv. 238.

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konkretul miznamde xdeba svla. SemoqmedebiTi idea SesaZloa racionalur CarCoSi ver jdebodes, magram mas hqondes xelovanis intuitiuri safuZveli, rac mudmivad sakamaToa da gazomvad CarCoSi moqcevas xSirad ar eqvemdebareba.

„miznebi gasagebad unda iyos warmodenili da unda gulisxmobdes e.w. „Wkvianur“ princips. is unda iyos konkretuli, gazomvadi, SesaZlebeli (miRwevadi), harmoniaSi garemosTan da droze dafuZnebuli.

konkretuli: zustad unda vicodeT, risi miRweva gvsurs.

gazomvadi: es moiTxovs RonisZiebis an qmedebebis monitorings da aRricxvas, raTa gairkves, Tu ra miznebzea organizacia fokusirebuli.

SesaZlebeli: mizani, romelic unda iyos miRweuli, ar unda aWarbebdes SesaZleblobis (miRwevadis) farglebs. Tu dasaxuli mizani ar Seesabameba realobas, maSin organizaciis warmatebac SeuZlebeli iqneba“.1

zogadad warmoebis procesis Semadgenloba Semdegnairad ganisazRvreba: Senatani procesi da Sedegi. kulturis sferos produqtis SemTxvevaSi procesi da Sedegi erTiandeba, rac garkveulwilad kulturis sferos specifikurobiT da momsaxurebis sferos TaviseburebiT aixsneba.

„bevri organizacia sakuTari momxmareblisaTvis axal faseulobebs qmnis, raTa maTi SeTavazebebi gansxvavebuli iyos. produqti, es aris raRac, rac SeiZleba bazars miewodos yuradRebis misaqcevad, SesaZenad, gamosayeneblad an moxmarebisaTvis, romelic survils an saWiroebas akmayofilebs.

1 reference for event planning and production in Scotland http://www.aoifeonline.com/uplds/EventScotlandGuide.pdf


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produqti moicavs ufro mets, vidre realur saqonels. igi moicavs fizikur obieqtebs, momsaxurebebs, movlenebs, adamianebs, adgilebs, organizaciebs, ideebs an am yvelafris sxvadasxva kombinacias. momsaxureba aris produqtis forma, saqmianoba an sargebeli, romelsac erTi mxare meores sTavazobs. aseTi garigeba raime materialuris flobas ar gulisxmobs“.1

kulturis sferoSi moRvawe menejeri Taanabarzomierad unda axerxebdes emsaxuros kulturis sferos uryev Rirebulebebs, fexi auwyos sabazro ekonomikis principebs da droulad moaxerxos kulturis produqtis pozicionireba, aseve unda sargeblobdes xelovanTa Soris avtoritetiT. kulturis sferoSi moRvawe menejeris roli calsaxad mniSvnelovani da urTierTwinaaRmdegobrivia. swored amitom moeTxoveba mas mravalmxrivoba da globaluri xedva, romelic organizaciis da misi TiToeuli wevris warmatebas ar ganixilavs viwro WrilSi.

„xelovnebis menejeri verasdros Seqmnis optimalur balanss kulturul da ekonomikur aspeqtebs Soris. Tumca gulgrili damokidebulebis gamo, kulturul seqtorSi antrepreniori, romelsac saqme aqvs fulTan, pier burdios TqmiT _ „gantevebis vacia“. is verasdros daakmayofilebs xelovans: Tu zedmetad fiqrobs kulturaze _ is cudi vaWaria, da Tu marto fulze saubrobs _ zedmetad komercializebulia da ar zrunavs kulturaze“.2

marTvis funqciebis daskvniT etaps gadamwyveti

1Котлер Ф., Маркетинг менеджмент (9-е международное издание), Санкт-Петербург, 1999, с. 39.2 hagorti h., „saxelovnebo menejmenti“, Tb., 2013, gv. 38.

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mniSvneloba aqvs. masze dayrdnobiT menejerebi samomavlod gasaTvaliswinebel rekomendaciebs Rebuloben. SemoqmedebiTma jgufma unda Seafasos, SeiZleba gaakontrolos _ ideidan ganxorcielebamde ganvlili gza, _ konkretuli kulturis sferos produqtebis warmatebisa da warumateblobis mizezSedegobrivi kavSirebi. Semaferxebel niuans gare da Sida faqtorebis arasaTanado Sefaseba warmoadgens.

SemoqmedebiTi ideis generirebis procesSi CarTulma menejerma marTvis funciebis sawyis etapzeve unda gansazRvros produqtis fasi, romelic TviTRirebulebis standartuli wesiT gaangariSebas ar eqvemdebareba, radgan im specifikurobis gaTvaliswineba uwevs, rac kulturis sferos Tanmdevia.

kulturis sferos mniSvnelobas xazs usvams maRali xelovneba, kerZod kulturis sferos faseuli produqtebi. angariSgasawevia isic, rom aRniSnuli sferos ganuyofeli nawilia masobrivi kulturis produqtebi.

Sesabamisad, kulturis sferos produqti, es ara marto individebis sulieri sazrdo, aramed Rirebulebebisa da moralis matarebeli sazogadoebrivi jgufebis Camoyalibebis winapirobaa. imavdroulad, SemoqmedebiTi ideis realizeba farTo masebze vceldeba, qmnis damokidebulebas da SeuZlia iyos garkveuli ideologiis gamtarebeli.


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mamardaSvili m., „leqciebi antikur filosofiaSi“, •2013.sanadiraZe n., „kulturis sferos proeqtebis •menejmenti da dagegmareba“, Tb., 2011.hagorti h., „saxelovnebo menejmenti“, Tb., 2013.•uruSaZe n., `saxli saTamaSoi~, Tb., 1999.•lordi b., lordi g. d., „samuzeumo saqmis menejmenti“, •Tb., 2006.gareT r. jonsi, jenifer m. jorji, „Tanamedrove •menejmentis safuZvlebi“ (wigni momzadda da gamoica saqarTvelos sazogadoebriv saqmeTa institutis (GIPA) mier), Tb., 2006.brumi glen m., katlipi skot m., senteri a. •„sazogadoebasTan urTierTobis Sesavali“, Tb., 2010.Котлер• Ф., Маркетинг менеджмент (9-е международное издание), Санкт-Петербург, 1999.reference for event planning and production in Scotland •

http://www.aoifeonline.com/uplds/EventScotlandGuide.pdf

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THEATRE STUDIES

Tamar Beridze,Shota Rustaveli Theatre and Film Georgia State University,

PhD StudentSupervisor: Davit Kobakhidze

THE PREREQUISITE OF STUDYING RHYTHMICAND THE CONTEMPORANEITY

Summary

The rhythmic upbringing used to be very important among different cultures and peoples. The human being was always trying to identify and get aware of rhythmic which is universal itself and is deemed to be one of the means of orderliness and organization of the universe. Our life – from the day we were born till the death and all processes taking place in our body is subject to rhythm. The ideation of the human being is also rhythmic and perceives the change of the time and space by the help of the rhythm. Each branch of art has its own rhythm, influencing the emotions, mood of the person, changing him from inside and revealing his attitude towards the outer world.

The concept of rhythm is very important for the development of the performing art. The performing art is becoming more and more spectacular and synthetic because of the increasing influence of the informative world on it. So the musical and rhythmic upbringing is playing the important role in the process of mastering the actors, especially in the upbringing of student-actors. The representation of the interesting and various performance is possible by unifying the verbal and non-verbal ways only. By the harmonious merging of the musical rhythm with the scenic movement and material and by keeping the united tempo-rhythm of the scenic movement, the performance will become more expressive and attractive for the spectator.

Following the high-technological communication systems the everyday dynamic and rhythm, the structure of the social life has changed that effected the natural rhythm of the human being and was objectively reflected on the arts.

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Comparing the studies of the different scientific views and researches of the rhythmic and rhythm we can conclude that it’s inevitable to work out a new studying methodological conception. Taking into consideration the demands of the modern synthetic theater, formation of the feeling of rhythm is very important. Relevantly, the methodology of studying the rhythm should be based on the conceptual awareness of the disciplines existing in the acting art and on the specific synthesis, also on implementation of the complex approaches which is very essential for the actor’s upbringing.

Nino Davitashvili,

Shota Rustaveli Theatre and Film Georgia State University,PhD Student

Supervisor: Davit Kobakhidze

THE IMPORTANCE OF THE ACTING TRAINING OF MEYERHOLD IN THE PROCESS

OF UPBRINGING THE FUTURE ACTOR

Summary

For the synthetic theater the upbringing process of the future actor objectively demands to synthesize the different systems and methods of the acting mastery. The bio-mechanical trainings implemented by Meyerhold, the pupil of Stanislavsky, should be used in training the actor, developing and upgrading students’ skills. Particularly, exercises the reframing, interpreting, developing, synthesizing of which and using them transformed form on the lessons of the acting mastery, will enrich the acting technique and assist the professional development of “the future actor”.

The bio-mechanical trainings of Meyerhold are directed to the actor’s readiness for fulfilling any of the scenic performances. The rules of the formation as an actor is the same as one hundred years ago but it’s time to revise, enrich, analyze and practically use them and search for the simple and

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real for formation the universal future actor as the guarantee of his future professional recognition and successful career.

If we study and delve into the Meyerhold’s pedagogical method of upbringing the actor, we reveal still required and necessary materials for the actor for managing himself and his body, also the rules of managing the space, the skill of using the acting mastery while playing, the accumulation of “the technical means”, etc. Here we can also find the mechanism producing the energy, the initial level of the body activity which may be produced as a result of two processes: by the imbalance of the body and straining of the spine which is expressed by keeping the internal, as well as an external balance.

For the formation of the actor of the modern synthetic theater it’s necessary to have new ideas, new speaking language meeting the modern challenges. But the scientific and pedagogical initials should be taken into consideration in this process. It’s essential to synthesize and model the different methodological directions on the basis of the comparative analysis of the accumulated experience and implement it in practice.

Nana Mirianashvili,Shota Rustaveli Theatre and Film Georgia State University,

PhD StudentSupervisor: Davit Kobakhidze

METHODICAL INSTILLATION OF TECHNIQUE ELEMENTS OF AUTO-GENETIC TRAINING FOR DEVELOPING AND SETTING UP THE PSYCHO-

PHYSICAL REGULATIONS OF ACTORS

Summary

In view of the fact,that School methodology was filled and enriched with various trainings and exercises for many years, what helped actor in psycho-physical development and studying and working out the methods of self-possession. I would like to offer you a new psychological direction of

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mastering ways and searches of a future actor. Because of proposed and proved auto-genetic training methods by H. Schuldt for actors’ mastering helps to develop the professional sills such as : Memory, attention, creative-capacity, psycho-physical regulations, a quick recovery of physical and mental forces, emotion, intuition and so on. I think we could enrich the component parts of acting skills and make it various with auto-genetic training elements.

As you know, on the basis of searches and tests achievements and experience of psychology give us opportunity to let us try and copy the component part of their practice for increasing the professional skills of actors because auto-genetic training techniques are directed towards relaxation and self-inspiration but its effectiveness is related to working out (make active physical and psychic abilities and skills) psycho-physical self-regulation and also a quick restoration of energy (psychic and physical forces of body), training the concentration and improving it, strengthening a memory, developing the creativity skills and intuition, reduction of physical fatigue and what is important ,it gives us opportunity of feeling self-improvement and self-understanding.

Tamta Tsintsadze,Shota Rustaveli Theatre and Film Georgia State University,

PhD StudentSupervisor: Davit KobakhidzeCo-supervisor: Nana Dolidze

ERA OF PERFORMANCE AND SELF-REFERRAL INNOVATIVE TECHNOLOGIES

Summary

In the modern world, emergence of television, as a mean of technical communication, has developed a new communication paradigm. It has become one of the strongest tools to influence human minds. Over the past decades, communication specialists

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discuss and explore with completely new conjunctive approach the context between seen through eyes and language – this is psycho-linguistic paradigm. Modern day researchers of communication not only study verbal informational channels, but also visual communicational channels of human, such as: gestures, gaze vector, mimics, cultural symbolisms and body language in general. Noteworthy, that in modern reality products of processed ocean of information represent stereotypes, clichés and labels, which is stipulated by the amount of potential information person could receive even in a minute. The necessity of receiving the maximum information in minimum time triggered the demand for stereotypes and signs, clichés and specific or general images. Along with the rise of popularity of television the priority becomes such form of information circulation as image. Image is perceived as informational product, entertainment. No matter how creatively the image is constructed, important condition for achieving desired result specialists consider its organic fit (adaptation), sensation, organic actions taken within the image-frame, which requires possession of actor’s basic skills.

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FILM STUDIES

Davit (David) Gujabidze,Shota Rustaveli Theatre and Film Georgia State University

PhD in Art Sciences, Associate ProfessorZaza Lomidze,

Director of the Scientific Research Center of `3D stereoscopy~

Georgian Technical University

`3D STEREOSCOPY~ AS TECHNOLOGY OF CREATION OF A SCREEN EQUIVALENT OF

THEATRICAL ARTS

Summary

In the list `3 D three-dimensional~ movies the important place is taken by movie ballets. The great attention was drawn by the 3D movie ballet `Pina~ (2011) of the famous director Wim Wenders. Also very interesting was a live-broadcast of the performance `Swan Lake~ of St. Petersburg `Maryinsky Theater~ (the director of digital broadcasting Ros Macgibbon), made by James Cameron’s group. The film crew already had experience of 3D filming of the same ballet produced by `London Sadler’s Wells Theatre~, which made great success among fans and professionals of ballet art.

Interest of `3D~ cinema and television industry in the ballet is caused by especially bright expression of `effect of presence~. For achievement of high-quality effect the filming crew had to solve a number of technical, technological and art problems.

Our research includes comparison of fragments of these two records, also demonstration and the analysis of the ballet-etude shot with an unique `3D stereo~ set created in Georgia, which brings us to some considerations connected with problems of creation of a screen equivalent of theatrical arts.

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Eliso Eristavi,Shota Rustaveli Theatre and Film Georgia State University

Associate professor, Idiovisual expert

GEORGIAN SHORT FILM

Summary

1. With auteur filmmaking, we look at the works of directors2. We look back into the past to analyze how these directors

shaped their visions into a coherent movie3. We are transported back to a time when Hollywood studio

era created some of the finest films4. It was also during this time period that the term `auteur

theory~ was created to champion to purity and transparency of filmmakers style

5. In 1951, a group of French critics founded Cahiers du Cinema (Notebooks on Cinema), a magazine that became influential in the world of filmmaking

6. In 1954, one the magazine writers, Francois Truffaut, proposed the simple idea that a director is the author of a given film

7. They focused on the director’s job, usually referred to as the mise-en-scene (the composition of everything that appears in front of the camera and its arrangements, and cinematography), themes and tendency to favor psychological stories in social settings

8. The theory propose that even though the director has a cinematographer, a set designer and an editor, they collaborating with the director’s point of view, which is, to stamp his vision and style onto the film

9. If that what it takes to make the director the ̀ author~ of the work, similarly to an author of a novel, then all directors should be considered the authors, as Truffaut stated, There are no good or bad films, only good and bad directors~

10. In this time Georgian short film has begun analogue way to construction of the frame auteur film

11. Georgian short film represent modern vision of director’s

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job mainly represent novels with comical content12. Georgian short film has been analogue French new wave 13. We can find many common principles structuring short

films of France and Georgian cinematography14. Easy themes, minimum locations, graphical vision, lyrical

sounding screen, memorable histories and many parallels we can see between Franc and Georgian shorts film of this period (50-60y.).

15. Georgian short film define future of Georgian cinematography as `author film~

16. Georgian novels and abstract short films were very popular not only in 60-70years but now as before they are in list of the best short films of all time

17. From 60year world cinematography began development to audiovisual direction.

18. Many brilliant film directors of authors cinematography know we today and among them Georgian cinematography continues native traditions of authors cinema.

Paata Iakashvili,Shota Rustaveli Theatre and Film Georgia State University

The Doctor of Arts

FROM EXTREME CENSOR TO EXTREME FREEDOM

Summary

Scientific work ̀ From extreme censor to extreme freedom~ considers the concepts’ meaning issue of understanding freedom and responsibility during the communist regime and the modern era. How today’s film adapted the communist-era trend of rejecting the classic rules of drama and this problem is given on the example of the fictional film `Moira~ the rejection of which had lost the credibility.

There is also discussed fictional film~ God of Happiness~

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what is contrary to the above-mentioned film and was created by the classic laws of dramaturgy, respectively shown story is also given confidently what was necessary for showing the issue like the Georgian immigrants in Europe and their problems.

The second film was shot with European film standards unlike the first one.

Giorgi Gvaladze,Shota Rustaveli Theatre and Film Georgia State University

The Doctor of Arts

23-DAY `COMPULSORY DOMESTIC ARREST~ IN THE CAPITAL OF THE SOVIET UNION

Summary

`Bashi-Achuki~ is one of the selected works of the Great Georgian Poet Akaki Tsereteli. The plot of the story enables us to imagine the adventurous events that Kakheti and whole Georgia faced in the 17th century. The production underlines patriotism as the primary characteristic of the Georgian nation. The idea of national liberation and national integrity is deeply carved out within. The multi-aspect narrative is extremely meaningful, but the special literature value is attributed to its rare composition reflected in application of artistic methods of story-telling. This component has to be specifically outlined. With its complexity, it better suits the gross novel rather than the small story like `Bashi-Achuki~.

The listed arguments make Tsereteli’s story extremely cinematographic, while the writer’s artistic approach is not clearly depicted in the movie produced by Leo Esakia, who decided to create the screen version of the story in the 50s of the 20th century. Ideally, Akaki’s story should have given an impulse to the producer and the whole artistic team to use and transform motives into the language of a completely different art – cinema, i.e. they should have found a screen version of the original source. But, in real life, they failed to manage this. The Management of the Cinema Studio `Georgian Movie~ did

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put its efforts to timely get ready for shooting of the movie `Bashi-Achuki~, but, due to the fact that the supervisory bodies (particularly, the Soviet Cinema Committee) did not approve the production limit of the movie, the working process was suspended. Deputy Minister of Culture of the Soviet Union Mr. Surin found justification to the failure of the limit allocation and explained that Georgians were fond of and often produced historical movies. He also continued with preaching to produce films based on modern themes.

This looked like wagging a finger. But, the limit was still approved in June 1955, though the severe financial condition of the Cinema Studio provided inadequate basis for screening the complex movie like `Bashi-Achuki~. By the end of fall 1956, the movie was finally ready and released in the Republic of Georgia in November. Naturally, it should have been released on the screens of the Soviet Union countries, but this was exactly what served as a ground for vexation. The cinema censors from the Centre considered it inexpedient to release the movie in Moscow, Leningrad, Baku, Batumi and the reason was linked to the Iranian Embassies in these countries.Of course, this was an invented reason, that’s why the film production team started a life-and-death struggle.

The required ritual for testing (i.e. accepting) the movie, which was very familiar for the so-called Soviet Union republics, was suspiciously delayed and dragged in Moscow. So that Leo Esakia and his production team hung out there for 23 days without any explanations. Finally, when they lost all patience and could find justice nowhere, the film director wrote an unprecedented letter to the Secretary of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union, Mr. Shupilov and Minister of Foreign Affairs Mr. Gromiko. Nowadays, it is easy to say, while in that period, it was too difficult to do. This demarche indicated at the boldness and intransigency of Mr. Esakia. They achieved their goal. The master and his crew managed to persuade the high officials that the screening of the three-century-old events would do no harm to the diplomatic relationship of Iran and the former Soviet

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Union. Spectators from all over the Soviet Union countries saw the movie in April 1957, without any limitations.

Giorgi Razmadze,Shota Rustaveli Theater And Film Georgia State

University Ph.D

Supervisor: Prof. Lela Ochiauri

DISCOURSE ON THE CINEMA AND REALITY

Summary

• Advertising preceded the birth of cinema which was conceived on Paris Shopping centers in XIX century. Advertising is the loading of overproduction with a new opinion i.e. a new reality. Even birth of cinema is considered as a one of the new features of capitalism;

• Mary Shelley’s Frankenstein is a symbol of the Victorian era’s mechanized wish to acquire immortality. Almost the same purpose has a cinema, which is why it becomes a secular religion. The film borrows from religion it’s own attributes but the sacral;

• The Lumiere Effect - As a result of the manipulation of person fall into the illusion of transforming unreality into reality and loses ability to control him or her own self. All of this is conditioned due losing the ability of possession the reality;

• From the aggressive medium cinema was turned into the generator of simulacra and simulated reality which, mostly, simultaneously entertain and manipulate the public;

• Non-exclusive fashion caused a new waves and had killed the `aura~ of movie stars’ style and manner. Aggressive manipulation desire shifted into television. Therefore, cinema and reality again began to be closer.

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ART STUDIES

Irma Dolidze,The Doctor of Arts,

Invited lecturer

MEMORIAL MUSEUMS ABOUT FEATURES OF MUSEUM ARCHITECTURE

Summary

In a diverse sector-specific spectrum of museums, Memorial Museums occupy a special place due to several aspects. The most important aspect is the person, whose museum is being established and whose living environment can be viewed directly of emotionally. What happened and why? Where was he/she born? In what environment / How did he/she become famous? Where were created the masterpieces and what gave him /her an inspiration? Indeed, this type of museums are somewhat conservative/static, because their goal is to maintain atmosphere of that time, the environment, objects, details of life, which `limits~ the geography of the site, the museum space, and its content.

Wide range of such museums provide the space/place for `Feeling~ a past epoch, with atypical exhibition spaces, `non-museum~ architecture, the coexistence of different period buildings, modern interpretations, and opportunity of time travel. Therefore, the Memorial Museums with their historical reality or reconstruction are site-museums associated with a specific place, its environment and landscape, representing a natural and cultural part of the place.

Memorial museums constitute a major part among more than two hundred museums in Georgia. What is the structure of the modern museum? What are the features? What are the trends of restoration-reconstruction projects of memorial museums or museum complexes and museography programs? We will try to answer these questions based on the examples of some

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memorial museums, i.e. site-museums (A. Chavchavadze, N. Nikoladze, A. Kazbegi, N. Pirosmani Museums).

COREOLOGY

Khatuna Damchidze,Shota Rustaveli Theatre and Film Georgian State University

PhD studentSupervisor: Anano Samsonadze

QUEEN TAMAR’S CHARACTER IN GEORGIAN NATIONAL CHOREOGRAPHY

Summary 1. Queen Tamar’s character in Georgian folklore is

distinguished by the number and diversity of works. Folk art has dedicated a lot of legends, sagas, poems, prayers, songs and dances to the cherished Monarch and saint across Kartli and Kakheti, Racha and Svaneti, Adjara and Lazeti, Tusheti and Pshav-Khevsureti, Guria and Imereti. Not only the folk works created in her age are associated with Tamar, but the events of the subsequent period, in the following centuries, which often take the form of contamination.

2. The character of Queen Tamar in Georgian folklore at different times is handled by Ksenia Sikharulidze in ̀ Queen Tamar in Folk Art~, Tina Shioshvili in `Queen Tamar in Georgian Folklore~, Nino Chitadze in Bachelor’s Thesis `Songs related to Queen Tamar in the folk music of Eastern Georgia ` and also in her Master’s thesis `Georgian kings folk music~ using by scientific research and expeditionary works of A. Shanidze, V. Kotetishvili, D. Arakishvili, A. Tataradze and many others.

3. Based on the study of composite architectonics of verbal and musical works created in name of Queen Tamar, it became clear that some of them should have been Round

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Dance Song. Some of them have lost a tune and dance vocabulary, and part of them- only dance vocabulary and are fixed only in the form of a poem or song. In Georgian national Choreography only three – one `Tamar Kali~ from Racha and two Tamar Dedopali (ravkensia)~ and’ Tamar Dedopali (assaultive) from Svaneti are survived in completely syncretic form.

4. Numerous folk round dance poem-songs are obtained at different times in Kartli, Kakheti, Samtskhe-Javakheti and Tusheti, from which only poem or tune are survived. These are: `Queen Tamar and Khontkari `(Kartli), `They say that Queen Tamar `(Kartli),~Queen Tamar at Gori Fortress~ (Kartli), `Vilet and Rose~ , Tamar `(Kartli), `at the bottom of Kizik~ (Khevi), ` I was Queen Tamar~ (Meskheti-Javakheti) and others , which are characterized by variation.

MANAGEMENT

Naira Galakhvaridze, Shota Rustaveli Theatre and Film Georgia State University

Associate Professor

THE SUPERVISORY AND SOME ASPECTS OF ITS FORMATION

Summary

The role of culture and cultural integration of the necessity of deepening the economic development of the socio-cultural priorities to move with.

Globalization is one of the positive effects associated with the continuous increase in communication and exchange of information to streamline the process, which contributes to the dialogue of cultures.

The current socio-cultural changes in the world political and cultural change and thinking leads to breakthrough `transfer~.

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In this regard, it is interesting to focus on supervised.`When you are asked to explain the essence of your

profession is usually what do you think?~ In this connection was started by the French art sociologist Nathalie Enik famous curators Harald zeemen dialogue, which took place in 1989, and it came out in book form in 1995. This was the first attempt to determine the theoretical curatorial practice. Natalie Enik his book called `special case~ because of the fact that the main character was Harald zeemani something unique experiences. 1969 zeemani organizes the exhibition, `When you become a form of cooperation.~ Accepted this fact and be connected as a curator, as realized in the formation practice.

Mobility is the basic condition for success of Modern supervisor and artist. Around them, taking into consideration the cultural background and personal connections, they are typical for them and at the same time putting out different strategies.

To begin, we have to admit that as far as the curatorial practice as a kind of case is based on a private communication and mediation, its success depends on how owning a curator of communications innovations. Cultural practical implementation of the project is inseparable from the huge investment in communications. Thus, the curator of the size of the labor consequences of intensive communication and relationships.

Thus, the freedom and independence are the priorities, which determine the relationships between individuals in a free and independent society.

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Dilavardisa Davituliani, Shota Rustaveli Theatre and Film Georgia State University

Academic Doctor of Economics

SKI AND MOUNTAIN RESORTS DEVELOPMENT IN GEORGIA

Summary

• Tourism in one of the leading, dominating, and quickly developed field of Georgian Economics. Tourism has great potential in Georgia because of its natural, geographical, climatic, recreational opportunities and distinctive historical and cultural heritage.

• Nature has richly rewarded Georgia by much kindness. There are not so many places around the world, rich of different landscape on a relatively small area. Here you can meet almost every type of climate on one and the same time of the year – ranging from subtropical – to always snow - icy of the Greater Caucasus. That’s why, Georgia is rightly called the country of contrasts.

• Tourism contributes to the necessity of development of a number of fields. Particularly, transport, construction, agriculture, all the infrastructure sector’s development. It serves as a catalyst for the country’s socio – economic development.

• In turn, the development of tourism is affected by a number of factors, such as: Demographic, religious, political, legal, historical and cultural. The development of living of tourism is also effected by standard living of population, free length of time, Economic and political stability and so on.

• One of the promising and developing parts of Tourism Complex of Georgia is ski and mountain tourism. This paper deals with the current state and prospects of development of this kind of tourism. Here are considered mountain tourism facilities: Bakuriani, Gudauri, Mestia, Goderdzi, Gomarduli, Betania. Mountain tourism great

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prospects resorts are also been discussed – Bakhmaro and Comi Mountain, which have currently very short season (two months) and prospect of their development – how can they become longer season resorts of ski and mountain tourism.

• Black coast resorts: Ureki, Shekvetili, Grigoleti and Bakhmaro and Gomi Mountain located in the mountainous alpine zone, create a unified system of the resort tourist services, unique natural resource, which can be used, and serve the courty, raising the country’s economic level of development.

Zurab Zangurashvili,Shota Rustaveli Theatre and Film Georgia State

University

GLOBALIZATION AND INTERNATIONAL CULTURAL TOURISM ENVIRONMENT

Summary

Nowadays, tourism has become one of the main spinning wheels of world economics, which plays a huge role in creating new working places and in the development of multinational businesses. Tourism helps fight poverty and increase the welfare of population. It has become a global business, which aims to satisfy peoples’ cultural and spiritual needs.

Contemporary statistics show that, tourism is developing under the influence of the great process of globalization, it is a strong force which connects different cultures. The success of international tourism is depending on cultural environment, which is a huge source of massive touristic flows. Tourists are naturally attracted to another country’s culture, its traditions and folklore. That’s exactly why touristic industries pay special attention on creating product which will help tourists come closer to the cultural heritage of a certain country. Studies of cultural environment have become very popular through last

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years. Important observations have been conducted in different countries about this subject. The results have a serious influence on the development of international tourism.

One of the most important courses of tourism is Planetary tourism, which studies the formation of the cultural values around the world. Religious and cultural norms are to be foreseen in all countries equally, so that people of different nationalities will feel comfortable while traveling all around the world.

The Cultural and historical past along with traditions and heritage of a country, perspectives of maintaining them with conditions of globalization, the similarities and differences among nationalities and cultures. Moral, ethics, religion as parts of the whole culture.

Nino Sanadiradze,Shota Rustaveli Theatre and Film Georgia State

University Professor

CREATIVITY - THE FEATURES OF CULTURE SPHERE MANAGEMENT AND PRODUCTION IN THE

REGARDS OF CULTURE RESOURCES

Summary

Culture may be considered as a determiner of identity. Identity can be the characteristics of the nations, states, social and ethnic groups, etc. In a reality, culture is a system of terms that defines identity and values.

Analysis of the issues related to the management of the field of culture emerges special interest for several reasons: firstly, management of the field of culture implies the full range of general management and secondly – prospects of such analysis are important in order to determine the necessity and opportunities of cooperation of the cultural field and other businesses.

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There has been a lot of arguments lately aiming to determine if there is a possibility for the culture to be regarded as a economic resource. It is still arguable if what can be stated to be cultural resource – culture itself or economic opportunities of the culture. While discussing the processes of planning and organizing following circumstances shall be considered: the process of management of the field of culture not only dependson socio-cultural context and socio-cultural environment, but the process itself acquires socio-cultural features.

Maya Gvinjilia,Shota Rustaveli Theatre and Film Georgia State

University,Doctoral Program: Art Management,

Supervisor: prof. Miron Tughushi

INTANGIBLE CULTURAL HERITAGE AND TOURISM ALONGSIDE THE SILK ROAD

Summary

More than 25 countries are located along the Silk Road route. The Silk Road was estab-lished as the first bridge between East and West, forging an unparalleled opportunity to trade and interaction between the historical empire of China, India, Persia and Rome. As a contact channel between cultures, the exchange of traffic inspired art, religion, ideas and technology. The Silk Road offers visitors the opportunity to experience the unique patterns of intangible cultural heritage. They are inscribed on the UNESCO Representative List of the Intangible Cultural Her-itage of Humanity (Intangible Cultural Heritage alongside the Silk Road) .

Since 2010 started again the Silk Road Program. UNWTO has coordinated conferences and the activities of local and global issues of tourism along the Silk Road, including heritage management in the travel and destination management. Increased public awareness of the im-portance of the Silk

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Road as a destination is the main priority of the UNWTO, in 2012, the Silk Road brand campaign was launched promoting sustainable travel to the Silk Road, highlighting the importance of its remarkable intangible cultural asset.

The best example is silk and spices Bukhara Festival (Uzbekistan), whose goal is the re-surgence of the Silk Road in Asia and beyond, as the common traditions of the various ethnic groups along the route. Tourism Development component of Bukhara Festival considerably in-creases the profile of cultural values, as well as providing new opportunities for jobs.

Malkhaz Ghvinjilia,Shota Rustaveli Theatre and Film Georgia State

UniversityProfessor

THE WINE TOURISM ON THE CROSSING WAY OF AGRO AND CULTURAL TOURISM

Summary

The developing temps of wine Tourism is growing up every day in Georgia. The scientific literature here and here includes as cultural Tourism, sometime component part of agrotourisme. Researches of consequence we found that conclusion which opinion is correct, only it is necessary to know were we will use these aspects.

By our execution research we are following such conclusion:1. As agrotourisme as cultural tourism includes the wine

tourism by the place and by the moment;2. In view of fact here the wines tourism is agrotourisme

and cultural tourism which maybe acknowledgement as phenomenon.

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Dodo Tchumburidze, Doctor of Management (Art Management)

Shota Rustaveli Theatre and Film Georgia State University,

The external teacher of humanitarian, Social Science, business and management Faculty

THE FUNCTIONS OF MANAGEMENT AND FEATURES OF CULTURAL SPHERE

Summary

The distinguish ability of production process of cultural sphere is also revealed in what, during creating the innovative, maybe unique cultural work, the artist does not take into account “the voice of the market”. At the same time the artist may not consider appropriate to subordinate himself under the demand of society and he can reject the opinion of public.

The manager of cultural sphere must serve uniformly the firm values of cultural sphere, follow the principles of market economy and must position cultural products in time. Also he must have authority among the artists. The role of manager of cultural sphere is very important and contradictory, that is why he must have global thinking, in which the success of whole organization and is member will not consider a narrow slot.

In general, the amount of products of organization is depend on how is balanced the demand and supply in the market. Whether significant difference in the amount of is produced among sold goods, also among cost and price? Hence of specificity of cultural sphere the members of organizations of cultural sphere have different dependence to the functions of management.

The creator may not put the idea in the acceptable frame of public. Also it can be the difficulty its perception, but the manager of cultural sphere must support the development of creative idea. He must know the meaning and essence of, potential product”. Also must take into account the possible results. The factor of organization development must be the

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establishing of new product and project that is place in the frame of organization mission.

The creator may not put the idea in the acceptable frame of public. It could be the difficulty its perception, but the manager of cultural sphere must support the development of creative idea. He must know the meaning and essence of the ,,potential product“. Also must take into account the possible results. The factor of organization development must be the establishing of new product and project, that is placed in the frame of organization mission.

saxelovnebo mecnierebata ziebani #1 (70), 2017

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