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Schaffer PowerPointSchaffer PowerPointWriting with StructureWriting with Structure
Schaffer Method• The Schaffer
Method of writing the Multiparagraph Essay gives writers a structure or guide to follow
Terminology• In order to
succeed in this unit you will need to familiarize yourself with the terminology of the method.
Terminology• Essay • A piece of writing
that gives your thoughts (commentary) about a subject.
Terminology• Essay • All essays you will
write in this unit will have at least 4 paragraphs.
Each Essay will have:Four paragraphs:
An introduction paragraph Two body paragraphs A concluding paragraph
Introduction• Also called the
introductory paragraph
• The first paragraph in an essay
• Includes the thesis, which is MOST OFTEN at the END of the paragraph.
Body Paragraph• Middle paragraph
in an essay• Develops a point
that supports your thesis
Concluding Paragraph• The last paragraph• It may sum up your
ideas, reflect on what you said in your essay, say more commentary about your subject, or give a personal statement about the subject.
Concluding Paragraph• Your conclusion is
ALL COMMENTARY and does not include CONCRETE DETAIL
Concluding Paragraph• Your Conclusion
DOES NOT repeat KEY WORDS from your paper
• Your Conclusion does not repeat KEY WORDS from your THESIS or INTRODUCTORY PARAGRAPH
Concluding Paragraph• Your conclusion
should give a finished feeling to your whole essay– It should leave the
reader satisfied like a runner who has just finished a race!
Thesis• A sentence with a
subject and opinion.
• IN this method opinion is also called COMMENTARY
Thesis• Your thesis
statement should usually come at the end of the introductory paragraph
Pre-writing• The process of
getting your concrete details down on paper BEFORE you organize your essay into paragraphs
Pre-writing• Bubble Cluster
Main Idea
Pre-writing• Spider Diagram
Main Idea
Pre-writing• Outlines • I. Main Idea
– A. Secondary Idea• 1. Sub Idea
– a. Example– B. Example
Pre-Writing• Line Clustering
– In line clustering you put the subject of the essay you are working on at the top.
– You then complete three steps to do a line cluster
Line Clustering• LIST
– List all of the ideas that come into your mind regarding your subject
– You should list SIX ideas
• Each IDEA should have at least FIVE words in it
Line Clustering• LIST (Example)
– Subject: Dogs are my favorite kind of animals
• Very loyal and loveable all of the time
• Fun to play with both inside and outside the house
• They take a lot of care and attention
• Large dogs need much more space than small dogs
• Small dogs can stay in your lap and in your bed
• Small dogs can make neighbors more upset
Line Clustering• After you list everything
you then think of ways you can CATEGORIZE the things in your list together– Example from the left:
• Categories can be:• A: Benefits of Dogs• B: Challenges of Caring
for Dogs
– Subject: Dogs are my favorite kind of animals
• Very loyal and loveable all of the time
• Fun to play with both inside and outside the house
• They take a lot of care and attention
• Large dogs need much more space than small dogs
• Small dogs can stay in your lap and in your bed
• Small dogs can make neighbors more upset
Line Clustering• STEP THREE:• Label each of
your IDEAS in your LIST by the CATEGORY
Line Clustering• Category A: Benefits
– Very loyal and loveable all of the time
– Fun to play with both inside and outside the house
– Small dogs can stay in your lap and in your bed
• Category B:• Challenges
– They take a lot of care and attention
– Large dogs need much more space than small dogs
– Small dogs can make neighbors more upset
Columns• The last form of
Pre Writing in the Schaffer Method is forming Columns
Columns#1 The subject of your pre writing goes
in this box
Columns#1 Dogs
#2 Two main ideas go in the second two boxes
Columns#1 Dogs
#2 Companions
Responsibility
Columns#1 Dogs
#2 Companions
Responsibility
#3Each idea in #3 has at least five words
Each idea in #3 has at least five words
Columns#1 Dogs
#2 Companions
Responsibility
#3 –Very loyal and loveable all of the time
-They take a lot of care and attention
Concrete Details (CD)• Specific details
easy to “see” or imagine
• Like a BRICK—easy to see
Concrete Details (CD)• These “specific”
details form the BACKBONE or core of your body paragraphs– Will the details in
your paragraph, help your paragraph STAND UP STRAIGHT?
Concrete Details (CD)• Your paragraphs
will only be as STRONG as your DETAILS
Concrete Details (CD)• Synonyms for
CONCRETE Details– FACTS– SPECIFICS– EXAMPLES– DESCRIPTIONS– ILLUSTRATIONS
Concrete Details (CD)• Other Synonyms:
– Support– Proof– Evidence– Quotations– Paraphrasing– Plot references
Commentary (CM)• Your opinion or
comment about something
• NOT concrete detail
Commentary (CM)• Synonyms for
Commentary include:– Opinion– Insight– Analysis– Interpretation
Commentary (CM)• Synonyms for
Commentary:– Inference– Personal Response– Feelings– Evaluation– Explication– Reflection
Topic Sentence• The FIRST SENTENCE in a body
paragraph.– Must have a SUBJECT and OPINION
(Commentary) for the paragraph.
Topic Sentence• The Topic
Sentence does the same thing for a BODY PARAGRAPH that the THESIS does for the whole essay
Concluding Sentence• Of course, the
concluding sentence is the LAST sentence in a body paragraph.
Concluding Sentence• This sentence is
ALL commentary (opinion).
• Just like the Concluding Paragraph in the Essay it does NOT:– Repeat key words
Concluding Sentence• This sentence
should give a finished feeling to the paragraph.– It is done,
complete.
Shaping the Essay• The STEP after
Pre-writing.• This is done
BEFORE the first draft of the essay– You are still mixing
the ingredients needed to write your essay
Shaping the Essay• Like a potter who
has all of the materials he or she needs, you take the stuff you have done in pre-writing, and put it into a form
Shaping the Essay• You make an outline
of your thesis, topic sentences, concrete details, and commentary ideas.
• Shape it into a lump• It is NOT the finished
product yet, just the lump of clay, ready to work with.
First Draft• Now you begin to
MOLD your essay, making your first creation.
• The ROUGH draft
First Draft• Just like any
artist, the rough draft or first draft will need to be redone.
• That is the nature of creating good work.
Final Draft• The final version of
your essay– The beautiful finished
product– Just like a potter who
reuses the clay, you have reused the material from each draft to craft a beautiful essay
Final Draft• This final product
includes ALL of the hard work that has gone before– Without all of the
previous attempts, it would not be as good as it is now.
Peer Response• These are
WRITTEN responses and REACTIONS to a partner’s paper.
Peer Response• Make sure that
your response is SPECIFIC and ACCURATE
Chunk• This is the
smallest unified group of thoughts you can write
• It is ONE sentence of concrete detail + 2 sentences of commentary
Chunk• You will see this
formula used to represent a CHUNK
• This means one CONCRETE DETAIL must have TWO sentences of commentary
CD:CM1:2+
Chunk
Topic Sentence• Topic:
– General sentence with a subject and an opinion also called COMMENTARY
Example: Washington is one of the most beautiful states in the country.
Example: South Park is one of the most popular shows on Comedy Central.
Topic Sentence• According to the Schaffer Method
– Every thesis should have a subject and one commentary
– Every paragraph should start with a thesis• Analogy: Riding a bicycle with training
wheels is like writing with the Schaffer model
Topic Sentence• Thesis and Commentary
– Practice:• Write a subject that you have strong
feelings about• Write a commentary statement about it
Sample Thesis Statements
• Circle the subjects and underline the commentary– Sometimes boyfriends are nothing but
heartaches– I really hate changing schools– Having divorced parents is awful– The worst day of eighth grade was when I
broke my arm– Waves are the funnest things to ride
Sample Thesis Statements
• Circle the subject and underline the commentary
• Camping is fun because I can get away from most of society
• Being in high school can have its advantages• I love to watch TV because it’s interesting• Music is the best thing that ever happened• Ice Hockey is a hard sport and very painful.