zentrum fiir tiirkeistudien zeitschrift fiir tiirkeistudien · rhe d6irj uniry tor long. tlrjr is...
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Zentrum fiir Tiirkeistudien
Zeitschrift fiirTiirkeistudienlhe chflg0BIae ot Crlru"l dd ld.ologi.al DevelopmenF
md the unions in Torkey since 1930 (Bttil*lsuFamiUes imigrcos orques el I eNigren€nl
pl:solaire en Belgique nmcophore (n/@Co)
wahler der Wo fahftspdtei (A*.ta)a/,telodsD
Po|nhche Orgs.reflng der bulSm'che! Tdrte! rMdcnc, )
Eurcpe ed Gensy (r(o,?e,)
D6 €thnische Mosaik der Tnrkei (Alr)
Der hld lDf dcm Balkan (A.ar.ryr,
Thoughts on $e Sr1te dd Kurdish ]dcntity in Tu*cy (or4l
Die Ausbildugsiruarion in D€ubcn|sd Go?b!a)
'Verf4suoCs@h ud Verf6sulgsgenchsbdk€it inDeur$hland Tortei" (Eud)
..1 \tudaler HFrolilertongrB d.r Unive6irh Me^in/Idl
B uc hbe s p rcc hM BenrTz it { hrift en ff hau
u97Leske + Budrich
Zeitschrift fiir Tiirkeistudien (ZfTS)
vlulichnis der Aurder...........
AliM,d]!l6&:Thlch4giigFe.ofculfoFlmdId@|ogic']
pi{$olat cn Bdsiqd. iihcophoi. .
citdo i|r4d!fmk $€,/Yemi o:b*: wei w,r'r' di.woh|frnnsPdeiuidw,ium?''.' ' '. '.
Lnri.h raryn: Enmpe rod cmriy -
Hryrcdn,4}l4: Da .dnis.h. Mosikvllda ,g?srrsei Der klan aurd.n BJks ..... ... ... . . ... . ....... ... . r0l
d Krinh Lc.dq irTu'k.y....... 109vo|ka',:*,'a:Di.ANbildungsifu
Asbidtrisspornisls votr rdrki$hen U
,Jeif$suisyehruidvedasungss.nchhbdeitinD.u&hlrndTlrkei.3./9.II |996inKrl
Dunu! r,n: ,,1 Nation.ld Hisbnkertcash ichrc utrd N.rion,lhnuJ m ? s.1997 ii Mersin
Thougbrs on the Srrk abd Xurdleh ld€ntity b Turkey
Th. Atlopnon of Asinilatid PoLicy b, the lu$sh Stute onn ix
bhomoFnn.sodatydrcu8nft..lenimrion ofurl rofis ot irisscr€i curloi,l, rclisious. ednn, rinsuhtic
me ed by nos ol foF.. wh.n 6i! ortm, rh. uiity ot rh. \bt .n bedhi.ved ror a limicd tihc, b( n is urhe d6iRj uniry tor long. Tlrjr is bd,uk ority, .ven in a nei'gq is sone
Nldb?mnp*.J64'{rindfl".nt.h i ch0 r ld ' emg i i i . i bo f l h .gkd
clb culos) Edined $cn disrincrisGmm.d from ihc dcaiis (h. npps{ultuEl
snc ib roundnion in l92l ftcT utish R.rubhc hs opr.d tor th. fiBr,lhdiv. HeE, itr whd aollo*s. I shill ofid ny rhoushB on the undenvmc
l) The Intlmal con€i: The L€gacy of the ottobm Empne
a) nle imp-t ofih. -Mill.r sy$em :
ol the Ortnm EDPiF at $" .ot or*hich *s ln.Ii.r'xa! svnen. A',he vEv.ry Elisiotr land, ii $c ce or th. cfisrisi .vdy conli$iot wa .oisid?Ed r diflsei!,n't.r a.6dingly, rll Muslins, aslJdl4s or rhdt odd
6cMidEBs!colFighN^fu!Unjqtiyft$.1s7iv , ; ud fd..ido" rcN
Kuds ** rcvd mmi&r.n b br dy dilfaant ftof Tuts dqDib rhar o,vds. .$iic, rirFidic cr. GrlrB.
when E R.pnbli. w4 touded, dr t.sey of rhc nir., sy{em wa€ry w.rr $ird b rhe driomrjr poricy of I sbE rhd did iot 'Iow dnlript
Ii rh. s.oid daad. of rhc 20rh .dtury, 'h. young ruk drihad !. T(.arri Brk6r. Ire P.rq ol Uiioi .id Rorc) domiBr.d rhc potiriat $cn.in rhe EnpiE. Trcir Trkificdiotr poticid or @@..icludd any curd
R"pubk rr caft ftom $h kh@r offioshr rnd *d b,ppry dr. Fmo
c) fte anricipation ol d'. oMri disinbgnrion:
npid f:agmnbrioi dunng rhe t9rh€nto'y Lading up ro rh! Fin. of its fii€l mll'p. r rhe erd ot dE FBt
ido rhe AflbtiD p.iiisuta. Sin€ rhc
similUdcurcici'ee.diig6fie!Th. r.d of losins the pEio$ p.iirruh xko .onriburd s srcn dBt b d.idorqane wih vhich currmr idctriid
'nre iboved.itionrd wry tumed inro
(found.d in r92r); 3 mde drd notrrh atis rhe tlnmdo of the R4ublic.odlyii 1933earh.turhl.bpurodft fm.lrd6y Hcuprisj.ej
2) Tr'e Exiemol Conr.xr The Feisl At nosthc€ of the Inrd ua
"1d K.mrrlm !a d!@top.! a Jl. n
all by rblia4 6mm, FaM ENpen ad Bsjrm iicsrat n,riotrlhtra;rhe slosds or *hic6 fond ru rc
plbrien Pdy fotrid.d by Ma6ri K.nati ?ln Fdiz. - M6bfa Kmsj
|h.qh|:Nhesnko'd|vdfhah|lyk|k]4
Much in 6. sdc vay a d'e ,lrild syslilioml r.ding ws very {ell suiti ror
. . vAnd€nso aa l L o6n kn
N lor rh. fdlts of rhh Nimilationisr
Reosons fot th. Failute of tlc Stat s Assi6ilano4 Polieies dard,r
On. m$r adnir rhar d'c Tu*nh shEburdms Prujcd Bos'jss. Pon,k, A
Gn. hd smmm olEnl ddiry ol rhe rurksh Nation (.,Iirt /rL,_)Thi is p.drp.4ily uounEd ror by
udins ii Tukey w"E lcs rhd dc
l*. arc moE incrimd b ad+riDs r.thei ner cdui!] s&tr lns asditrg
Th. on. sisnificant ?reprion b 6. suc6s of K.naN{ tidi,lisn wa
builditrg pr@* enh EssJd b, n l.dr a dabl. ponion or, fie Kuds, $.nsobiotrs I sh3ll prcpos. rhe rollovins l6oN lor rhh hiluE
,) Th. coicpr of rhe ,,ndion dac En.lion ue id.di6l.'Thn u nshding, ho**q tslb shoit ol capo J's th.crlity in rhe Middl..Eat whd. Pmri
b) asinilstionis policy in Tu*cy d
K (.,krd*bn wfrd' Pdy) b.s!i
|ylhrcermaf'd'heptrblicdionof'.j '?
s "hkh hichtish'di tudish shBl.lildre rics (r!i8$ge. epi.5, ny$r. dc ) noui$ed Arro rh. rrlrd'ere(lmnricc oi | 9 | 3) rh.E {eE orheuedi.r. $e rely *der rcrorurioid) orcsiadoi (rzdi) whrch iad de1925 !Fisin8. w6 foundd b.lore I
I doM udit rcaS conqoen y, lne
rid vq" p6$d on nom s.n.nron ro
x) rbd conapr oi ! ro'moi ixddLnic mrivry Th. Gm ,Jdhdhid" des mr imrude a pbc de dd. (rid
o! .s'.mr, @ ) dcs noi .xBr ,com
lhl rou-sh crinr. lh. hish corc"dElionolKurdr in Easrn Ardoliavs.
lrioo nisht haE sbod a chance.
rr) EEn ii comries whEh s.m 'o enjseNe or nrlotrir uniry, wc obsn. b.3pp.d,nc o{ndionaliJ movenerbii .ses wrfrc -mohi. dispsr'i.s ju
lift rhe wond hd. tud6 +iftd away frcm rheF 06rh cenr!ry).
c) Modsiizdion vnnod dcE
$ia), dd iiskh oi dsiniltl
d) D*pry rootd tur,rish ndj(
3) Ideologrcd !id Poliricdl I
.) sslhiism qa I ruidm.d!
b) rhe lerdlu poli.y of 'n. &
w.|li3id|y.!fw.dudillh.l
c) lrre upp..idei'iy whi.h 'n.
n$.dano|g||reunvgstyy0
d) rhe ononai Empiq lilt i
Liz, .t.). rhe Empire garh6(upps) ideiti'y ol 'otroddird
rt s;tu $" (' dr r nneJ.o.
lity b ner rhes d.nards turcdi $e
;m d.ni.s d;reds rc. enmds cnu.e). rtrd insists oi dsimiriiion a th
rll d.fi nEd iid$hal'don. nbd'a'ioo, ;i edua,ioi iievibbry rld b
3) Id.olosical a'd Political Reasons
r.
or rhe Khaliri,t Tb. Kh3liraE,r r . - . - 1nN ' i dr . n " s , ' i - ? . , e - . .
b) The leadiispoli.y orrhcR.pnblh vtDcsnled by field Mdshal Fda aab' e 1 ' q ' d d ' , a , m , ' ' ' . + ' d c t 'r r ! r o l r rdo .d ' n r h .mry;."dlulofci'i dnjiistrroB. miriiry pdsoinel rd trltB
O Tlre uFo id.diY vbih de ReP!
!e cnies of 61 1l'.* afro dc re50 s diod .duca'io0 Dd@ss. lnd..d, bo$ itr d.velop.n lid tidddfldordo rm. oa n l l ' e ! rq4 b . f l ' . c ' . d .o r i ' o ' dh .m n ' k ' vd
{ - rph ;b r ru . ' f t . r ' haior ci&s like isranbur ,nd Aikdi
I ldge emPiEr, {s ba*! oD s. ts. f l r ' . sOnr rh C ' . ' l {me 'h r ' r ' L K ids r
lu;,r PeDLbh..^,Bdr nre"d,r' n \ rdED i o'- -d.tr 'ie J'dF'lhe4pd.iddli$ninPdedelim
Gm ,,Na'iotr or r!,key" (,.7dd4. /r/?,r.) urd by Musara Ken,! durngrhe ws.f rndcpendenc. !a ftvs ro b. h.oi asaii rfts rhe dare oi ded(ranr oi of dr Repubri. (o.bbs ,9rh, 192, N ir *a ddijDndy Epk.dby 'id df .,Tu*nh Ndion_ (,,r!rr M ,ri).' Th* ld b rhe reeti4 or d
zens ofTu*ey serc cired TUK sEphd of iunn hd isdsm. rhe r{n soon eriidt .$oic mnnobrotr dos*
rheerhirc inion'lisrcofu(orrh. r990
CuLutat Aubnh, th. Turkih stuft, ann e Kurd:
The aiswer ro rie ri^r q@nloi is e*y sciatid.idry,iedL*r.m.!individmt ri pdi.utr. b€iq unabr.,
iunhs, rhn 50cio{utrunt .tieidroi
i ,.Th. r.sry or rh. oronlo Enpre-. h a idosphde which hr made65imildioo imposibre Gr 16r as far a Kurds e .d(m.d) rhe ru*-ishsraE is vori.d rh{.,To r.osi;c Kurdish ideniry by coicdiis ctrlhll
\ ! r 4 r r I d \ t b . , a . . . ^ . ! . r , . \ , t o 1 'dda'Bisihd,AFil|93.F103.
adorcmy, wourd be ro nsk dr
Yasd r?zor (who cirh himdnsr ru*rh of iI rrr Krrn -l
nmrobjedive in&Fndse.
rioi on rrE iutuE ot Krdnh E
l) Numedcal Strensth of th.
2) concenhrion of$e Ethni!
t c i o ! . t acounry ' j bch , j €
egn'onoflhecounty't!dc'wou|d
io rhis, rhe bst rcm.rk p{hap! h* bYAd {a,u, (ryho .rLk himsell,,lrle
Ii mrrl fa.! rhe fer of rhe Tu nhI mtionirrms ard oily $oPped 8i dre
nnrlobjd'iv. iid.p€rderce.
besirr rd ,,"irhs a{ay uDdd rhe iinrence or .,burs@is irbmdiorlhn ,aY !o a tu a d. iiliial obj.cnvc, or
I r y i l l t y l obswt r l h i s . l h?n i | | i dnddbtiisuisldl !rd.
of trdiood(n.rhe hr. Erisr c.rns, d a L4rft lje s
rioi or rhe iutr or Ktrdish nanonrli.'knoymuchabou'fulni$idiom|is
H. ihd cilen rbe foLro*ms 10u -ikl
l) Numiical Srengrh oftheEthnic Croup:
'rhe sir ol rhe dhnic sroup r inpdtud ii rh. stive for idepend.ne To
!o!i!-y of rhsnowi riddo€,rhis cri&non nfully ner. (+)
2) Conc.ntrition of the Eihnic Croup in a Panicuh Resion:
lf a ndioislisr novemed of nn dhnitgion or a cou ry. i6 dblmes ol trhEvirg ind.P.id.ice de grcdd To'd.v, r is wid.lY srinatd rhat \dnd s
n ' J k ' . . o d e l q w F j ' h r . f o p k
tds. Th{efoc, I do nd beli.vc rhd rhis
3) HistoricalContinuny of theMovenenl:
ublished ii t9t3 r9r9. Eicerl ior rherckti!c|yb;gfP{jodof|933]959lhenarisr mov.nsd I$iik$k dibnon kfi y ner. (+)
4) Morivariorrowards Independerce:
}je rhe Kords rurry moriyaEn b er up rn idepend.d tuiti.h sbre of rhenun'bb ro den inrrcss ro !.y ii Tur,r6n n ebj4'ive and rhdero@ n@h
4 Ceopornicar posirion or rh. tuiurt indq.nd.n! sbc:
s rcdcd adFen b I bordd riie sd.Dd r ( 4Fys obj.div. @ndnio6 for
srdval nschan$ofsaiiiq ind.p.nd.rce de snb| !n ind.p.nd.nr Kudkh nar
wourd be ai sdYbrq. (+)' ro( Gurely hoeile) counri.s (lrli,
Inq, sylil xid'furkey). hruns no nprcblbly roubl.d by hbar .nd orhd ri
fdrc. ro po' ! ( ) sisn .g.ii$ rhis oi.i
b) rn. posib Lny or dopdng $ irdqrn poticy:
isrFlicy tollo{ing indeperderq rheItr dedism rcreN ro a poli.y ldoprd by a
he n.ishboudDg counrie (rran.L4, syn4 4d ir shourd are b. nored $d folloving rhe culf wr ri .n-
ii Nonhem lraq d 3 srre lLEn on
loricaly at*ays bei wer g.
fte armosphs. oI thl inGmrri$d 3 s,{. ]tr$ch i $mid€ I
Fi^! a n!nber of iid.pcDd
bours.onn! n..ned b d.d Md
rendiomr (mndisrhri.) vrtu.v!rylhitr8'ln$n."A3.ofc|ob
io rbd r . vc6d rh i sd i t ; o i i r r
lne orrrn hhd, bowever. ih. Kuds .r Tuikey m fd ditrde non 'ho$D
E fibion n oilY FIdY mer (berwen
$ch a (& in su.h a sdsitiy. pin ol the ryond In rbisesed. we catr lisr d
Fi6r. a numbd or iidcpendeft sbb e
rhe cheric !iddioi dear.d by tlr$. n.v sD€s.ld cooP(dioi jn Edrdp. is Plac
ilga[Nyenphsnm'h!is$eolhumride[6.nim.jtyigh6,4d1og1
brc*iigup.xistingsbtes;lhcyoi|y
Thid, qrobd;iioi ha brculh he."{g. ofNdioDllisn ro ih. be,lrn'isotn.d.Jus s ndloFrbb n
r/ sme dasa of rh" YdY sme we
*irh der Fb sp..d sd vigNr th. whol. wqld ii |ne dn{ion or,.i 'thnionar (madialndc)every$irc In rhis.,Asc or obbri^rtoi'. corcepb like,.ndional pride ftfae b€omiis ras inponad $.n blue jesr bmds. Ii sch . slruBr {.ndsohde. $e ric ol r n.v l,nd. .onbmi is bouid ro,ppeal l6s and r.sno' bcriew rhd $n .iibioi kr me'. a)
Now ler s come ro $. lal point in rh.htioi. And since fi. sft or miN$
rhc n&idinic Yrru6 0r rha we$
rhey {ourd nor so 6 riI is ind.p.nlu and jn@mqiq qirh rh. Turrs$ rup l s ibd ld jemNindepends i
lnoso ftc PKKI Gdionari{ Kurdnh o4.niarion) use of remr as rtreme is jus 6 o'hras bwa s larror
cry rcr nduat rc$oN6 & tiE on.4 oi rI. o'hn h!id, 'nc tudish p@p
be ery drerive 6 |nen d.spiE dl possibr. iutur. difficurri6 rr 6o{h rhe
$ds se $is.tFno'n culruGlrisht) ro so as re $ iide!.id.nd?
Eare
(Kudisl') qusrion" hav. iiKfts lX. 6ul6 ot dis Flicy e only roo obyious: Thiny rhousld d.ad
!n * ot riiding I {,} ror Tuh fld
Di€ AubildubgsslBenicksichtigu.g d
Jlgddli.hq uvon tii*i
Die E^tuitktunra 4ufd.n AL
b€sondeE ansRrcuisei, dmlhdr udd mdslj$n ausb.ur Do
rm Hdblick 3!r dn b.ti.!l
duesiel.i ods ein Nehfir!
rc Ang.borri.k.. dj. snch ,!t
Ii d6 Z.n nach 1936 sab cbn d.r Berursbildungsb.ric[b
rs92, Den sbnd ruch .ine das.se ibd, so d,n io Enddf.r