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4
Recreation and
Leisure in the
Modern Era
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Objectives
Discuss the ways in which recreation and leisureservices expanded in the years immediatelyfollowing World War II.
Discuss the social and demographic changes thatinitiated many changes in recreation and leisureservices in the years following World War II.
Identify the ways in which the recreation and
leisure movement participated in and aided manyof the causes taken up by the youth countercultureof the 1960s and 1970s.
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Objectives (contd)
Identify the social trends that brought a decline in
the perceived value of leisure during the late
1970s and 1980s.Discuss the prospects for the future of recreation
and leisure, based upon the prevalent trends at the
close of the twentieth century.
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Introduction (contd)
Emergence of specialized disciplines andprofessional groups serving
MilitaryBusiness
Private membership groups
Economic austerity of the 80s and 90s, andthe following upsurge in the nationaleconomy
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Post-World War II
Expectations
Expanding definition of leisure in the 1950s
and 1960s
Focus on the future showed expansive leisure
time
Rand Corporation
Hudson Institute
National Commission on Technology
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Post-World War II
Expectations (contd)
Assumption that leisure would become
increasingly important to preserving value
Agreement that work ethic was declining
Work becoming more specialized
Leisure seen as having great potential for
confronting social problems
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Post-World War II
Expectations (contd)
Widespread downsizing in the mid-1990s
Economic pessimism
Late 1990s recovery and growth improved
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Expansion of Recreation and
Leisure
Influence of National Affluence
Rising GNP following WWII
Americans were spending billions per year on
leisure pursuits
Until the mid 1970s government increased:Budgets Personnel
Facilities Programs
Growing professional curricula
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Expansion of Recreation and
Leisure (contd)
National Recreation and Park Association
created from National Recreation Association
American Recreation Society
American Institute of Park Executives
Effect of Demographic Changes
Move from cities to surrounding suburbs
following WWII
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Expansion of Recreation and
Leisure (contd)
Suburbs established their own recreation
services and plans
Inner city population experienced immigrant
influx
Many accustomed to rural living with few job skills Posed problems of health, housing, welfare and
social control
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Trends in Program
Sponsorship
Physical Fitness Emphasis
Response to many draft rejections during
WWII
Schools strengthened physical fitness programs
Public recreation departments expanded fitnessofferings
Canada establishes similar programs
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Trends in Program
Sponsorship (contd)
Environmental Concerns
Critical need to preserve and rehabilitate
resources
Pollution was invading the environment
Outdoor Recreation Resources ReviewCommission
Created under President Eisenhower
Appointed to investigate environmental problems
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Trends in Program
Sponsorship (contd)
Government Acts
Federal Water Pollution Control Administration Water Quality Act of 1965
Clean Water Restoration Act of 1966
Solid Waste Disposal Act of 1965
Highway Beautification Act of 1965
Mining Reclamation Act of 1968
Wilderness Act 1964
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Trends in Program
Sponsorship (contd)
Budget cuts in the 1980s
Regulations relaxed under Secretary of the Interior,James Watt
National outdoor recreation planning ends in 1981
Meeting Age-Group Needs
Three changes in population Rise in birth rate
Longer life spans
Increasing divorce/single parent households
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Trends in Program
Sponsorship (contd)Special Recreation for Persons with
Disabilities
Provision of services expanded and
strengthened
Federal government increased aid for special
education
Therapeutic recreation emerges
National Recreation Society 1960s
American Therapeutic Recreation Association 1980s
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Trends in Program
Sponsorship (contd)
Increased Interest in the Arts
Expansion of cultural centers following WWII Follow-up to attention given to arts during GreatDepression
Expanded interest and participation
Community arts activities in the 1970s and1980s
National Endowment for the Arts
Declining federal support in the 1980s
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Trends in Program
Sponsorship (contd)
Linkage of Antipoverty and Race-Related
ProgrammingRiots of 1960s caused by frustration over
Continuing job and educational discrimination
Protests against justice system
Poor community services
Inadequate recreation and park programs andfacilities
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Trends in Program
Sponsorship (contd)
Antipoverty programs attempted to address
concerns Emphasis on minority groups and urban slums
Grants to local governments and organizations
Community Action Programs emerged
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Counterculture: Youth in
Rebellion
Rejection of the Work Ethic
Rejection of the notion of "making it" in
professional world
Retreat from Protestant work ethic
Emphasis on holistic values of leisureLeisure in the pursuit of self-actualization
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Drives for Equality by
Disadvantaged Groups
Racial and Ethnic Minorities
Thrust for demanding fuller recreationalservices in the 1960s and 1970s
Gradual desegregation during 1970s and 1980s
Membership efforts of YMCA, Boy Scouts andGirl Scouts expanded to serve minorities
Racial and ethnic minorities achieve success incollege and professional sports andentertainment
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Drives for Equality by
Disadvantaged Groups (contd)
Progress for Women
In the 1970s women mobilized around twoissues in recreation and leisure:
Employment discrimination
Program involvement
Gays and Lesbians 1960s and 1970s saw homosexuals growing in force
and influence
Fight for equal representation and participation
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Drives for Equality by
Disadvantaged Groups (contd)
Older Adults in Community Life
Once treated as powerless and vulnerableAARP, Gray Panthers
Administration on Aging
Diversification of programsHealth care Housing and transportationSocial services Recreation
Nutrition
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Drives for Equality by
Disadvantaged Groups (contd)
Programming for Persons with Disabilities
People with disabilities began to mobilizepolitically
Promotion of positive legislation
Therapeutic recreation specialists expand focus
Expansion of services Theater arts
Skiing
Sports
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Era of Austerity and Fiscal
Cutbacks
Expanding Use of Revenue Sources
Acceptance of Marketing Orientation Recognition of the necessity to be aggressive
Recreation emerges as an industry
To compete effectively, agencies had to adoptbusinesslike strategies
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Era of Austerity and Fiscal
Cutbacks (contd)
Impact of Funding Cuts
National Urban Recreation Study of 1978 Majority of urban park and recreation departments
had been cut back
Small towns survived better than major cities
Areas of greatest need often have the fewest
recreation services
Public and private recreation is equally scarce
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Expansion of Other Recreation
Programs
Commercial recreation is the largest
component of leisure servicesOther major sectors of leisure involvement
Travel and tourism
Fitness spasProfessional sports and sports equipment
Manufacture/sale of hobbies, toys and games
Varied forms of popular entertainment
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Expansion of Other Recreation
Programs (contd)
Specialized recreation programming grows
steadilyTherapeutic recreation
Employee services
Campus recreationPrivate membership and residential leisure
services
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Trends in the 1990sTrends in the 1990s
Continuing Diversification
Broader emphasis beyond the local public realm
Overall need to broaden public awareness of thisfield
Economic Stratification
Implications for Leisure
"Conspicuous consumption" Growing disparity between rich and poor
Rich have greater access to better services andfacilities
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Trends in the 1990s (contd)
Growing Conservatism in Social Policy
Withdrawal of assistance of welfare and inner
city programs in the early 90sStriking down of Affirmative Action policies
Curbs on immigration from third world nations
Bilingual language programs discardedMove to reduce environmental protections
Assaults on the NEA
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Trends in the 1990s (contd)Number of those imprisoned rose as crimedecreased
Vindictive attitude toward justice
Few recreation services for the incarcerated
New mandates for public welfare
Child welfare
Long-term care for older adults
Health care Environmental protection enforcement
Legal help for the urban poor
Youth programs
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Trends in the 1990s (contd)
Commodification and Privatization of Leisure
Services
Commodification Process of commercialization through design and
marketing
Packaging leisure
Conglomeration
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Trends in the 1990s (contd)
Fee-based public recreation
Annual or seasonal programs
Classes, camps, tournaments, special events
PrivatizationPrison industry grows in the 90s
Central Park Conservancy
Marks withdrawal of major portions of thepopulation
Brought decline of "social capital"
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Trends in the 1990s (contd)
New Environmental Initiatives
Decades of neglect and overcrowding left
nation's park and forest system in a precariousstate
National Park Trust
Acquisition of new parks and wetlands
Reported Decline of Leisure
Disputed Findings
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Trends in the 1990s (contd)
Technological Impacts on Leisure
Travel
Tourism planning and reservations
Electronic guidance and navigation systems
Home environments
Nanny cams
Home theater systems
Intelligent wallpaper
Virtual features
Automations
Electronics
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Trends in the 1990s (contd)
Television, video games, children's toys
80% of homes have cable or satellite
40% of free time is spent watching television
Gaming content, Internet
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Trends in the 1990s (contd)
Paradox of availability
Those who need it the least have the best access
Few services for those who would most benefitCritical challenge for recreation professionals
Gather evidence of social value and outcomes
Incorporate evidence into benefit-based
management
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Leisure and Recreation in the
Twenty-First Century
Major influences
Changing demographics
Economic recession
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Leisure and Recreation in the
Twenty-First Century (contd)
Sedentary lifestyles
Contributes to obesity epidemic
Particular concerns about obesity and lack of
physically activity for children
Parks and recreation services identified asnecessary for promotion of public health
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Leisure and Recreation in the
Twenty-First Century (contd)
Changing demographics require new
programs and services Growth of older population
Changing family composition
Increase in ethnic diversity
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